-
Viruses Apr 2022Varicella zoster virus (VZV) and simian varicella virus (SVV) cause varicella (chickenpox) in children and nonhuman primates, respectively. After resolution of acute... (Review)
Review
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) and simian varicella virus (SVV) cause varicella (chickenpox) in children and nonhuman primates, respectively. After resolution of acute disease, the viruses establish latent infection in neural ganglia, after which they may reactivate to cause a secondary disease, such as herpes zoster. SVV infection of nonhuman primates provides a model to investigate VZV pathogenesis and antiviral strategies. The VZV and SVV genomes are similar in size and structure and share 70-75% DNA homology. SVV and VZV DNAs are co-linear in gene arrangement with the exception of the left end of the viral genomes. Viral gene expression is regulated into immediate early, early, and late transcription during in vitro and in vivo infection. During viral latency, VZV and SVV gene expression is limited to transcription of a viral latency-associated transcript (VLT). VZV and SVV are closely related alphaherpesviruses that likely arose from an ancestral varicella virus that evolved through cospeciation into species-specific viruses.
Topics: Animals; Chickenpox; Genome, Viral; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Virus Latency
PubMed: 35632586
DOI: 10.3390/v14050844 -
Biomaterials Jan 2023Activation of endogenous neurogenesis by bioactive materials enables restoration of sensory/motor function after complete spinal cord injury (SCI) via formation of new...
Activation of endogenous neurogenesis by bioactive materials enables restoration of sensory/motor function after complete spinal cord injury (SCI) via formation of new relay neural circuits. The underlying wiring logic of newborn neurons in adult central nervous system (CNS) is unknown. Here, we report neurotrophin3-loaded chitosan biomaterial substantially recovered bladder function after SCI. Multiple neuro-circuitry tracing technologies using pseudorabies virus (PRV), rabies virus (RV), and anterograde adeno-associated virus (AAV), demonstrated that newborn neurons were integrated into the micturition neural circuits and reconnected higher brain centers and lower spinal cord centers to control voiding, and participated in the restoration of the lower urinary tract function, even in the absence of long-distance axonal regeneration. Opto- and chemo-genetic studies further supported the notion that the supraspinal control of the lower urinary tract function was partially recovered. Our data demonstrated that regenerated relay neurons could be properly integrated into disrupted long-range neural circuits to restore function of adult CNS.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Urinary Bladder; Spinal Cord Injuries; Neurons; Spinal Cord; Herpesvirus 1, Suid
PubMed: 36455486
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121919 -
Experimental Neurology May 2022It has become widely appreciated that the spinal cord has significant neuroplastic potential, is not hard-wired, and that with traumatic injury and anatomical... (Review)
Review
It has become widely appreciated that the spinal cord has significant neuroplastic potential, is not hard-wired, and that with traumatic injury and anatomical plasticity, the networks that we once understood now comprise a new anatomy. Harnessing advances in neuroanatomical tracing to map the neuronal networks of the intact and injured spinal cord has been crucial to elucidating this new spinal cord anatomy. Many new techniques have been developed to identify these networks using a variety of retrograde and anterograde tracers. One method of tracing that has become more widely used to map anatomical changes is transneuronal tracing. Viral tracers are being increasingly used to map spinal networks, leading to an advanced understanding of spinal circuitry and host-donor-host interactions between the injured spinal cord and neural transplants. This review will highlight advances in neuronal tracing, specifically using pseudorabies virus (PRV), and its use in the intact, injured, and transplanted spinal cord.
Topics: Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries
PubMed: 35085573
DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.113990 -
The Journal of Clinical Investigation Dec 2023Herpes zoster (HZ) is a substantial problem for people with decreased cell-mediated immunity, including older adults. The first vaccine approved for HZ prevention, the...
Herpes zoster (HZ) is a substantial problem for people with decreased cell-mediated immunity, including older adults. The first vaccine approved for HZ prevention, the zoster vaccine live (ZVL), which provided limited and short-lived protection, has been supplanted by the superior recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV), which provides robust and durable protection. To understand the mechanisms underlying the differential immunologic characteristics of the 2 vaccines, we used T cell receptor β chain sequencing and peptide-MHC class II tetramer staining to analyze recombinant glycoprotein E-specific (gE-specific) CD4+ T cell clonotypes in RZV and ZVL recipients. Compared with ZVL, RZV expanded more gE-specific CD4+ clonotypes, with greater breadth and higher frequency of public clonotypes. RZV recruited a higher proportion of clonotypes from naive than from memory cells, while ZVL recruited equally from memory and naive compartments. Compared with memory-derived, naive-derived clonotypes were more likely to last 5 or more years after immunization. Moreover, the frequency of tetramer+ persistent clones correlated with the frequency of tetramer+ naive CD4+ prevaccination T cells. We conclude that the ability of RZV to recruit naive CD4+ T cells into the response may contribute to the durability of its effect. The abundance, breadth, and frequency of public clonotypes may further add to its protective effect.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Vaccination; Vaccines, Synthetic
PubMed: 37788096
DOI: 10.1172/JCI172634 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jun 2016
Topics: Chickenpox; Giant Cell Arteritis; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Temporal Arteries
PubMed: 27037085
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw110 -
Journal of Virology Mar 2023Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection causes enormous economic losses to the pork industry and severe health consequences in many hosts. Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a...
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection causes enormous economic losses to the pork industry and severe health consequences in many hosts. Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a membrane-associated protein with various intracellular functions associated with many viral infections. However, the role of ANXA2 in alphaherpesvirus replication is still not explored. In the present study, we identified the interaction between ANXA2 and PRV US3. The deficiency of ANXA2 significantly restricted PRV proliferation. PRV infection or US3 overexpression led to ANXA2 extracellular translocation. Furthermore, we confirmed that PRV or US3 could lead to the phosphorylation of the Tyr23 ANXA2 and Tyr419 Src kinase, which was associated with the ANXA2 cell surface transposition. US3 can also bind to Src in an ANXA2-independent manner and enhance the interaction between Src and ANXA2. Additionally, inhibitors targeting ANXA2 (A2ti-1) or Src (PP2) could remarkably inhibit PRV propagation and protect mice from PRV infection . Collectively, our findings broaden our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ANXA2 in alphaherpesvirus pathogenicity and suggest that ANXA2 is a potential therapeutic target for treating alphaherpesvirus-induced infectious diseases. PRV belongs to the alphaherpesvirus and has recently re-emerged in China, causing severe economic losses. Recent studies also indicate that PRV may pose a potential public health challenge. ANXA2 is a multifunctional calcium- and lipid-binding protein implicated in immune function, multiple human diseases, and viral infection. Herein, we found that ANXA2 was essential to PRV efficient proliferation. PRV infection resulted in the extracellular translocation of ANXA2 through phosphorylation of ANXA2 and Src. ANXA2 and Src formed a complex with PRV US3. Importantly, inhibitors targeting ANXA2 or Src prevented PRV infection and . Therefore, our studies reveal a novel strategy by which alphaherpesvirus modifies ANXA2 to promote its replication and highlight ANXA2 as a target in developing novel promising antivirus agents in viral therapy.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Annexin A2; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Phosphorylation; Pseudorabies; Virus Replication; Protein Transport
PubMed: 36786600
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01545-22 -
Vaccine Dec 2017Zoster vaccine is a single dose live, attenuated vaccine (ZVL) indicated for individuals ≥50 years-old for the prevention of herpes zoster (HZ). Safety data from... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Zoster vaccine is a single dose live, attenuated vaccine (ZVL) indicated for individuals ≥50 years-old for the prevention of herpes zoster (HZ). Safety data from clinical trials and post-licensure studies provided reassurance that ZVL is generally safe and well tolerated. The objective of this review was to provide worldwide post-marketing safety information following 10 years of use and >34 million doses distributed.
METHODS
All post-marketing adverse experience (AE) reports received worldwide between 02-May-2006 and 01-May-2016 from healthcare professionals following vaccination with ZVL and submitted to the MSD AE global safety database, were analyzed.
RESULTS
A total of 23,556 AE reports, 93% non-serious, were reported. Local injection site reactions (ISRs), with a median time-to-onset of 2 days, were the most frequently reported AEs followed by HZ. The majority of HZ reports were reported within 2 weeks of vaccination and considered, based on time-to-onset, pathogenesis of HZ, and data from clinical trials, to be caused by wild-type varicella-zoster virus (VZV). HZ confirmed by PCR analysis to be VZV Oka/Merck vaccine-strain was identified in an immunocompetent individual 8 months postvaccination and in 4 immunocompromised individuals. Disseminated HZ was reported very rarely (<1%) with 38% occurring in immunocompromised individuals. All reports of disseminated HZ confirmed by PCR as VZV Oka/Merck vaccine-strain were in individuals with immunosuppressive conditions and/or therapy at the time of vaccination.
CONCLUSIONS
The safety profile of ZVL, following 10 years of post-marketing use, was favorable and consistent with that observed in clinical trials and post-licensure studies.
Topics: Aged; Antibodies, Viral; Clinical Trials as Topic; Databases, Factual; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Eye; Female; Herpes Zoster; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Male; Middle Aged; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 29174682
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.013 -
American Journal of Obstetrics and... Aug 2023
Topics: Female; Humans; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Vulva
PubMed: 36828295
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.02.013 -
International Journal of Dermatology Mar 2022
Topics: COVID-19; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34792182
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15978 -
Skin Therapy Letter Jul 2023The lifetime risk for herpes zoster (HZ) of approximately 1 in 3 is increased with advancing age, a family history of HZ, diseases with altered immune function,...
The lifetime risk for herpes zoster (HZ) of approximately 1 in 3 is increased with advancing age, a family history of HZ, diseases with altered immune function, immunosuppression, physical trauma and psychological stress. In dermatology, monotherapy with current biologics does not increase risk, however systemic steroids, Janus kinase inhibitors and combination biologic/conventional disease-modifying antirheumatics do. The recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV, Shingrix®), an adjuvanted non-live subunit vaccine against the glycoprotein E subunit of varicella zoster virus, is approved for prevention of HZ in adults ≥50 years of age, and adults ≥18 years of age who are or will be at increased risk of HZ due to immunodeficiency or immunosuppression due to disease or treatment. It is administered as two 0.5 ml intramuscular injections 2-6 months apart. In immunocompromised individuals, the spacing between injections may be reduced to 1-2 months. Where possible, the first dose should be administered at least 14 days before onset of immunosuppressive treatment. Studies in immunocompetent individuals have shown high efficacy including prevention of HZ, postherpetic neuralgia and other complications, with persistence of effect 10 years after vaccination. The acceptable safety profile and efficacy in five different immunocompromised populations support its use in at-risk adult dermatologic patients.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Dermatology; Herpes Zoster; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Neuralgia, Postherpetic; Herpesvirus 3, Human
PubMed: 37440693
DOI: No ID Found