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Veterinary Medicine and Science Nov 2022Herpesviruses are a class of double-stranded DNA viruses found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. They are usually highly host-specific and do not easily spread...
BACKGROUND
Herpesviruses are a class of double-stranded DNA viruses found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. They are usually highly host-specific and do not easily spread across species. Chinchillas have gradually entered the Chinese pet market in recent years, but references to viral infections in chinchillas are extremely scarce, and only two reports about the herpesvirus in chinchillas are available at present.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to present the first report of FHV-1 infection in chinchillas.
METHODS
A total of 130 nasopharyngeal swab samples of chinchillas and three nasopharyngeal swabs of domestic cats collected from a chinchillas farm were investigated by nested PCR for FHV-1.
RESULTS
Four chinchillas were infected with FHV-1, the positive rate was 3.08% (4/130), and two domestic cats were FHV-1 positive (2/3). The 253 bp fragments of FHV-1 gD gene from four chinchillas and two domestic cats were 100% identical, respectively, and the homology between chinchillas and domestic cat was 99.21%, but they all shared nearly 98.81% homology with the reference strain sequences. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that these four chinchillas strains were clustered together with FHV-1.
CONCLUSIONS
This is the first time that FHV-1 was detected in chinchillas and suggested chinchillas are susceptible to FHV-1 and may play a role as a temporary reservoir for FHV-1.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Chinchilla; Phylogeny; Varicellovirus; Farms
PubMed: 36037318
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.914 -
Viruses Apr 2022The bicyclic nucleoside analogue (BCNA) Cf1743 and its orally bioavailable prodrug FV-100 have unique potential as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) inhibitors to treat... (Review)
Review
The bicyclic nucleoside analogue (BCNA) Cf1743 and its orally bioavailable prodrug FV-100 have unique potential as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) inhibitors to treat herpes zoster (shingles) and the therewith associated pain, including post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). The anti-VZV activity of Cf1743 depends on a specific phosphorylation by the VZV-encoded thymidine kinase (TK). The target of antiviral action is assumed to be the viral DNA polymerase (or DNA synthesis in the virus-infected cells).
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Chickenpox; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Nucleosides; Pyrimidine Nucleosides
PubMed: 35458500
DOI: 10.3390/v14040770 -
Journal of Virology Apr 2023
Topics: Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Pseudorabies; Swine; Swine Diseases; Cell Line; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Lysine
PubMed: 36975827
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01790-22 -
Viruses Jan 2023Pseudorabies virus (PRV) generally infects pigs and threatens the pig industry. However, recently we have isolated a PRV strain designated hSD-1/2019 from infected...
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) generally infects pigs and threatens the pig industry. However, recently we have isolated a PRV strain designated hSD-1/2019 from infected humans. In this study, we compared the complete genome sequence of hSD-1/2019 with those of pig-originated PRV strains. Sequence alignments revealed that the genome sequence of hSD-1/2019 was highly homologous to those of the porcine PRV strains. Phylogenetic analyses found that hSD-1/2019 was the closest related to porcine PRV endemic strains in China, particularly the variant strains circulating recently. We also showed that the glycoproteins important for the multiplication and pathogenesis of hSD-1/2019 were highly similar to those of the pig endemic strains. Diversifying selection analyses revealed that hSD-1/2019 and pig variant strains are under diversifying selection. Recombination analysis indicated that hSD-1/2019 was a recombinant of several PRV variant strains and an earlier PRV classic strain. Finally, we found that both human and pig-originated PRV strains could induce cytopathic effects in cells from humans, pigs, and mice, but only the human PRV and pig-variant PRV formed large syncytia in human cell lines. The data presented in this study contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis for the pathogenesis of human PRV from a genomic aspect.
Topics: Humans; Swine; Animals; Mice; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Phylogeny; Pseudorabies; Genomics; Sequence Alignment; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 36680210
DOI: 10.3390/v15010170 -
Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2020Central neural circuits in the brain receive and integrate environmental and internal information to enable the animals to execute appropriate behaviors and... (Review)
Review
Central neural circuits in the brain receive and integrate environmental and internal information to enable the animals to execute appropriate behaviors and physiological responses. Communication between the brain and peripheral organs via peripheral neural circuits maintains energy homeostasis in the body. Therefore it is important to investigate the anatomical organization of central and peripheral neural circuits for elucidating the mechanisms of energy homeostasis. Transsynaptic viral tracers can travel through connected neurons via synaptic connections and have been used to delineate the anatomical organization of neural circuits with specific functions. Herein, I review our recent studies investigating neural circuits and their involvement in physiological changes using transsynaptic tracers.
Topics: Brain; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Energy Metabolism; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Homeostasis; Hypothalamus; Neural Pathways; Synapses
PubMed: 32741872
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00012-4 -
Veterinaria Italiana Dec 2021Nasal swabs originating from 112 apparently clinically healthy and unvaccinated horses of different age, breed and from diverse rearing conditions from Serbia and Bosnia...
Nasal swabs originating from 112 apparently clinically healthy and unvaccinated horses of different age, breed and from diverse rearing conditions from Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina were examined for the presence of equine herpesviruses 1, 4 and 5 using multiplex nested PCR (Mn‑PCR) and virus isolation. The detected viruses were subsequently characterised by gB gene nucleotide sequencing and their phylogenetic analysis was performed. The infections with EHV‑1, EHV‑4, and EHV‑5 in the examined horse populations are apparently chronic, subclinical and persistent, whilst the shedding of EHV‑1 and EHV‑5 was confirmed by their successful isolation. A connection was established between the finding of EHVs and rearing conditions since horses kept together in stables were positive for at least one EHV in contrast to animals held free grazing or individually. EHV‑5 was found most often in younger horses, however descending in frequency in animals up to 10 years of age. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the identified EHV strains group mostly with Turkish and German strains of respective viruses. A certain degree of genetic heterogeneity was determined regarding the identified EHV‑5 strains in contrast to EHV‑1 and EHV‑4.
Topics: Animals; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 1, Equid; Horse Diseases; Horses; Phylogeny; Serbia
PubMed: 35593499
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.1767.9329.3 -
Neurological Sciences : Official... Apr 2022Suid herpesvirus type 1 (SHV1) is a type of neurotropic virus able to infect various species. However, the clinical cases of human SHV1 encephalitis are still rarely...
BACKGROUND
Suid herpesvirus type 1 (SHV1) is a type of neurotropic virus able to infect various species. However, the clinical cases of human SHV1 encephalitis are still rarely reported, and the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of human SHV1 encephalitis are still unclear.
METHODS
In this study, we reported 2 cases of human encephalitis associated with SHV1 infection and reviewed the other 18 cases from the literatures. A total of 20 cases with human SHV1 encephalitis were summarized and re-analyzed.
RESULTS
Nineteen of 20 patients had a history of swine-related occupational exposure before illness onset. All patients initially presented with influenza-like symptoms and then developed seizures, disturbed consciousness, and endophthalmitis. All patients with clinical outcome of modified Rankin Scale of 5 or 6 suffered from rapid progressive respiratory failure. The results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicated aseptic or viral infection. MRI findings of SHV1 encephalitis were prone to distribute in temporal-frontal and insular cortex, which was similar to the pattern of herpes simplex virus encephalitis, while some cases with involvements of gray matter nuclei had a high rate of mortality. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) revealed that all patients had unique SHV1 sequences with variable reads in the CSF.
CONCLUSIONS
The variant SHV1 can cause a new type of human viral encephalitis, characterized by acute, fulminating, and catastrophic central nervous system infection. Rapid progressive respiratory failure and extensive lesions of deep gray matter nuclei might be indicators to poor prognosis. No approved treatments for the encephalitis are available, but it is possible to diagnose encephalitis quickly by mNGS.
Topics: Animals; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex; Encephalitis, Viral; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Swine
PubMed: 34647219
DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05633-0 -
Toxins Feb 2022Pseudorabies, caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), is the main highly infectious disease that severely affects the pig industry globally. T-2 toxin (T2), a significant...
Pseudorabies, caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), is the main highly infectious disease that severely affects the pig industry globally. T-2 toxin (T2), a significant mycotoxin, is widely spread in food and feeds and shows high toxicity to mammals. The potential mechanism of the interaction between viruses and toxins is of great research value because revealing this mechanism may provide new ideas for their joint prevention and control. In this study, we investigated the effect of T2 on PRV replication and the mechanism of action. The results showed that at a low dose (10 nM), T2 had no significant effect on porcine kidney 15 (PK15) cell viability. However, this T2 concentration alleviated PRV-induced cell injury and increased cell survival time. Additionally, the number of PK15 cells infected with PRV significantly reduced by T2 treatment. Similarly, T2 significantly decreased the copy number of PRV. Investigation of the mechanism revealed that 10 nM T2 significantly inhibits PRV replication and leads to downregulation of oxidative stress- and apoptosis-related genes. These results suggest that oxidative stress and apoptosis are involved in the inhibition of PRV replication in PK15 cells by low-concentration T2. Taken together, we demonstrated the protective effects of T2 against PRV infection. A low T2 concentration inhibited the replication of PRV in PK15 cells, and this process was accompanied by downregulation of the oxidative stress and apoptosis signaling pathways. Our findings partly explain the interaction mechanism between T2 and PRV, relating to oxidative stress and apoptosis, though further research is required.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Line; Epithelial Cells; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Kidney; Oxidative Stress; Swine; T-2 Toxin; Virus Replication
PubMed: 35202147
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020121 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2023
Topics: Humans; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Hemorrhage
PubMed: 33666058
DOI: 10.25259/IJDVL_463_20 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Pseudorabies (PR) is an acute and severe infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). Once the virus infects pigs, it is difficult to eliminate, resulting in...
Pseudorabies (PR) is an acute and severe infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). Once the virus infects pigs, it is difficult to eliminate, resulting in major economic losses to the global pig industry. In addition, reports of human infection with PRV suggest that the virus is a potential threat to human health; thus, its significance to public health should be considered. In this paper, the anti-PRV activities of emodin in vitro and in vivo, and its mechanism of action were studied. The results showed that emodin inhibited the proliferation of PRV in PK15 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 0.127 mg/mL and a selection index of 5.52. The addition of emodin at different stages of viral infection showed that emodin inhibited intracellular replication. Emodin significantly inhibited the expression of the IE180, EP0, UL29, UL44, US6, and UL27 genes of PRV within 48 h. Emodin also significantly inhibited the expression of PRV gB and gD proteins. The molecular docking results suggested that emodin might form hydrogen bonds with PRV gB and gD proteins and affect the structure of viral proteins. Emodin effectively inhibited the apoptosis induced by PRV infection. Moreover, emodin showed a good protective effect on PRV-infected mice. During the experimental period, all the control PRV-infected mice died resulting in a survival rate of 0%, while the survival rate of emodin-treated mice was 28.5%. Emodin also significantly inhibited the replication of PRV in the heart, liver, brain, kidneys and lungs of mice and alleviated tissue and organ damage caused by PRV infection. Emodin was able to combat viral infection by regulating the levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-4 in the sera of infected mice. These results indicate that emodin has good anti-PRV activity in vitro and in vivo, and is expected to be a new agent for the prevention and control of PRV infection.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Swine; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Emodin; Molecular Docking Simulation; Pseudorabies; Apoptosis
PubMed: 37764342
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186567