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Schizophrenia Bulletin Jul 2017In the DSM5, negative symptoms are 1 of the 5 core dimensions of psychopathology evaluated for schizophrenia. However, negative symptoms are not pathognomonic-they are... (Review)
Review
In the DSM5, negative symptoms are 1 of the 5 core dimensions of psychopathology evaluated for schizophrenia. However, negative symptoms are not pathognomonic-they are also part of the diagnostic criteria for other schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, disorders that sometimes have comorbid psychosis, diagnoses not in the schizophrenia-spectrum, and the general "nonclinical" population. Although etiological models of negative symptoms have been developed for chronic schizophrenia, there has been little attention given to whether these models have transdiagnostic applicability. In the current review, we examine areas of commonality and divergence in the clinical presentation and etiology of negative symptoms across diagnostic categories. It was concluded that negative symptoms are relatively frequent across diagnostic categories, but individual disorders may differ in whether their negative symptoms are persistent/transient or primary/secondary. Evidence for separate dimensions of volitional and expressive symptoms exists, and there may be multiple mechanistic pathways to the same symptom phenomenon among DSM-5 disorders within and outside the schizophrenia-spectrum (ie, equifinality). Evidence for a novel transdiagnostic etiological model is presented based on the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) constructs, which proposes the existence of 2 such pathways-a hedonic pathway and a cognitive pathway-that can both lead to expressive or volitional symptoms. To facilitate treatment breakthroughs, future transdiagnostic studies on negative symptoms are warranted that explore mechanisms underlying volitional and expressive pathology.
Topics: Affective Symptoms; Anhedonia; Apathy; Cognitive Dysfunction; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Mental Disorders; Motivation; Reward; Verbal Behavior
PubMed: 28969356
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx066 -
International Journal of Language &... 2014Considerable evidence suggests that performance across a variety of cognitive tasks is effectively supported by the use of verbal and nonverbal strategies. Studies... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Considerable evidence suggests that performance across a variety of cognitive tasks is effectively supported by the use of verbal and nonverbal strategies. Studies exploring the usefulness of such strategies in children with specific language impairment (SLI) are scarce and report inconsistent findings.
AIMS
To examine the effects of induced labelling and auditory cues on the performance of children with and without SLI during a categorization task.
METHODS & PROCEDURES
Sixty-six school-age children (22 with SLI, 22 age-matched controls, 22 language-matched controls) completed three versions of a computer-based categorization task: one baseline, one requiring overt labelling and one with auditory cues (tones) on randomized trial blocks.
OUTCOMES & RESULTS
Labelling had no effect on performance for typically developing children but resulted in lower accuracy and longer reaction time in children with SLI. The presence of tones had no effect on accuracy but resulted in faster reaction time and post-error slowing across groups.
CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS
Verbal strategy use was ineffective for typically developing children and negatively affected children with SLI. All children showed faster performance and increased performance monitoring as a result of tones. Overall, effects of strategy use in children appear to vary based on task demands, strategy domain, age and language ability. Results suggest that children with SLI may benefit from auditory cues in their clinical intervention but that further research is needed to determine when and how verbal strategies might similarly support performance in this population.
Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Adolescent; Attention; Child; Cues; Executive Function; Female; Humans; Language Development Disorders; Male; Memory, Short-Term; Speech Perception; Verbal Behavior; Verbal Learning
PubMed: 24861540
DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12103 -
Neurocase Aug 2018Verbal adynamia (impaired language generation, as during conversation) has not been assessed systematically in parkinsonian disorders. We addressed this in patients with...
Verbal adynamia (impaired language generation, as during conversation) has not been assessed systematically in parkinsonian disorders. We addressed this in patients with Parkinson's dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. All disease groups showed impaired verbal fluency and sentence generation versus healthy age-matched controls, after adjusting for general linguistic and executive factors. Dopaminergic stimulation in the Parkinson's group selectively improved verbal generation versus other cognitive functions. Voxel-based morphometry identified left inferior frontal and posterior superior temporal cortical correlates of verbal generation performance. Verbal adynamia warrants further evaluation as an index of language network dysfunction and dopaminergic state in parkinsonian disorders.
Topics: Aged; Brain; Female; Humans; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; Parkinsonian Disorders; Speech Disorders; Verbal Behavior
PubMed: 30293517
DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2018.1527368 -
CoDAS 2014To compare the performance of hearing-impaired and normal-hearing people on phonologic and semantic verbal fluency tests. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
To compare the performance of hearing-impaired and normal-hearing people on phonologic and semantic verbal fluency tests.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 48 hearing-impaired adults and 42 individuals (control group) with no hearing or language complaints. Sociodemographic data were collected, as well as the characteristics of hearing loss and of the electronic auditory device (hearing aids or cochlear implant), when relevant. Verbal fluency was tested in two different tasks: by semantic category (animals) and by phonology (letter F).
RESULTS
Educational level has influenced the results of fluency tests in both groups, with more evidence in the hearing-impaired subjects (p<0.001). Hearing-impaired subjects showed worse performance in verbal fluency tests when compared to normal-hearing people in groups with up to 10 years of schooling. In the comparison of performance in the two tests, both groups showed better results in the semantic fluency task.
CONCLUSION
The hearing-impaired subjects with low educational level evoked fewer words in semantic and phonologic verbal fluency tests in comparison to normal-hearing subjects. Educational level is a relevant issue to the study of verbal fluency in deaf and hearing-impaired people.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Brazil; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Persons With Hearing Impairments; Semantics; Speech Perception; Verbal Behavior; Vocabulary; Young Adult
PubMed: 25590903
DOI: 10.1590/2317-1782/20142014050 -
Revista Latino-americana de Enfermagem Jan 2018to determine the perception of verbal abuse and mobbing and the associated factors of paramedic technicians (nursing assistants) and professionals (nurses, midwives,...
OBJECTIVE
to determine the perception of verbal abuse and mobbing and the associated factors of paramedic technicians (nursing assistants) and professionals (nurses, midwives, kinesiologists) in the pre-hospital care areas of three regions in the south of Chile.
METHODS
descriptive and correlational study was performed within the professional community and a two-stage sample of the paramedic technician population in three regions. The questionnaire "workplace violence in the health sector" (spanish version) was applied after signing the informed consent.
RESULTS
51.4% of professionals and 46.6% of paramedic technicians consider they have been verbally abused during last year. 17.6% of paramedic technicians and 13.5% of professionals perceived mobbing. A low percentage of these events are reported. In only one case of mobbing, the aggressor was legally penalized. No significant differences were found between the job categories and the studied regions.
CONCLUSIONS
A high percentage of participants in each group perceived verbal abuse and non-minor percentage perceived mobbing, but most of these events are not reported.
Topics: Adult; Chile; Emergency Medical Services; Female; Harassment, Non-Sexual; Humans; Male; Personnel, Hospital; Surveys and Questionnaires; Verbal Behavior; Workplace Violence
PubMed: 29319741
DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.2073.2956 -
Autism Research : Official Journal of... Apr 2022Verbal fluency is a cognitive function reflecting executive functions and the ability to retrieve the appropriate information from memory quickly. Previous studies...
Verbal fluency is a cognitive function reflecting executive functions and the ability to retrieve the appropriate information from memory quickly. Previous studies reported conflicting results-impaired and intact verbal fluency-in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Most studies concentrate on overall word productivity, errors, perseverations, clustering, or switching. We used a comprehensive approach to evaluate the reported discrepancy in the literature and introduced a new angle using the concept of word abstraction and imageability. Moreover, we analyzed the performance in two-time intervals (0-30 s and 31-60 s) to assess the temporal dynamics of verbal fluency and a possible activation or initiation deficit in autism. Sixteen adults with ASD and 16 neurotypical control participants, matched by gender, age, and education level, participated in our study. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find a significant difference between groups in word productivity, the number of errors, clustering, or temporal dynamics, neither in semantic nor in phonemic fluency tasks. Surprisingly, the two study groups' performance did not differ in terms of imageability or concreteness characteristics either. Our results raise the possibility that verbal fluency performance is intact in autism. We also suggest using a comprehensive approach when measuring fluency in autism. LAY SUMMARY: People with autism tend to think and communicate differently. In our study, we tested whether people with autism come up with more concrete or imageable words and whether their performance is better compared with neurotypicals in the beginning or in the later phase of a task measuring how many words they can produce in a minute. We did not detect any difference between the two groups; however, we recommend studying verbal fluency in autism from more and different angles in the future.
Topics: Adult; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Autistic Disorder; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests; Phonetics; Semantics; Verbal Behavior
PubMed: 35048566
DOI: 10.1002/aur.2672 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2019Balance is a very important function that allows maintaining a stable stance needed for many daily life activities and for preventing falls. We investigated whether...
Balance is a very important function that allows maintaining a stable stance needed for many daily life activities and for preventing falls. We investigated whether balance control could be improved by a placebo procedure consisting of verbal suggestion. Thirty healthy volunteers were randomized in two groups (placebo and control) and asked to perform a single-leg stance task in which they had to stand as steadily as possible on the dominant leg. The task was repeated in three sessions (T0, T1, T2). At T1 and T2 an inert treatment was applied on the leg, by informing the placebo group that it was effective in improving balance. The control group was overtly told that treatment was inert. An accelerometer applied on participants' leg allowed to measure body sways in different directions. Subjective parameters, like perception of stability, were also collected. Results showed that the placebo group had less body sways than the control group at T2, both in the three-dimensional space and in the anterior-posterior direction. Furthermore, the placebo group perceived to be more stable than the control group. This study represents the first evidence that placebo effect optimizes posture, with a potential translational impact in patients with postural and gait disturbances.
Topics: Female; Hip; Humans; Leg; Male; Postural Balance; Verbal Behavior; Young Adult
PubMed: 31015560
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42888-2 -
Indian Pediatrics May 2015To determine verbal intelligence and spoken language of children with phenylketonuria and to study the effect of age at diagnosis and phenylalanine plasma level on these...
OBJECTIVE
To determine verbal intelligence and spoken language of children with phenylketonuria and to study the effect of age at diagnosis and phenylalanine plasma level on these abilities.
DESIGN
Cross-sectional.
SETTING
Children with phenylketonuria were recruited from pediatric hospitals in 2012. Normal control subjects were recruited from kindergartens in Tehran.
PARTICIPANTS
30 phenylketonuria and 42 control subjects aged 4-6.5 years. Skills were compared between 3 phenylketonuria groups categorized by age at diagnosis/treatment, and between the phenylketonuria and control groups.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Scores on Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence for verbal and total intelligence, and Test of Language Development-Primary, third edition for spoken language, listening, speaking, semantics, syntax, and organization.
RESULTS
The performance of control subjects was significantly better than that of early-treated subjects for all composite quotients from Test of Language Development and verbal intelligence (P<0.001). Early-treated subjects scored significantly higher than the two groups of late-treated subjects for spoken language (P=0.01), speaking (P=0.04), syntax (P=0.02), and verbal intelligence (P=0.019). There was a negative correlation between phenylalanine level and verbal intelligence (r=-0.79) in early-treated subjects and between phenylalanine level and spoken language (r=-0.71), organization (r=-0.82) and semantics (r=-0.82) for late-treated subjects diagnosed before the age one year.
CONCLUSION
The study confirmed that diagnosis of newborns and control of blood phenylalanine concentration improves verbal intelligence and spoken language scores in phenylketonuria subjects.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Infant; Intelligence Tests; Iran; Language Development Disorders; Phenylketonurias; Speech Perception; Verbal Behavior
PubMed: 26061925
DOI: 10.1007/s13312-015-0644-8 -
Journal of Speech, Language, and... Apr 2017The purpose of this study was to examine (a) explicit and implicit verbal response inhibition in preschool children who do stutter (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS) and...
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine (a) explicit and implicit verbal response inhibition in preschool children who do stutter (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS) and (b) the relationship between response inhibition and language skills.
METHOD
Participants were 41 CWS and 41 CWNS between the ages of 3;1 and 6;1 (years;months). Explicit verbal response inhibition was measured using a computerized version of the grass-snow task (Carlson & Moses, 2001), and implicit verbal response inhibition was measured using the baa-meow task. Main dependent variables were reaction time and accuracy.
RESULTS
The CWS were significantly less accurate than the CWNS on the implicit task, but not the explicit task. The CWS also exhibited slower reaction times than the CWNS on both tasks. Between-group differences in performance could not be attributed to working memory demands. Overall, children's performance on the inhibition tasks corresponded with parents' perceptions of their children's inhibition skills in daily life.
CONCLUSIONS
CWS are less effective and efficient than CWNS in suppressing a dominant response while executing a conflicting response in the verbal domain.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Child; Child Language; Child, Preschool; Conflict, Psychological; Female; Hearing Tests; Humans; Inhibition, Psychological; Language Tests; Male; Memory, Short-Term; Motor Skills; Parents; Reaction Time; Stuttering; Verbal Behavior
PubMed: 28384673
DOI: 10.1044/2016_JSLHR-S-16-0135 -
Neurobiology of Aging Nov 2021To determine if sex differences in verbal memory in AD are related to differences in extent or distribution of pathological tau, we studied 275 participants who were...
To determine if sex differences in verbal memory in AD are related to differences in extent or distribution of pathological tau, we studied 275 participants who were amyloid PET positive and carried clinical classifications of normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia, and had tau (AV1451) PET. We compared tau distribution between men and women, and as a function of genetic risk. In MCI we further explored the relationship between quantity and distribution of tau in relation to verbal memory scores. Women had more tau burden overall, but this was driven by sex differences at the MCI stage. There was no significant difference in tau load by APOE e4 status. Within the MCI group the association between tau and performance in verbal memory tasks was stronger in women than men. The topography of the associations between tau and verbal memory also differed in MCI; women demonstrated stronger relationships between tau distribution and verbal memory performance, especially in the left hemisphere. These findings have implications for understanding tau distribution and spread, and in interpretation of verbal memory performance.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; Apolipoproteins E; Brain; Cognitive Dysfunction; Female; Humans; Male; Memory; Sex Characteristics; Verbal Behavior; tau Proteins
PubMed: 34399127
DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.05.013