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Journal of Tropical Medicine 2023The noncholera spp. which cause vibriosis are abundantly found in our water ecosystem. These bacteria could negatively affect both humans and animals. To date, there is...
BACKGROUND
The noncholera spp. which cause vibriosis are abundantly found in our water ecosystem. These bacteria could negatively affect both humans and animals. To date, there is a paucity of information available on the existence and pathogenicity of this particular noncholera spp. in Malaysia in comparison to their counterpart, .
METHODS
In this study, we extracted retrospective data from Malaysian surveillance database. Analysis was carried out using WHONET software focusing noncholera spp. including , , , , (), , , and .
RESULTS
Here, we report the first distribution and prevalence of these species isolated in Malaysia together with the antibiotic sensitivity profile based on the species. We found that is the predominant species isolated in Malaysia. Noticeably, across the study period, is becoming more prevalent, as compared to . In addition, this study also reports the first isolation of pathogenic from stool in Malaysia.
CONCLUSION
These data represent an important step toward understanding the potential emergence of noncholera spp. outbreaks.
PubMed: 37274080
DOI: 10.1155/2023/2716789 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Oct 2023Vibrio mimicus caused a seafood-associated outbreak in Florida, USA, in which 4 of 6 case-patients were hospitalized; 1 required intensive care for severe diarrhea....
Vibrio mimicus caused a seafood-associated outbreak in Florida, USA, in which 4 of 6 case-patients were hospitalized; 1 required intensive care for severe diarrhea. Strains were ctx-negative but carried genes for other virulence determinants (hemolysin, proteases, and types I-IV and VI secretion systems). Cholera toxin-negative bacterial strains can cause cholera-like disease.
Topics: Humans; Cholera; Florida; Vibrio mimicus; Disease Outbreaks; Seafood
PubMed: 37735754
DOI: 10.3201/eid2910.230486 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022The study aimed to determine the prevalence of different species of spp. in fish and shellfish sold in subtropical-arid countries (United Arab Emirates). It also...
The study aimed to determine the prevalence of different species of spp. in fish and shellfish sold in subtropical-arid countries (United Arab Emirates). It also examined the antimicrobial resistance of the isolated species and their growth behavior upon environmental changes concerning temperature, pH, and salinity. The prevalence of spp. in fish and shellfish samples, was 64.5 and 92%, respectively. However, were detected in a mere 7.5 and 13.0% of the samples, respectively. On the other hand, was detected in 1.5 and 8.5% of the samples, respectively. None of the six antibiotics studied except for Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were effective against fish spp. isolates. On a similar note, three antibiotics, namely Penicillin, Daptomycin, and Vancomycin, were ineffective against the shellfish isolates. The growth of the microorganisms did not show any significant trend with changes in pH and salinity. The optimum temperature for spp. growth was observed to be 37°C.
PubMed: 35464960
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.861547 -
BMC Microbiology Oct 2023Virulence determinants are crucial to the risk assessment of pathogens in an environment. This study investigated the presence of eleven key virulence-associated genes...
Occurrence of virulence determinants in vibrio cholerae, vibrio mimicus, vibrio alginolyticus, and vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from important water resources of Eastern Cape, South Africa.
BACKGROUND
Virulence determinants are crucial to the risk assessment of pathogens in an environment. This study investigated the presence of eleven key virulence-associated genes in Vibrio cholerae (n = 111) and Vibrio mimicus (n = 22) and eight virulence determinants in Vibrio alginolyticus (n = 65) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (n = 17) isolated from six important water resources in Eastern Cape, South Africa, using PCR techniques. The multiple virulence gene indexes (MVGI) for sampling sites and isolates as well as hotspots for potential vibriosis outbreaks among sampling sites were determined statistically based on the comparison of MVGI.
RESULT
The PCR assay showed that all the V. cholerae isolates belong to non-O1/non-O139 serogroups. Of the isolates, Vibrio Cholera (84%), V. mimicus (73%), V. alginolyticus (91%) and V. parahaemolyticus (100%) isolates harboured at least one of the virulence-associated genes investigated. The virulence gene combinations detected in isolates varied at sampling site and across sites. Typical virulence-associated determinants of V. cholerae were detected in V. mimicus while that of V. parahaemolyticus were detected in V. alginolyticus. The isolates with the highest MVGI were recovered from three estuaries (Sunday river, Swartkopps river, buffalo river) and a freshwater resource (Lashinton river). The cumulative MVGI for V. cholerae, V. mimicus, V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus isolates were 0.34, 0.20, 0.45, and 0.40 respectively. The targeted Vibrio spp. in increasing order of the public health risk posed in our study areas based on the MVGI is V. alginolyticus > V. parahaemolyticus > V. cholerae > V. mimicus. Five (sites SR, PA5, PA6, EL4 and EL6) out of the seventeen sampling sites were detected as the hotspots for potential cholera-like infection and vibriosis outbreaks.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that humans having contact with water resources in our study areas are exposed to potential public health risks owing to the detection of virulent determinants in human pathogenic Vibrio spp. recovered from the water resources. The study affirms the relevancy of environmental Vibrio species to the epidemiology of vibriosis, cholera and cholera-like infections. Hence we suggest a monitoring program for human pathogenic Vibrio spp. in the environment most especially surface water that humans have contact with regularly.
Topics: Humans; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio mimicus; Cholera; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Vibrio alginolyticus; Virulence; South Africa; Water Resources; Vibrio; Virulence Factors; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 37891478
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03060-z -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Protein lysine acetylation is an evolutionarily conserved post-translational modification (PTM), which is dynamic and reversible, playing a crucial regulatory role in...
Protein lysine acetylation is an evolutionarily conserved post-translational modification (PTM), which is dynamic and reversible, playing a crucial regulatory role in almost every aspect of metabolism, of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Several global lysine acetylome studies have been carried out in various bacteria, but thus far, there have been no reports of lysine acetylation for the commercially important aquatic animal pathogen In the present study, we used anti-Ac-K antibody beads to highly sensitive immune-affinity purification and combined high-resolution LC-MS/MS to perform the first global lysine acetylome analysis in , leading to the identification of 1,097 lysine-acetylated sites on 582 proteins, and more than half (58.4%) of the acetylated proteins had only one site. The analysis of acetylated modified peptide motifs revealed six significantly enriched motifs, namely, KacL, KacR, L(-2) KacL, LKacK, L(-7) EKac, and IEKac. In addition, bioinformatic assessments state clearly that acetylated proteins have a hand in many important biological processes in , such as purine metabolism, ribosome, pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle, and so on. Moreover, 13 acetylated proteins were related to the virulence of . To sum up, this is a comprehensive analysis whole situation protein lysine acetylome in and provides an important foundation for in-depth study of the biological function of lysine acetylation in .
PubMed: 35250932
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.816968 -
International Maritime Health 2021Vibrio infections are becoming more frequent in the Baltic Sea region, which is caused by an increase in the sea surface temperature. Climate change creates the...
BACKGROUND
Vibrio infections are becoming more frequent in the Baltic Sea region, which is caused by an increase in the sea surface temperature. Climate change creates the conditions for the emergence of new environmental niches that are beneficial for Vibrio spp., especially in the summer months. Vibrio vulnificus, which causes wound infections and septicaemia, represents a particularly dangerous species of Vibrio spp. There are numerous publications on the prevalence of V. vulnificus in various regions of the Baltic Sea, but there is a lack of such data for the Polish coast. This prompted us to conduct a pilot study into the prevalence of the bacteria in the Gulf of Gdansk. The study aimed to detect Vibrio spp. in the coastal waters and the wet sand at the beaches and bathing areas in the Gulf of Gdansk.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
During the period from June 16th to September 23rd 2020, 112 samples of seawater and 105 samples of wet sand were collected at 16 locations along the coast of the Gulf of Gdansk and Hel peninsula. Isolation of Vibrio spp. was conducted by filtering method and the isolated bacteria was cultured on CHROM agar Vibrio and TCBS agar. Final genus identification was performed by the MALDI TOF technique.
RESULTS
In the present study, 10 isolates of Vibrio spp. were obtained from seawater and wet sand samples collected in the Gulf of Gdansk and Hel peninsula coast. Three of the isolates were identified as V. vulnificus; the presence of the species was confirmed in the seawater samples which had been collected in Hel (1 isolate), Jastarnia (1 isolate), and Chalupy (1 isolate). One strain of Vibrio alginolyticus was isolated from the seawater sample collected in Hel. Moreover, identification was incomplete for 6 of the isolated strains, these were identified as Vibrio cholerae/mimicus These strains were collected in Jastarnia (1 isolate), Kuznica (1 isolate), Gdansk-Brzezno (1 isolate), Puck (2 isolates), Chalupy (1 isolate).
CONCLUSIONS
Our preliminary research study confirmed the presence of potentially pathogenic V. vulnificus in the Gulf of Gdansk in the summer months. Therefore, further monitoring of the presence of Vibrio spp. in the Baltic coast area is necessary.
Topics: Agar; Humans; Pilot Projects; Sand; Seawater; Vibrio; Vibrio vulnificus
PubMed: 35147210
DOI: 10.5603/IMH.2021.0048 -
PloS One 2023The current study determines the density of Vibrio spp. and isolates V. cholerae and Vibrio mimicus from fish-anatomical-sites, prawn, crab and mussel samples recovered...
Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes profiling of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus isolates from some seafood collected at the aquatic environment and wet markets in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
The current study determines the density of Vibrio spp. and isolates V. cholerae and Vibrio mimicus from fish-anatomical-sites, prawn, crab and mussel samples recovered from fish markets, freshwater and brackish water. Virulence and antibiotic resistance profiling of isolates were carried out using standard molecular and microbiology techniques. Vibrio spp. was detected in more than 90% of samples [134/144] and its density was significantly more in fish than in other samples. Vibrio. cholerae and V. mimicus were isolated in at least one sample of each sample type with higher isolation frequency in fish samples. All the V. cholerae isolates belong to non-O1/non-O139 serogroup. One or more V. cholerae isolates exhibited intermediate or resistance against each of the eighteen panels of antibiotics used but 100% of the V. mimicus were susceptible to amikacin, gentamycin and chloramphenicol. Vibrio cholerae exhibited relatively high resistance against polymyxin, ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate while V. mimicus isolates exhibited relatively high resistance against nitrofurantoin, ampicillin and polymixin. The multiple-antibiotic-resistance-index [MARI] for isolates ranges between 0 and 0.67 and 48% of the isolates have MARI that is >0.2 while 55% of the isolates exhibit MultiDrug Resistance Phenotypes. The percentage detection of acc, ant, drf18, sul1, mcr-1, blasvh, blaoxa, blatem, blaoxa48, gyrA, gyrB and parC resistance-associated genes were 2%, 9%, 14%, 7%, 2%, 25%, 7%, 2%, 2%, 32%, 25% and 27% respectively while that for virulence-associated genes in increasing other was ace [2%], tcp [11%], vpi [16%], ompU [34%], toxR [43%], rtxC [70%], rtxA [73%] and hyla [77%]. The study confirmed the potential of environmental non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae and V. mimicus to cause cholera-like infection and other vibriosis which could be difficult to manage with commonly recommended antibiotics. Thus, regular monitoring of the environment to create necessary awareness for this kind of pathogens is important in the interest of public health.
Topics: Animals; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio mimicus; South Africa; Virulence; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ampicillin; Polymyxins; Drug Resistance, Microbial
PubMed: 37616193
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290356 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2019Atypical El Tor strains of O1 harboring variant genes of cholera toxin (CT) have gradually become a major cause of recent cholera epidemics. occasionally produces CT,...
Atypical El Tor strains of O1 harboring variant genes of cholera toxin (CT) have gradually become a major cause of recent cholera epidemics. occasionally produces CT, encoded by on CTXФ genome; toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), a major intestinal colonization factor; and also the CTXФ-specific receptor. This study carried out extensive molecular characterization of CTXФ and ToxT regulon in -positive () strains (i.e., strains containing ) isolated from the Bengal coast. Southern hybridization, PCR, and DNA sequencing of virulence-related genes revealed the presence of an El Tor type CTX prophage (CTX) carrying a novel , tandem copies of environmental type pre-CTX prophage (pre-CTX), and RS1 elements, which were organized as an RS1-CTX-RS1-pre-CTX-pre-CTX array. Additionally, novel variants of and , respectively, showing phylogenetic lineage to a clade of non-O1 and to a clade of non-O139, were identified. The strains lacked the RTX (repeat in toxin) and TLC (toxin-linked cryptic) elements and lacked seventh-pandemic islands of the El Tor strains but contained five heptamer (TTTTGAT) repeats in promoter region similar to those seen with some classical strains of O1. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed that all the strains were clonally related. However, their CT production and toxigenicity characteristics were variable, which could be explainable by differential transcription of virulence genes along with the ToxR regulon. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that environmental strains act as a potential reservoir of atypical virulence factors, including variant CT and ToxT regulons, and may contribute to the evolution of hybrid strains. Natural diversification of CTXФ and genes certainly influences disease severity and shifting patterns in major etiological agents of cholera, e.g., the overwhelming emergence of hybrid El Tor variants, replacing the prototype El Tor strains of This report, showing the occurrence of CTX comprising a novel variant of in , points out a previously unnoticed evolutionary event that is independent of the evolutionary event associated with the El Tor strains of Identification and cluster analysis of the newly discovered alleles of and suggest their horizontal transfer from an uncommon clone of The genomic contents of ToxT regulon and of tandemly arranged multiple pre-CTXФ and of a CTXФ in probably act as salient raw materials that induce natural recombination among the hallmark virulence genes of hybrid strains. This report provides valuable information to enrich our knowledge on the evolution of new variant CT and ToxT regulons.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Cholera; Cholera Toxin; Environmental Microbiology; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Humans; Phylogeny; Regulon; Vibrio cholerae O1; Vibrio mimicus; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30446560
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01977-18 -
International Journal of Microbiology 2020The aim of this study was to characterise species of water samples collected from taps, boreholes, and dams in the North West province, South Africa, and assess...
The aim of this study was to characterise species of water samples collected from taps, boreholes, and dams in the North West province, South Africa, and assess biocontrol potentials of their bacteriophages. Fifty-seven putative isolates were obtained on thiosulfate-citrate-bile-salt-sucrose agar and identified using biochemical tests and species-specific PCRs. Isolates were further characterised based on the presence of virulence factors, susceptibility to eleven antibiotics, and biofilm formation potentials. Twenty-two (38.60%) isolates were confirmed as species, comprising (45.5%, = 10), (22.7%, = 5), (13.6%, = 3), (9.1%, = 2), and (9.1%, = 2). Three of the six virulent genes screened were positively amplified; four possessed the (18.18%) and (18.18%) genes, while the gene was harboured by 3 V. (13.64%) and one (4.55%) isolate. Isolates revealed high levels of resistance to cephalothin (95.45%), ampicillin (77.27%), and streptomycin (40.91%), while lower resistances (4.55%-27.27%) were recorded for other antimicrobials. Sixteen (72.7%) isolates displayed multiple antibiotic-resistant properties. Cluster analysis of antibiotic resistance revealed a closer relationship between isolates from different sampling sites. The species displayed biofilm formation potentials at 37°C (63.6, = 14), 35°C (50%, = 11), and 25°C (36.4%, = 8). Two phages isolated in this study (vB_VpM_SA3V and vB_VcM_SA3V) were classified as belonging to the family Myoviridae based on electron microscopy. These were able to lyse multidrug-resistant and strains. These findings not only indicate the presence of antibiotic-resistant virulent species from dam, borehole, and tap water samples that could pose a health risk to humans who either come in contact with or consume water but also present these lytic phages as alternative agents that can be exploited for biological control of these pathogenic strains.
PubMed: 32831847
DOI: 10.1155/2020/8863370 -
Marine Environmental Research Jul 2021Bacteria from the Vibrio genus are a ubiquitous component of coastal and estuarine ecosystems with several pathogenic Vibrio species displaying preferences for warm...
Bacteria from the Vibrio genus are a ubiquitous component of coastal and estuarine ecosystems with several pathogenic Vibrio species displaying preferences for warm tropical waters. We studied the spatial and temporal abundance of three key human potential pathogens V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae and V. vulnificus in northern tropical Australia, over the wet and dry seasons, to identify environmental parameters influencing their abundance. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed that V. parahaemolyticus occurred more frequently and in higher abundance than V. cholerae and V. vulnificus across all locations examined. All three species were more abundant during the wet season, with V. parahaemolyticus abundance correlated to temperature and conductivity, whereas nutrient concentrations and turbidity best explained V. vulnificus abundance. In addition to these targeted qPCR analyses, we assessed the composition and dynamics of the entire Vibrio community using hsp60 amplicon sequencing. Using this approach, 42 Vibrio species were identified, including a number of other pathogenic species such as V. alginolyticus, V. mimicus and V. fluvialis. The Vibrio community was more diverse in the wet season, with temperature and dissolved oxygen as the key factors governing community composition. Seasonal differences were primarily driven by a greater abundance of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus during the wet season, while spatial differences were driven by different abundances of V. harveyi, V. campbellii, V. cholerae and V. navarrensis. When we related the abundance of Vibrio to other bacterial taxa, defined using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, V. parahaemolyticus was negatively correlated to several taxa, including members of the Rickettsiales and Saccharimonadales, while V. vulnificus was negatively correlated to Rhobacteriaceae and Cyanobiaceae. In contrast, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi and V. mediterranei were all positively correlated to Cyanobacteria. These observations highlight the dynamic nature of Vibrio communities and expands current understanding of the processes governing the occurrence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. in tropical coastal ecosystems.
Topics: Australia; Ecosystem; Humans; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 34242991
DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105405