-
Translational Vision Science &... Dec 2020To evaluate the test-retest reliability and validity of the MNREAD test for use in children with vision impairment (VI) and to compare their performance on the test to...
PURPOSE
To evaluate the test-retest reliability and validity of the MNREAD test for use in children with vision impairment (VI) and to compare their performance on the test to that of normally sighted children.
METHODS
Children with VI ( = 62) and without VI ( = 40) were administered the MNREAD test and the Basic Reading Inventory (BRI) on two study visits, 1 to 3 weeks apart. The maximum reading rate, critical print size, and reading acuity were determined for the MNREAD test, and test-retest reliability was evaluated. The reading rate for the MNREAD test was compared to the BRI results.
RESULTS
Strong correlations between visits were found for all MNREAD parameters (0.68-0.99). Older, but not younger, children with VI read significantly more slowly on both the MNREAD and the BRI than children with normal vision ( < 0.05). Reading rates between the two tests were strongly correlated ( = 0.88). For the MNREAD test, the reading rate increased 4.4 words per minute (wpm) per year for VI and 10.6 wpm/y for those with normal vision. For the BRI, the reading rate increased by 5.9 wpm/y for VI and 9.7 wpm/y for those with normal vision. Poorer visual acuity was associated with slower reading rates on the MNREAD test but not on the BRI, as the MNREAD relies largely on visual factors but the BRI also relies on linguistic and grammar skills.
CONCLUSIONS
The MNREAD test are reliable and valid for use in children with vision impairment.
TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE
The MNREAD test can be utilized by clinicians, as they are a quick, easy-to-administer method for evaluating reading vision in children with VI.
Topics: Child; Humans; Reading; Reproducibility of Results; Vision Tests; Vision, Low; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 33384883
DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.13.25 -
Annales D'endocrinologie Jul 2015Non-functioning pituitary adenoma may lead to blindness and causes visual impairment in 58% of cases and, more rarely, ocular motor disorder. Patients are slow to become... (Review)
Review
Non-functioning pituitary adenoma may lead to blindness and causes visual impairment in 58% of cases and, more rarely, ocular motor disorder. Patients are slow to become aware of their visual dysfunction, vision in one eye compensating the deficit in the other. Assessment of visual function, comprising visual acuity and visual field evaluation and fundus examination, should be performed regularly according to the severity of impairment. Optic nerve optical coherence tomography (OCT) can quantify optic atrophy reproducibly, and is of prognostic value for postoperative visual recovery. Diplopia most often involves decompensation of heterophoria, visual field fusion being hampered by the visual field defect; such diplopia without ocular motor deficit is known as "hemifield slide". Diplopia associated with ocular motor palsy is caused by tumoral invasion of the cavernous sinus (IIIrd, IVth or VIth nerve palsy); in large impairment, restricted eye movement is easily observed; milder palsies require neuro-ophthalmologic assessment and/or Lancaster test. Pituitary apoplexy induces ocular motor impairment in 70% of cases, strongly guiding diagnosis. Visual impairment is associated in 75% of cases. The degree of neuro-ophthalmologic (visual and ocular motor) impairment is one of the main criteria guiding treatment of pituitary apoplexy (conservative medical and/or surgical treatment) and follow-up.
Topics: Adenoma; Humans; Neurologic Examination; Oculomotor Nerve Diseases; Pituitary Apoplexy; Pituitary Neoplasms; Vision Tests; Visual Field Tests
PubMed: 26070465
DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.04.006 -
Journal of Biomedical Optics Jun 2015We proposed a glasses-free randot stereotest using a multiview display system. We designed a four-view parallax barrier system and proposed the use of a random-dot...
We proposed a glasses-free randot stereotest using a multiview display system. We designed a four-view parallax barrier system and proposed the use of a random-dot multigram as a set of view images for the glasses-free randot stereotest. The glasses-free randot stereotest can be used to verify the effect of glasses in a stereopsis experience. Furthermore, the proposed system is convertible between two-view and four-view structures so that the motion parallax effect could be verified within the system. We discussed the design principles and the method used to generate images in detail and implemented a glasses-free randot stereotest system with a liquid crystal display panel and a customized parallax barrier. We also developed graphical user interfaces and a method for their calibration for practical usage. We performed experiments with five adult subjects with normal vision. The experimental results show that the proposed system provides a stereopsis experience to the subjects and is consistent with the glasses-type randot stereotest and the Frisby–Davis test. The implemented system is free from monocular cues and provides binocular disparity only. The crosstalk of the system is about 6.42% for four-view and 4.17% for two-view, the time required for one measurement is less than 20 s, and the minimum angular disparity that the system can provide is about 23 arc sec.
Topics: Adult; Depth Perception; Equipment Design; Humans; User-Computer Interface; Vision Tests
PubMed: 26057031
DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.20.6.065004 -
Journal of the American Association For... Jul 2018Swine (Sus scrofa) are often the 'gold standard' laboratory animal for ophthalmology research due to the anatomic and physiologic similarities between the porcine and...
Swine (Sus scrofa) are often the 'gold standard' laboratory animal for ophthalmology research due to the anatomic and physiologic similarities between the porcine and human eye and retina. Despite the importance of this model, few tools for behavioral vision assessment in pigs are available. The aim of this study was to identify and validate a feasible and reproducible behavioral test to assess vision in a pig model of photoreceptor degeneration. In addition, a robust behavioral test will reduce stress and enhance enrichment by allowing animals opportunities for environmental exploration and by reducing the number of invasive experimental procedures. Two distinct behavioral approaches were tested: the obstacle-course test and temperament test. In the obstacle-course test, pigs were challenged (after an initial training period) to navigate a 10-object obstacle course; time and the number of collisions with the objects were recorded. In the temperament test, the time needed for pigs to complete 3 different tasks (human-approach, novel-object, and open-door tests) was recorded. The obstacle-course test revealed significant differences in time and number of collisions between swine with vision impairment and control animals, and the training period proved to be pivotal to avoid bias due to individual animal characteristics. In contrast, the temperament test was not altered by vision impairment but was validated to measure stress and behavioral alterations in laboratory pigs undergoing experimental procedures, thus achieving marked refinement of the study.
Topics: Animal Welfare; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Behavior, Animal; Humans; Swine; Vision Tests
PubMed: 29966544
DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-17-000163 -
Clinical & Experimental Optometry Jul 2018The assessment of stereoacuity is an integral part of the ophthalmic assessment, with the responses used to inform clinical management decisions. Stereoacuity impacts on... (Review)
Review
The assessment of stereoacuity is an integral part of the ophthalmic assessment, with the responses used to inform clinical management decisions. Stereoacuity impacts on many aspects of life, but there are discrepancies reported where people without measurable stereoacuity report appreciating 3-D vision. This could be due, in part, to the presentation of the stimuli. A literature review was undertaken to evaluate current assessment techniques, how they relate to patient outcomes, identify the limitations of current tests and discuss how they could be improved. Recent evidence has been collated on currently available tests, used commonly within vision clinics, with normative data provided allowing responses to the tests to be interpreted. The relevance of the results is evaluated in relation to a range of outcomes, where a reduced level of stereopsis has a negative impact on the ability of an individual to perform many tasks, and can lead to an increase in difficulty interacting in the world. Current tests are limited in the aspects of stereoacuity they assess and their ability to precisely measure stereopsis. The world is not static, yet clinical tests are limited to measuring static stereoacuity, even though higher grades of depth perception can be identified in the presence of changing depth. Presentation methods of stereoacuity tests have remained similar over time, with a limited number of disparity levels assessed. New assessment methods are becoming available that include automated staircase testing to present multiple levels of disparity using digital technology. Current clinical tests are limited in their presentation, and are poor at detecting/measuring stereoacuity in those with limited stereopsis. Given the relevance of the stereoacuity measurement to management choices and functional outcomes, new testing methods would be beneficial to fully assess stereoacuity, both static and dynamic.
Topics: Depth Perception; Humans; Motion Perception; Vision Tests; Vision, Binocular; Visual Acuity; Visual Fields
PubMed: 29377291
DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12655 -
PloS One 2023For a good vision screening battery to quickly and accurately reflect the status of the human visual system it should be relevant, reliable, and streamlined. Because the...
For a good vision screening battery to quickly and accurately reflect the status of the human visual system it should be relevant, reliable, and streamlined. Because the early visual system has limited functional architecture, many simple measurements of the visual system may in fact be measuring the shared computations and parallel processes of other visual functions, making much of the measurement process redundant. This can make a screening battery repetitious and therefore inefficient. The purpose of this research is to investigate these redundancies in a large occupational screening dataset using factor analysis. 192 subjects participated in the Operational Based Vision Assessment (OBVA) Laboratory Automated Vision Testing (AVT) procedure. The AVT includes digital tests for visual acuity, luminance and cone contrast sensitivity, motion coherence, stereopsis, and binocular motor function. Psychometric thresholds and fusional ranges were collected from each subject and a factor analysis was utilized to investigate independent latent variables in the dataset. A promax rotation revealed 5 factors that explained 74% of the total variance: (1) medium and high spatial frequency vision, (2) stereoacuity and horizontal fusional range, (3) cone contrast sensitivity, (4) motion perception, and (5) low spatial frequency vision. Practically, these results suggest that the screening battery can be reduced to 5 independent measurements that capture much of the variance in the dataset. Furthermore, the factors predicted operational and vocational aptitude better than any single variable. More interestingly, these relationships also reiterate known computational processes within the human visual system, such as the parallel processing of low and high spatial frequency content.
Topics: Humans; Vision Screening; Aptitude; Depth Perception; Visual Acuity; Vision, Ocular; Vision Tests; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 37256907
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286513 -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 2017Standardization of terminologies and methods is increasingly important in all fields including ophthalmology, especially currently when research and new technology are... (Review)
Review
Standardization of terminologies and methods is increasingly important in all fields including ophthalmology, especially currently when research and new technology are rapidly driving improvements in medicine. This review highlights the range of notations used by vision care professionals around the world for vision measurement, and the challenges resulting from this practice. The global community is urged to move toward a uniform standard.
Topics: Humans; Reference Standards; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 29160549
DOI: 10.5935/0004-2749.20170082 -
JAMA Ophthalmology May 2022Visual acuity (VA) is one of the most important clinical data points in ophthalmology. However, few options for validated at-home VA assessments are currently available. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
IMPORTANCE
Visual acuity (VA) is one of the most important clinical data points in ophthalmology. However, few options for validated at-home VA assessments are currently available.
OBJECTIVE
To validate 3 at-home visual acuity tests in comparison with in-office visual acuity.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Between July 2020 and April 2021, eligible participants with VA of 20/200 or better were recruited from 4 university-based ophthalmology clinics (comprehensive, cornea, glaucoma, and retina clinics). Participants were prospectively randomized to self-administer 2 of 3 at-home VA tests (printed chart, mobile phone app, and website) within 3 days before their standard-of-care clinic visit. Participants completed a survey assessing usability of the at-home tests. At the clinic visit, best-corrected Snellen distance acuity was measured as the reference standard.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The at-home VA test results were compared with the in-office VA test results using paired and unpaired t tests, Pearson correlation coefficients, analysis of variance, χ2 tests, and Cohen κ agreement. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of each at-home test were calculated to detect significant VA changes (≥0.2 logMAR) from the in-office baseline.
RESULTS
A total of 121 participants with a mean (SD) age of 63.8 (13.0) years completed the study. The mean in-office VA was 0.11 logMAR (Snellen equivalent 20/25) with similar numbers of participants from the 4 clinics. Mean difference (logMAR) between the at-home test and in-office acuity was -0.07 (95% CI, -0.10 to -0.04) for the printed chart, -0.12 (95% CI, -0.15 to -0.09) for the mobile phone app, and -0.13 (95% CI, -0.16 to -0.10) for the website test. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the printed chart was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.62-0.79), mobile phone app was 0.58 (95% CI, 0.46-0.69), and website test was 0.64 (95% CI, 0.53-0.73).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The 3 at-home VA test results (printed chart, mobile phone app, and website) appeared comparable within 1 line to in-office VA measurements. Older participants were more likely to have limited access to digital tools. Further development and validation of at-home VA testing modalities is needed with the expansion of teleophthalmology care.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Middle Aged; Ophthalmology; Telemedicine; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 35357405
DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.0396 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... Jan 2021Quality refractive error care is essential for reducing vision impairment. Quality indicators and standardized approaches for assessing the quality of refractive error...
SIGNIFICANCE
Quality refractive error care is essential for reducing vision impairment. Quality indicators and standardized approaches for assessing the quality of refractive error care need to be established.
PURPOSE
This study aimed to develop a set of indicators for assessing the quality of refractive error care and test their applicability in a real-world setting using unannounced standardized patients (USPs).
METHODS
Patient outcomes and three quality of refractive error care (Q.REC) indicators (1, optimally prescribed spectacles; 2, adequately prescribed spectacles; 3, vector dioptric distance) were developed using existing literature, refraction training standards, and consulting educators. Twenty-one USPs with various refractive errors were trained to visit optical stores across Vietnam to have a refraction, observe techniques, and order spectacles. Spectacles were assessed against each Q.REC indicator and tested for associations with vision and comfort.
RESULTS
Overall, 44.1% (184/417) of spectacles provided good vision and comfort. Of the spectacles that met Q.REC indicators 1 and 2, 62.5 and 54.9%, respectively, provided both good vision and comfort. Optimally prescribed spectacles (indicator 1) were significantly more likely to provide good vision and comfort independently compared with spectacles that did not meet any indicator (good vision: 94.6 vs. 85.0%, P = .01; comfortable: 66.1 vs. 36.3%, P < .01). Adequately prescribed spectacles (indicator 2) were more likely to provide good comfort compared with spectacles not meeting any indicator (57.7 vs. 36.3%, P < .01); however, vision outcomes were not significantly different (85.9 vs. 85.0%, P = .90). Good vision was associated with a lower mean vector dioptric distance (P < .01) but not with comfort (P = .52).
CONCLUSIONS
The optimally prescribed spectacles indicator is a promising approach for assessing the quality of refractive error care without additional assessments of vision and comfort. Using USPs is a practical approach and could be used as a standardized method for evaluating the quality of refractive error care.
Topics: Adult; Delivery of Health Care; Eyeglasses; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prescriptions; Quality Indicators, Health Care; Refraction, Ocular; Refractive Errors; Standard of Care; Vietnam; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity; Young Adult
PubMed: 33394928
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001629 -
Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Jan 2023The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hypothyroidism on visual functions such as visual acuity, refractive errors, colour vision, and contrast...
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hypothyroidism on visual functions such as visual acuity, refractive errors, colour vision, and contrast sensitivity, among hypothyroid adults.
METHODS
Forty-three patients with clinical hypothyroidism along with 43 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals underwent visual examinations, including visual acuity, refractive errors, eye deviations with the cover test, colour vision with the D15 test, and contrast sensitivity with Pelli-Robson test.
RESULTS
It was indicated that visual acuity, refractive errors, phoria, and colour vision had no significant difference between the hypothyroid and control groups. Contrast sensitivity decreased in hypothyroid subjects as compared with controls. The mean values of binocular contrast sensitivity were 1.85 ± 0.09 log in the hypothyroid group and 1.93 ± 0.09 log in controls, which showed a statistically significant difference (p = .03).
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings illustrated a reduced contrast sensitivity in adult hypothyroidism. Since CS is related to functioning and quality of life, a comprehensive and detailed eye examination may be beneficial for hypothyroidism patients.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Iran; Vision Tests; Quality of Life; Refractive Errors; Hypothyroidism
PubMed: 36519206
DOI: 10.1002/edm2.393