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CA: a Cancer Journal For Clinicians Sep 2019The number of cancer survivors continues to increase in the United States because of the growth and aging of the population as well as advances in early detection and...
The number of cancer survivors continues to increase in the United States because of the growth and aging of the population as well as advances in early detection and treatment. To assist the public health community in better serving these individuals, the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute collaborate every 3 years to estimate cancer prevalence in the United States using incidence and survival data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registries; vital statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics; and population projections from the US Census Bureau. Current treatment patterns based on information in the National Cancer Data Base are presented for the most prevalent cancer types. Cancer-related and treatment-related short-term, long-term, and late health effects are also briefly described. More than 16.9 million Americans (8.1 million males and 8.8 million females) with a history of cancer were alive on January 1, 2019; this number is projected to reach more than 22.1 million by January 1, 2030 based on the growth and aging of the population alone. The 3 most prevalent cancers in 2019 are prostate (3,650,030), colon and rectum (776,120), and melanoma of the skin (684,470) among males, and breast (3,861,520), uterine corpus (807,860), and colon and rectum (768,650) among females. More than one-half (56%) of survivors were diagnosed within the past 10 years, and almost two-thirds (64%) are aged 65 years or older. People with a history of cancer have unique medical and psychosocial needs that require proactive assessment and management by follow-up care providers. Although there are growing numbers of tools that can assist patients, caregivers, and clinicians in navigating the various phases of cancer survivorship, further evidence-based resources are needed to optimize care.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; American Cancer Society; Cancer Survivors; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; National Cancer Institute (U.S.); Neoplasms; Prevalence; SEER Program; Survival Rate; Treatment Outcome; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 31184787
DOI: 10.3322/caac.21565 -
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia E... Sep 2018Twin pregnancy accounts for 2 to 4% of total births, with a prevalence ranging from 0.9 to 2.4% in Brazil. It is associated with worse maternal and perinatal outcomes.... (Review)
Review
Twin pregnancy accounts for 2 to 4% of total births, with a prevalence ranging from 0.9 to 2.4% in Brazil. It is associated with worse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Many conditions, such as severe maternal morbidity (SMM) (potentially life-threatening conditions and maternal near-miss) and neonatal near-miss (NNM) still have not been properly investigated in the literature. The difficulty in determining the conditions associated with twin pregnancy probably lies in its relatively low occurrence and the need for larger population studies. The use of the whole population and of databases from large multicenter studies, therefore, may provide unprecedented results. Since it is a rare condition, it is more easily evaluated using vital statistics from birth registries. Therefore, we have performed a literature review to identify the characteristics of twin pregnancy in Brazil and worldwide. Twin pregnancy has consistently been associated with SMM, maternal near-miss (MNM) and perinatal morbidity, with still worse results for the second twin, possibly due to some characteristics of the delivery, including safety and availability of appropriate obstetric care to women at a high risk of perinatal complications.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Morbidity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy, Twin
PubMed: 30231294
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1668117 -
JAMA Nov 2019US life expectancy has not kept pace with that of other wealthy countries and is now decreasing.
IMPORTANCE
US life expectancy has not kept pace with that of other wealthy countries and is now decreasing.
OBJECTIVE
To examine vital statistics and review the history of changes in US life expectancy and increasing mortality rates; and to identify potential contributing factors, drawing insights from current literature and an analysis of state-level trends.
EVIDENCE
Life expectancy data for 1959-2016 and cause-specific mortality rates for 1999-2017 were obtained from the US Mortality Database and CDC WONDER, respectively. The analysis focused on midlife deaths (ages 25-64 years), stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geography (including the 50 states). Published research from January 1990 through August 2019 that examined relevant mortality trends and potential contributory factors was examined.
FINDINGS
Between 1959 and 2016, US life expectancy increased from 69.9 years to 78.9 years but declined for 3 consecutive years after 2014. The recent decrease in US life expectancy culminated a period of increasing cause-specific mortality among adults aged 25 to 64 years that began in the 1990s, ultimately producing an increase in all-cause mortality that began in 2010. During 2010-2017, midlife all-cause mortality rates increased from 328.5 deaths/100 000 to 348.2 deaths/100 000. By 2014, midlife mortality was increasing across all racial groups, caused by drug overdoses, alcohol abuse, suicides, and a diverse list of organ system diseases. The largest relative increases in midlife mortality rates occurred in New England (New Hampshire, 23.3%; Maine, 20.7%; Vermont, 19.9%) and the Ohio Valley (West Virginia, 23.0%; Ohio, 21.6%; Indiana, 14.8%; Kentucky, 14.7%). The increase in midlife mortality during 2010-2017 was associated with an estimated 33 307 excess US deaths, 32.8% of which occurred in 4 Ohio Valley states.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
US life expectancy increased for most of the past 60 years, but the rate of increase slowed over time and life expectancy decreased after 2014. A major contributor has been an increase in mortality from specific causes (eg, drug overdoses, suicides, organ system diseases) among young and middle-aged adults of all racial groups, with an onset as early as the 1990s and with the largest relative increases occurring in the Ohio Valley and New England. The implications for public health and the economy are substantial, making it vital to understand the underlying causes.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cause of Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Life Expectancy; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Social Determinants of Health; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 31769830
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.16932 -
The Journal of Adolescent Health :... Feb 2015To examine pregnancy rates and outcomes (births and abortions) among 15- to 19-year olds and 10- to 14-year olds in all countries for which recent information could be...
PURPOSE
To examine pregnancy rates and outcomes (births and abortions) among 15- to 19-year olds and 10- to 14-year olds in all countries for which recent information could be obtained and to examine trends since the mid-1990s.
METHODS
Information was obtained from countries' vital statistics reports and the United Nations Statistics Division for most countries in this study. Alternate sources of information were used if needed and available. We present estimates primarily for 2011 and compare them to estimates published for the mid-1990s.
RESULTS
Among the 21 countries with complete statistics, the pregnancy rate among 15- to 19-year olds was the highest in the United States (57 pregnancies per 1,000 females) and the lowest rate was in Switzerland (8). Rates were higher in some former Soviet countries with incomplete statistics; they were the highest in Mexico and Sub-Saharan African countries with available information. Among countries with reliable evidence, the highest rate among 10- to 14-year olds was in Hungary. The proportion of teen pregnancies that ended in abortion ranged from 17% in Slovakia to 69% in Sweden. The proportion of pregnancies that ended in live births tended to be higher in countries with high teen pregnancy rates (p = .02). The pregnancy rate has declined since the mid-1990s in the majority of the 16 countries where trends could be assessed.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite recent declines, teen pregnancy rates remain high in many countries. Research on the planning status of these pregnancies and on factors that determine how teens resolve their pregnancies could further inform programs and policies.
Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Birth Rate; Child; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Young Adult
PubMed: 25620306
DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.007 -
Lancet (London, England) Jul 2022There are large and persistent disparities in life expectancy among racial-ethnic groups in the USA, but the extent to which these patterns vary geographically on a...
BACKGROUND
There are large and persistent disparities in life expectancy among racial-ethnic groups in the USA, but the extent to which these patterns vary geographically on a local scale is not well understood. This analysis estimated life expectancy for five racial-ethnic groups, in 3110 US counties over 20 years, to describe spatial-temporal variations in life expectancy and disparities between racial-ethnic groups.
METHODS
We applied novel small-area estimation models to death registration data from the US National Vital Statistics System and population data from the US National Center for Health Statistics to estimate annual sex-specific and age-specific mortality rates stratified by county and racial-ethnic group (non-Latino and non-Hispanic White [White], non-Latino and non-Hispanic Black [Black], non-Latino and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native [AIAN], non-Latino and non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander [API], and Latino or Hispanic [Latino]) from 2000 to 2019. We adjusted these mortality rates to correct for misreporting of race and ethnicity on death certificates and then constructed abridged life tables to estimate life expectancy at birth.
FINDINGS
Between 2000 and 2019, trends in life expectancy differed among racial-ethnic groups and among counties. Nationally, there was an increase in life expectancy for people who were Black (change 3·9 years [95% uncertainty interval 3·8 to 4·0]; life expectancy in 2019 75·3 years [75·2 to 75·4]), API (2·9 years [2·7 to 3·0]; 85·7 years [85·3 to 86·0]), Latino (2·7 years [2·6 to 2·8]; 82·2 years [82·0 to 82·5]), and White (1·7 years [1·6 to 1·7]; 78·9 years [78·9 to 79·0]), but remained the same for the AIAN population (0·0 years [-0·3 to 0·4]; 73·1 years [71·5 to 74·8]). At the national level, the negative difference in life expectancy for the Black population compared with the White population decreased during this period, whereas the negative difference for the AIAN population compared with the White population increased; in both cases, these patterns were widespread among counties. The positive difference in life expectancy for the API and Latino populations compared with the White population increased at the national level from 2000 to 2019; however, this difference declined in a sizeable minority of counties (615 [42·0%] of 1465 counties) for the Latino population and in most counties (401 [60·2%] of 666 counties) for the API population. For all racial-ethnic groups, improvements in life expectancy were more widespread across counties and larger from 2000 to 2010 than from 2010 to 2019.
INTERPRETATION
Disparities in life expectancy among racial-ethnic groups are widespread and enduring. Local-level data are crucial to address the root causes of poor health and early death among disadvantaged groups in the USA, eliminate health disparities, and increase longevity for all.
FUNDING
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Cancer Institute; National Institute on Aging; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; Office of Disease Prevention; and Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research, US National Institutes of Health.
Topics: Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Life Expectancy; Life Tables; Male; Minority Groups; Racial Groups; United States
PubMed: 35717994
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00876-5 -
Health Reports Apr 2017This article provides an overview of cycling, including fatalities and bicycle helmet use, based on data from the 1994/1995 National Population Health Survey, the...
This article provides an overview of cycling, including fatalities and bicycle helmet use, based on data from the 1994/1995 National Population Health Survey, the 2013/2014 Canadian Community Health Survey and the Vital Statistics-Death Database. In 2013/2014, an estimated 7.0 million Canadians aged 12 or older (24%) reported cycling in the previous three months, compared with 6.5 million (29%) in 1994/95. The prevalence of cycling declined with age, and was more common among males and people living in higher-income and -education households. From 1994 through 2012, 1,408 cyclists were killed, an average of 74 annually, most of whom were male (84%). In 2013/2014, 45% of those who had cycled in the past three months reported that they always wore a helmet.
Topics: Accidents; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Bicycling; Canada; Child; Female; Head Protective Devices; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Safety; Sex Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 28422267
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Preventive Medicine Feb 2020Infant mortality rates are higher in nonmetropolitan areas versus large metropolitan areas. Variation by race/ethnicity and cause of death has not been assessed....
INTRODUCTION
Infant mortality rates are higher in nonmetropolitan areas versus large metropolitan areas. Variation by race/ethnicity and cause of death has not been assessed. Urban-rural infant mortality rate differences were quantified by race/ethnicity and cause of death.
METHODS
National Vital Statistics System linked birth/infant death data (2014-2016) were analyzed in 2019 by 3 urban-rural county classifications: large metropolitan, medium/small metropolitan, and nonmetropolitan. Excess infant mortality rates (rate differences) by urban-rural classification were calculated relative to large metropolitan areas overall and for each racial/ethnic group. The number of excess deaths, population attributable fraction, and proportion of excess deaths attributable to underlying causes of death was calculated.
RESULTS
Nonmetropolitan areas had the highest excess infant mortality rate overall. Excess infant mortality rates were substantially lower for Hispanic infants than other races/ethnicities. Overall, 7.4% of infant deaths would be prevented if all areas had the infant mortality rate of large metropolitan areas. With more than half of births occurring outside of large metropolitan areas, the population attributable fraction was highest for American Indian/Alaska Natives (20.3%) and whites, non-Hispanic (14.3%). Excess infant mortality rates in both nonmetropolitan and medium/small metropolitan areas were primarily attributable to sudden unexpected infant deaths (42.3% and 31.9%) and congenital anomalies (30.1% and 26.8%). This pattern was consistent for all racial/ethnic groups except black, non-Hispanic infants, for whom preterm-related and sudden unexpected infant deaths accounted for the largest share of excess infant mortality rates.
CONCLUSIONS
Infant mortality increases with rurality, and excess infant mortality rates are predominantly attributable to sudden unexpected infant deaths and congenital anomalies, with differences by race/ethnicity regarding magnitude and cause of death.
Topics: Black or African American; Cause of Death; Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Male; Racial Groups; Rural Population; United States; Urban Population; Vital Statistics; White People
PubMed: 31735480
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.010 -
JAMA May 2021
Topics: COVID-19; Cause of Death; Humans; United States
PubMed: 33787821
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.5469 -
Journal of Epidemiology Jul 2021Unlike many North American and European countries, Japan has observed a continuous increase in cancer incidence over the last few decades. We examined the most recent...
BACKGROUND
Unlike many North American and European countries, Japan has observed a continuous increase in cancer incidence over the last few decades. We examined the most recent trends in population-based cancer incidence and mortality in Japan.
METHODS
National cancer mortality data between 1958 and 2018 were obtained from published vital statistics. Cancer incidence data between 1985 and 2015 were obtained from high-quality population-based cancer registries maintained by three prefectures (Yamagata, Fukui, and Nagasaki). Trends in age-standardized rates (ASR) were examined using Joinpoint regression analysis.
RESULTS
For males, all-cancer incidence increased between 1985 and 1996 (annual percent change [APC] +1.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7-1.5%), increased again in 2000-2010 (+1.3%; 95% CI, 0.9-1.8%), and then decreased until 2015 (-1.4%; 95% CI, -2.5 to -0.3%). For females, all-cancer incidence increased until 2010 (+0.8%; 95% CI, 0.6-0.9% in 1985-2004 and +2.4%; 95% CI, 1.3-3.4% in 2004-2010), and stabilized thereafter until 2015. The post-2000 increase was mainly attributable to prostate in males and breast in females, which slowed or levelled during the first decade of the 2000s. After a sustained increase, all-cancer mortality for males decreased in 1996-2013 (-1.6%; 95% CI, -1.6 to -1.5%) and accelerated thereafter until 2018 (-2.5%; 95% CI, -2.9 to -2.0%). All-cancer mortality for females decreased intermittently throughout the observation period, with the most recent APC of -1.0% (95% CI, -1.1 to -0.9%) in 2003-2018. The recent decreases in mortality in both sexes, and in incidence in males, were mainly attributable to stomach, liver, and male lung cancers.
CONCLUSION
The ASR of all-cancer incidence began decreasing significantly in males and levelled off in females in 2010.
Topics: Female; Humans; Incidence; Japan; Male; Mortality; Neoplasms; Registries
PubMed: 33551387
DOI: 10.2188/jea.JE20200416 -
Annals of Internal Medicine Dec 2020Kiang and colleagues' study emphasizes that deaths directly related to SARS-CoV-2 infection tell only part of the story. Many deaths are likely to be attributable to...
Kiang and colleagues' study emphasizes that deaths directly related to SARS-CoV-2 infection tell only part of the story. Many deaths are likely to be attributable to indirect consequences of the pandemic, including those associated with disruptions in health care systems and the economic and social hardships endured by many people. The editorial discusses the importance of national vital statistics to health and emergency preparedness systems in the United States.
Topics: COVID-19; Death Certificates; Humans; Pandemics; United States; Vital Statistics
PubMed: 32915634
DOI: 10.7326/M20-6348