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Nutrients Apr 2021Osteoporosis (OP) and vascular calcification (VC) represent relevant health problems that frequently coexist in the elderly population. Traditionally, they have been... (Review)
Review
Osteoporosis (OP) and vascular calcification (VC) represent relevant health problems that frequently coexist in the elderly population. Traditionally, they have been considered independent processes, and mainly age-related. However, an increasing number of studies have reported their possible direct correlation, commonly defined as "bone-vascular crosstalk". Vitamin K2 (VitK2), a family of several natural isoforms also known as menaquinones (MK), has recently received particular attention for its role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. In particular, VitK2 deficiency seems to be responsible of the so-called "calcium paradox" phenomenon, characterized by low calcium deposition in the bone and its accumulation in the vessel wall. Since these events may have important clinical consequences, and the role of VitK2 in bone-vascular crosstalk has only partially been explained, this review focuses on its effects on the bone and vascular system by providing a more recent literature update. Overall, the findings reported here propose the VitK2 family as natural bioactive molecules that could be able to play an important role in the prevention of bone loss and vascular calcification, thus encouraging further in-depth studies to achieve its use as a dietary food supplement.
Topics: Animals; Blood Vessels; Bone Resorption; Bone and Bones; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Vascular Calcification; Vitamin K 2
PubMed: 33917175
DOI: 10.3390/nu13041222 -
Nutrients Dec 2023Cognitive impairment and dementia are burgeoning public health concerns, especially given the increasing longevity of the global population. These conditions not only... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Improving Cognitive Function with Nutritional Supplements in Aging: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Clinical Studies Investigating the Effects of Vitamins, Minerals, Antioxidants, and Other Dietary Supplements.
Cognitive impairment and dementia are burgeoning public health concerns, especially given the increasing longevity of the global population. These conditions not only affect the quality of life of individuals and their families, but also pose significant economic burdens on healthcare systems. In this context, our comprehensive narrative review critically examines the role of nutritional supplements in mitigating cognitive decline. Amidst growing interest in non-pharmacological interventions for cognitive enhancement, this review delves into the efficacy of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other dietary supplements. Through a systematic evaluation of randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and meta-analysis, this review focuses on outcomes such as memory enhancement, attention improvement, executive function support, and neuroprotection. The findings suggest a complex interplay between nutritional supplementation and cognitive health, with some supplements showing promising results and others displaying limited or context-dependent effectiveness. The review highlights the importance of dosage, bioavailability, and individual differences in response to supplementation. Additionally, it addresses safety concerns and potential interactions with conventional treatments. By providing a clear overview of current scientific knowledge, this review aims to guide healthcare professionals and researchers in making informed decisions about the use of nutritional supplements for cognitive health.
Topics: Humans; Vitamins; Antioxidants; Quality of Life; Dietary Supplements; Minerals; Vitamin A; Cognition; Vitamin K; Aging; Observational Studies as Topic
PubMed: 38140375
DOI: 10.3390/nu15245116 -
Nutrients Jun 2023Vitamin K and vitamin K-dependent proteins have been reported to be associated with a large spectrum of age-related diseases. While most of these associations have been... (Review)
Review
Vitamin K and vitamin K-dependent proteins have been reported to be associated with a large spectrum of age-related diseases. While most of these associations have been deduced from observational studies, solid evidence for the direct impact of vitamin K on cellular senescence remains to be proven. As vitamin K status reflects the complexity of interactions between dietary intake, gut microbiome activity and health, we will demonstrate the pivotal role of the diet-microbiome-health axis in human ageing and exemplify how vitamin K is implicated therein. We propose that food quality (i.e., food pattern) should be highlighted beyond the quantity of total vitamin K intake. Instead of focusing on a single nutrient, exploring a healthy diet containing vitamin K may be more strategic. As such, healthy eating patterns can be used to make dietary recommendations for the public. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary vitamin K is a modulator of the diet-microbiome-health axis, and this needs to be incorporated into the investigation of the impact of vitamin K on gut microbial composition and metabolic activities, along with host health outcomes. In addition, we highlight several critical caveats that need to be acknowledged regarding the interplay between diet, vitamin K, gut microbiome and host health that is pivotal for elucidating the role of vitamin K in ageing and responding to the urgent call of healthy eating concerning public health.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Vitamin K; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Aging
PubMed: 37375631
DOI: 10.3390/nu15122727 -
Molecular Cell Oct 2022The dietary factor vitamin K has been found to protect against ferroptosis, a form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation. This reveals new dietary links to cancers...
The dietary factor vitamin K has been found to protect against ferroptosis, a form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation. This reveals new dietary links to cancers and degenerative conditions and a key factor involved in warfarin poisoning.
Topics: Ferroptosis; Vitamin K; Warfarin; Lipid Peroxidation; Cell Death
PubMed: 36270246
DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.10.001 -
Nutrients Apr 2023Vitamin K occupies a unique and often obscured place among its fellow fat-soluble vitamins. Evidence is mounting, however, that vitamin K (VK) may play an important role... (Review)
Review
Vitamin K occupies a unique and often obscured place among its fellow fat-soluble vitamins. Evidence is mounting, however, that vitamin K (VK) may play an important role in the visual system apart from the hepatic carboxylation of hemostatic-related proteins. However, to our knowledge, no review covering the topic has appeared in the medical literature. Recent studies have confirmed that matrix Gla protein (MGP), a vitamin K-dependent protein (VKDP), is essential for the regulation of intraocular pressure in mice. The PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) study, a randomized trial involving 5860 adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, demonstrated a 29% reduction in the risk of cataract surgery in participants with the highest tertile of dietary vitamin K1 (PK) intake compared with those with the lowest tertile. However, the specific requirements of the eye and visual system (EVS) for VK, and what might constitute an optimized VK status, is currently unknown and largely unexplored. It is, therefore, the intention of this narrative review to provide an introduction concerning VK and the visual system, review ocular VK biology, and provide some historical context for recent discoveries. Potential opportunities and gaps in current research efforts will be touched upon in the hope of raising awareness and encouraging continued VK-related investigations in this important and highly specialized sensory system.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Vitamin K; Vitamin K 1; Vitamins; Vitamin K Deficiency; Sense Organs; Vitamin K 2
PubMed: 37111170
DOI: 10.3390/nu15081948 -
Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism Aug 2022Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive disease for which there is no disease modifying therapy. Vitamin K levels and vitamin K antagonism have been associated with risk...
OBJECTIVE
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive disease for which there is no disease modifying therapy. Vitamin K levels and vitamin K antagonism have been associated with risk and progression of OA which may have direct implications for clinical management, but these observational findings are susceptible to confounding. We aimed to estimate the causal association between vitamin K and OA risk using Mendelian randomisation (MR).
METHODS
We used data from the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of OA to date (up to 826,690 individuals) to estimate the effect of genetically predicted vitamin K level (instrumented using four variants derived from a GWAS of 2,138 individuals) on risk of all OA types, knee, hip, spine, hand OA, and total joint replacement. We employed the inverse-variance weighted method for the primary analysis and, in a series of sensitivity analyses, adjusted for sub-genome wide significant instruments and tested for potential bias from pleiotropy.
RESULTS
We showed that genetically predicted vitamin K levels were not causally associated with risk of OA overall (OR 0.98 per unit increase in log-transformed vitamin K1; 95%CI 0.96-1.01), knee (OR 0.98; 0.92-1.03), hip (OR 0.97; 0.88-1.07), spine (OR 0.97; 0.90-1.04), hand OA (OR 0.97; 0.91-1.04) or joint replacement (OR 0.96; 0.89-1.04). Results were similar across all sensitivity analyses.
CONCLUSION
We found little evidence of a causal association between genetically predicted vitamin K and OA risk. Larger genetic and interventional studies of vitamin K are required to confirm our findings.
Topics: Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Osteoarthritis; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Vitamin K
PubMed: 35667331
DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152030 -
Lancet (London, England) May 2015Rapid reversal of vitamin K antagonist (VKA)-induced anticoagulation is often necessary for patients needing urgent surgical or invasive procedures. The optimum means of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate versus plasma for rapid vitamin K antagonist reversal in patients needing urgent surgical or invasive interventions: a phase 3b, open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial.
BACKGROUND
Rapid reversal of vitamin K antagonist (VKA)-induced anticoagulation is often necessary for patients needing urgent surgical or invasive procedures. The optimum means of VKA reversal has not been established in comparative clinical trials. We compared the efficacy and safety of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) with that of plasma in VKA-treated patients needing urgent surgical or invasive procedures.
METHODS
In a multicentre, open-label, phase 3b randomised trial we enrolled patients aged 18 years or older needing rapid VKA reversal before an urgent surgical or invasive procedure. We randomly assigned patients in a 1:1 ratio to receive vitamin K concomitant with a single dose of either 4F-PCC (Beriplex/Kcentra/Confidex; CSL Behring, Marburg, Germany) or plasma, with dosing based on international normalised ratio (INR) and weight. The primary endpoint was effective haemostasis, and the co-primary endpoint was rapid INR reduction (≤1·3 at 0·5 h after infusion end). The analyses were intended to evaluate, in a hierarchical fashion, first non-inferiority (lower limit 95% CI greater than -10% for group difference) for both endpoints, then superiority (lower limit 95% CI >0%) if non-inferiority was achieved. Adverse events and serious adverse events were reported to days 10 and 45, respectively. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00803101.
FINDINGS
181 patients were randomised (4F-PCC n=90; plasma n=91). The intention-to-treat efficacy population comprised 168 patients (4F-PCC, n=87; plasma, n=81). Effective haemostasis was achieved in 78 (90%) patients in the 4F-PCC group compared with 61 (75%) patients in the plasma group, demonstrating both non-inferiority and superiority of 4F-PCC over plasma (difference 14·3%, 95% CI 2·8-25·8). Rapid INR reduction was achieved in 48 (55%) patients in the 4F-PCC group compared with eight (10%) patients in the plasma group, demonstrating both non-inferiority and superiority of 4F-PCC over plasma (difference 45·3%, 95% CI 31·9-56·4). The safety profile of 4F-PCC was generally similar to that of plasma; 49 (56%) patients receiving 4F-PCC had adverse events compared with 53 (60%) patients receiving plasma. Adverse events of interest were thromboembolic adverse events (six [7%] patients receiving 4F-PCC vs seven [8%] patients receiving plasma), fluid overload or similar cardiac events (three [3%] patients vs 11 [13%] patients), and late bleeding events (three [3%] patients vs four [5%] patients).
INTERPRETATION
4F-PCC is non-inferior and superior to plasma for rapid INR reversal and effective haemostasis in patients needing VKA reversal for urgent surgical or invasive procedures.
FUNDING
CSL Behring.
Topics: Aged; Analysis of Variance; Blood Coagulation Factors; Blood Loss, Surgical; Female; Hemostasis, Surgical; Hemostatics; Humans; International Normalized Ratio; Male; Plasma; Preoperative Care; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin K
PubMed: 25728933
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61685-8 -
Calcified Tissue International Feb 2023Vitamin K, a cofactor for the γ-glutamyl carboxylase enzyme, is required for the post-translational activation of osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein, which play a key... (Review)
Review
Vitamin K, a cofactor for the γ-glutamyl carboxylase enzyme, is required for the post-translational activation of osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein, which play a key role in bone and muscle homeostasis. In vivo and in vitro models for osteoporosis and sarcopenia suggest the vitamin K could exert a positive effect in both conditions. In bone, it increases osteoblastogenesis, whilst decreases osteoclast formation and function. In muscle, it is associated with increased satellite cell proliferation and migration and might play a role in energy metabolism. Observational trials suggest that high levels of vitamin K are associated with increased bone mineral density and reduced fracture risk. However, interventional studies for vitamin K supplementation yielded conflicting results. Clinical trials in sarcopenia suggest that vitamin K supplementation could improve muscle mass and function. One of the main limitations on the vitamin K studies are the technical challenges to measure its levels in serum. Thus, they are obtained from indirect sources like food questionnaires, or levels of undercarboxylated proteins, which can be affected by other environmental or biological processes. Although current research appoints to a beneficial effect of vitamin K in bone and muscle, further studies overcoming the current limitations are required in order to incorporate this supplementation in the clinical management of patients with osteosarcopenia.
Topics: Humans; Vitamin K; Bone Density; Sarcopenia; Bone and Bones; Osteocalcin; Muscles
PubMed: 35150288
DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00955-3 -
Journal of the American College of... Oct 2019
Topics: Anticoagulants; Atrial Fibrillation; Humans; Osteoporotic Fractures; Stroke; Vitamin K; Warfarin
PubMed: 31648708
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.1026 -
Nutrients Jan 2019Vitamin K is a composite term referring to a group of fat-soluble vitamins that function as a cofactor for the enzyme γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), which activates a... (Review)
Review
Vitamin K is a composite term referring to a group of fat-soluble vitamins that function as a cofactor for the enzyme γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), which activates a number of vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) involved in haemostasis and vascular and bone health. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients suffer from subclinical vitamin K deficiency, suggesting that this represents a population at risk for the biological consequences of poor vitamin K status. This deficiency might be caused by exhaustion of vitamin K due to its high requirements by vitamin K-dependent proteins to inhibit calcification.
Topics: Bone and Bones; Carbon-Carbon Ligases; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Nutritional Status; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Vitamin K; Vitamin K Deficiency; Warfarin
PubMed: 30646590
DOI: 10.3390/nu11010168