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BMC Ophthalmology Jun 2020Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a novel adipokine with potential roles in obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. This study aims to assess the concentrations of LCN2 and...
BACKGROUND
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a novel adipokine with potential roles in obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. This study aims to assess the concentrations of LCN2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressed in the vitreous humors of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
METHODS
The concentrations of LCN2 and VEGF were measured from the vitreous of 67 patients undergoing vitrectomy (20 controls and 47 PDR) via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Patients with non-ocular pathology that could elevate the LCN2 level in the vitreous were excluded. PDR activity and a history of panretinal photocoagulation were used for further grouping analysis.
RESULTS
The vitreous concentration of LCN2 was statistically significantly higher in the PDR group compared to the control group (63,522 (30,009) pg/ml versus 1663 (1191) pg/ml, respectively; P < 0.001). VEGF level was also significantly higher in the PDR group than in the control group (1038 (1326) pg/ml versus 9 pg/ml, respectively; P < 0.001). The mean vitreous LCN2 and VEGF levels in active PDR patients were significantly higher than that of the inactive PDR patients. The mean LCN2 concentration in vitreous humor was significantly lower in the 28 PDR patients with a history of complete PRP (37,304 (16,651) pg/mL) in comparison with 19 PDR patients without preperformed panretinal photocoagulation or with preperformed incomplete panretinal photocoagulation (79,796 (24,391) pg/mL). A significant correlation between the vitreous LCN2 level and VEGF level was found in patients with PDR (R = 0.34; P = 0.019).
CONCLUSIONS
This report shows a significant increase of LCN2 in the vitreous fluid of patients with PDR and present a significant correlation between LCN2 and VEGF, suggesting LCN2 might be involved in the pathogenesis of PDR.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Retinopathy; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Lipocalin-2; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Vitrectomy; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 32605546
DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01462-5 -
Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2020To evaluate the role of intraocular fluid analysis as a diagnostic aid for uveitis.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the role of intraocular fluid analysis as a diagnostic aid for uveitis.
METHODS
Twenty-eight samples (27 patients including 3 HIV-infected patients) with active (n=24) or non-active (n=4) uveitis were submitted to aqueous (AH; n=12) or vitreous humor (VH) analysis (n=16). All samples were analyzed by quantitative PCR for herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Toxoplasma gondii.
RESULTS
The positivity of the PCR in AH was 41.7% (5/12), with 50% (2/4) in immunocompetent and 67% (2/3) in HIV+ patients. The positivity of the PCR in VH was 31.2% (5/16), with 13% (1/8) in immunocompetent and 50% (4/8) in immunosuppressed HIV negative patients. The analysis was a determinant in the diagnostic definition in 58% of HA and 50% of VH.
CONCLUSION
Even in posterior uveitis, initial AH analysis may be helpful. A careful formulation of possible clinical diagnosis seems to increase the chance of intraocular sample analysis being meaningful.
Topics: Aqueous Humor; Cytomegalovirus; DNA, Viral; HIV-1; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Immunocompetence; Immunocompromised Host; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Simplexvirus; Toxoplasma; Uveitis; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 31994615
DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1498 -
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi Apr 2018Postmortem interval (PMI) estimation is one of the most challenging problems in the field of forensic science. Vitreous humor is a hotspot which has been used for... (Review)
Review
Postmortem interval (PMI) estimation is one of the most challenging problems in the field of forensic science. Vitreous humor is a hotspot which has been used for PMI estimation and postmortem chemical analysis in forensic pathology. In order to provide novel perspectives for the future research of PMI estimation using vitreous humor, the comparison between vitreous humor with other common body fluids, the effect of temperature on vitreous humor, vitreous humor detection method and data fitting method have been reviewed in this paper.
Topics: Autopsy; Body Fluids; Forensic Pathology; Forensic Sciences; Humans; Postmortem Changes; Potassium; Temperature; Time Factors; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 29923384
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.02.013 -
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi Feb 2023To investigate the concentration and change characteristics of 1, 5-anhydroglucitol (1, 5-AG) in the vitreous humor of rabbit cadavers with hyperglycemic metabolism, and...
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the concentration and change characteristics of 1, 5-anhydroglucitol (1, 5-AG) in the vitreous humor of rabbit cadavers with hyperglycemic metabolism, and to explore the value of 1, 5-AG in forensic pathology identification of death caused by hyperglycemic metabolism disorders.
METHODS
A diabetic hyperglycemic rabbit model was established by using alloxan. Eighteen rabbits with fasting glucose concentration ≥13.80 mmol/L (experimental group) and 18 healthy rabbits with fasting glucose concentration ≤6.10 mmol/L (control group) were selected. After death from air embolism. The blood samples were collected immediately, and vitreous humor samples were collected at 0 h, 12 h, 24 h and 36 h after death. The concentration of 1, 5-AG in the blood and vitreous humor of rabbits was determined.
RESULTS
The blood glucose concentration in the experimental group was (25.10±3.14) mmol/L. At the time of death, there was no significant difference in the concentration of 1, 5-AG in the blood [(0.94±0.20) μg/mL] and in the vitreous humor (0.99±0.05 μg/mL, >0.05). The concentration of 1, 5-AG in the vitreous humor of the experimental group was lower than that of the corresponding control group at all time points (<0.05), and there was no significant difference betwwen 1, 5-AG concentration in vitreous humor between earch time point in the experimental group and the control group (>0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the concentration of 1,5-AG in blood was negatively correlated with blood glucose in both control group and experimental group (control group: =-0.79, <0.05; experimental group: =-0.97, <0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Vitreous humor can replace blood as an effective test sample for 1,5-AG detection. The concentration of 1, 5-AG in rabbit vitreous humor remains stable within 36 hours after death and is not affected by the change of postmortem interval. If the concentration of 1, 5-AG decreases significantly, it indicates the existence of hyperglycemia in rabbits before death.
Topics: Animals; Rabbits; Blood Glucose; Postmortem Changes; Vitreous Body; Cadaver; Autopsy
PubMed: 37038850
DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.410403 -
Ophthalmic Research 2022The aim of this study was to compare the flow dynamics of the dual-blade to the single-blade beveled-tip vitreous cutters.
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this study was to compare the flow dynamics of the dual-blade to the single-blade beveled-tip vitreous cutters.
METHODS
The aspiration rates of balanced salt solution (BSS) and swine vitreous were measured for the 25-gauge and 27-gauge dual- and single-blade beveled-tip vitreous cutters. The flow dynamics of BSS and diluted vitreous mixed with fluorescent polymer at the maximal cutting rates and the reflux of BSS were measured in images obtained by a high-speed camera. The distal end of the cutter was defined as the head end.
RESULTS
The aspiration rates of BSS and vitreous by the 25- and 27-gauge dual-blade cutters were significantly higher than those of both single-blade cutters at the maximal cutting rate (all p ≤ 0.01). The mean aspiration flow of BSS in front of the port from a lateral view was significantly faster for both dual-blade cutters than for both single-blade cutters (p = 0.003, p = 0.019). The angle of the mean flow of BSS of both dual-blade cutters was from the distal end (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) but that of the single-blade cutters was from the proximal end. The velocity and angle of the mean reflux flow of both types of cutters were not significantly different. The mean aspiration flow of diluted vitreous was significantly faster for 25-gauge dual-blade cutters with the angle more from the proximal end and 27-gauge dual-blade cutters more from the distal end than both single-blade cutters (p = 0.018, p = 0.048).
CONCLUSION
The dual-blade beveled-tip vitreous cutters improve the efficiency of the vitrectomy procedures and maintain the distal aspirating flow by the beveled tip.
Topics: Animals; Microsurgery; Swine; Vitrectomy; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 34942621
DOI: 10.1159/000521468 -
Acta Ophthalmologica Feb 2022Diabetic macular oedema (DME) is considered a chronic inflammatory disease associated with aberrations in many intraocular cytokines. Studies assessing the role of these... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Diabetic macular oedema (DME) is considered a chronic inflammatory disease associated with aberrations in many intraocular cytokines. Studies assessing the role of these cytokines as biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of DME have demonstrated inconsistent findings. We quantitatively summarized data related to 116 candidate aqueous and vitreous inflammatory cytokines as biomarkers in DME. A systematic search without year limitation was performed up to 19 October 2020. Studies were included if they provided data on aqueous or vitreous cytokine concentrations in patients with DME. Effect sizes were generated as standardized mean differences (SMDs) of cytokine concentrations between patients with DME and controls. Data were extracted from 128 studies that included 4163 study eyes with DME and 1281 control eyes. Concentrations (standard mean difference, 95% confidence interval and p-value) of aqueous IL-6 (1.28, 0.57-2.00, p = 0.004), IL-8 (1.06, 0.74-1.39, p < 0.00001), MCP-1 (1.36, 0.57-2.16, p = 0.0008) and VEGF (1.31, 1.01-1.62, p < 0.00001) and vitreous VEGF (2.27, 1.55-2.99, p < 0.00001) were significantly higher in patients with DME (n = 4163) compared to healthy controls (n = 1281). No differences, failed sensitivity analyses or insufficient data were found between patients with DME and healthy controls for the concentrations of the remaining cytokines. This analysis implicates multiple cytokine biomarker candidates other than VEGF in DME and clarifies previously reported inconsistent associations. As the therapeutic options for DME expand to include multiple agents with multiple targets, it will be critical to manage the treatment burden with tailored therapy that optimizes outcomes and minimizes treatment burden. Intraocular cytokines have the promise of providing a robust individualized assessment of disease status and response to therapy. We have identified key candidate cytokines that may serve as biomarkers in individualized treatment algorithms.
Topics: Aqueous Humor; Biomarkers; Cytokines; Diabetic Retinopathy; Humans; Inflammation; Macular Edema; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 33945678
DOI: 10.1111/aos.14891 -
Blood Advances Mar 2022Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) is a rare subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) considered a variant of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). The...
Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) is a rare subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) considered a variant of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). The diagnosis of VRL requires examination of vitreous fluid, but cytologic differentiation from uveitis remains difficult. Because of its rarity and the difficulty in obtaining diagnostic material, little is known about the genetic profile of VRL. The purpose of our study was to investigate the mutational profile of a large series of primary and secondary VRL. Targeted next-generation sequencing using a custom panel containing the most frequent mutations in PCNSL was performed on 34 vitrectomy samples from 31 patients with VRL and negative controls with uveitis. In a subset of cases, genome-wide copy number alterations (CNAs) were assessed using the OncoScan platform. Mutations in MYD88 (74%), PIM1 (71%), CD79B (55%), IGLL5 (52%), TBL1XR1 (48%), ETV6 (45%), and 9p21/CDKN2A deletions (75%) were the most common alterations, with similar frequencies in primary (n = 16), synchronous (n = 3), or secondary (n = 12) VRL. This mutational spectrum is similar to MYD88mut/CD79Bmut (MCD or cluster 5) DLBCL with activation of Toll-like and B-cell receptor pathways and CDKN2A loss, confirming their close relationship. OncoScan analysis demonstrated a high number of CNAs (mean 18.6 per case). Negative controls lacked mutations or CNAs. Using cell-free DNA of vitreous fluid supernatant, mutations present in cellular DNA were reliably detected in all cases examined. Mutational analysis is a highly sensitive and specific tool for the diagnosis of VRL and can also be applied successfully to cell-free DNA derived from the vitreous.
Topics: Cell-Free Nucleic Acids; Central Nervous System Neoplasms; Humans; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Retinal Neoplasms; Uveitis; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 34448823
DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004212 -
Eye (London, England) Feb 2023
Topics: Humans; Vitreous Detachment; Vitreous Body; Retinal Detachment
PubMed: 36138104
DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02248-3 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2022The structure of the human vitreous varies considerably because of age-related liquefactions of the vitreous gel. These changes are poorly studied in vivo mainly because...
The structure of the human vitreous varies considerably because of age-related liquefactions of the vitreous gel. These changes are poorly studied in vivo mainly because their high transparency and mobility make it difficult to obtain reliable and repeatable images of the vitreous. Optical coherence tomography can detect the boundaries between the vitreous gel and vitreous fluid, but it is difficult to obtain high resolution images that can be used to convert the images to three-dimensional (3D) images. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the shape and characteristics of the vitreous fluid using machine learning-based 3D modeling in which manually labelled fluid areas were used to train deep convolutional neural network (DCNN). The trained DCNN labelled vitreous fluid automatically and allowed us to obtain 3D vitreous model and to quantify the vitreous fluidic cavities. The mean volume and surface area of posterior vitreous fluidic cavities are 19.6 ± 7.8 mm and 104.0 ± 18.9 mm in eyes of 17 school children. The results suggested that vitreous fluidic cavities expanded as the cavities connects with each other, and this modeling system provided novel imaging markers for aging and eye diseases.
Topics: Child; Humans; Machine Learning; Neural Networks, Computer; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Vision Disorders; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 35974072
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17615-z -
Biomaterials Mar 2020Multiple ophthalmic pathologies, such as retinal detachment and diabetic retinopathy, require the removal and replacement of the vitreous humor. Clinical tamponades such...
Multiple ophthalmic pathologies, such as retinal detachment and diabetic retinopathy, require the removal and replacement of the vitreous humor. Clinical tamponades such as silicone oil and fluorinated gases are utilized but limited due to complications and toxicity. Therefore, there is a need for biocompatible, stable, vitreous humor substitutes. In this study, enzymatically crosslinked silk-hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels formed using horseradish peroxidase and HO were characterized for use as vitreous humor substitutes. The composite network structure was characterized with dynamic light scattering. In addition, the rheological, optical, and swelling properties of hydrogels with varying silk to HA ratios and crosslinking densities controlled via HO were determined over time. Hydrogels had refractive indexes of 1.336 and were clear with 75-91% light transmission. Hydrogel shear storage modulus ranged between ~6 and 240 Pa where increased HO increased the modulus. After 1 month of aging, there were no changes in modulus for hydrogels with lower silk ratios, while those with higher silk ratios exhibited a significant increase in modulus. Decreasing HO concentration in the reactions led to increased hydrogel volume during swelling, with higher silk ratios returning to their original size after 15 days. Dynamic light scattering results show three diffusive modes, revealing the possible structures of the hydrogel composite and are consistent with the mechanical properties and swelling results. The normalized intraocular pressure of ex vivo porcine eyes after injecting hydrogels were comparable with those treated with silicone oil showing the potential clinical utility of the hydrogels as vitreous substitutes. The versatility of the silk-HA hydrogel system, the tunable swelling properties, and the stability of hydrogels with lower silk ratios show the benefit of utilizing silk-HA hydrogels as vitreous substitutes.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Hyaluronic Acid; Hydrogels; Hydrogen Peroxide; Silk; Swine; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 31927250
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119729