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Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2015This review highlight the similarities in the pathogenesis between Alzheimer disease and age-related macular degeneration. All studies published between 1990 and 2014... (Review)
Review
This review highlight the similarities in the pathogenesis between Alzheimer disease and age-related macular degeneration. All studies published between 1990 and 2014 were reviewed to identify the common pathological pathways. Alzheimer disease and age-related macular degeneration share common features such as vitronectin and amyloid-β accumulation, increased oxidative stress, and apolipoprotein and complement activation pathways, which are reviewed as histologic and immunologic common features.
Topics: Age Factors; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Apolipoproteins; Complement Activation; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Oxidative Stress; Vitronectin
PubMed: 26738339
DOI: 10.3906/sag-1406-146 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020The soluble membrane attack complex (sMAC, a.k.a., sC5b-9 or TCC) is generated on activation of complement and contains the complement proteins C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9... (Review)
Review
The soluble membrane attack complex (sMAC, a.k.a., sC5b-9 or TCC) is generated on activation of complement and contains the complement proteins C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9 together with the regulatory proteins clusterin and/or vitronectin. sMAC is a member of the MACPF/cholesterol-dependent-cytolysin superfamily of pore-forming molecules that insert into lipid bilayers and disrupt cellular integrity and function. sMAC is a unique complement activation macromolecule as it is comprised of several different subunits. To date no complement-mediated function has been identified for sMAC. sMAC is present in blood and other body fluids under homeostatic conditions and there is abundant evidence documenting changes in sMAC levels during infection, autoimmune disease and trauma. Despite decades of scientific interest in sMAC, the mechanisms regulating its formation in healthy individuals and its biological functions in both health and disease remain poorly understood. Here, we review the structural differences between sMAC and its membrane counterpart, MAC, and examine sMAC immunobiology with respect to its presence in body fluids in health and disease. Finally, we discuss the diagnostic potential of sMAC for diagnostic and prognostic applications and potential utility as a companion diagnostic.
Topics: Animals; Complement Activation; Complement Membrane Attack Complex; Humans
PubMed: 33240274
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585108 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2022Vitronectin (VTN), a multifunctional glycoprotein with various physiological functions, exists in plasma and the extracellular matrix. It is known to be involved in the... (Review)
Review
Vitronectin (VTN), a multifunctional glycoprotein with various physiological functions, exists in plasma and the extracellular matrix. It is known to be involved in the cell attachment, spreading and migration through binding to the integrin receptor, mainly via the RGD sequence. VTN is also widely used in the maintenance and expansion of pluripotent stem cells, but its effects go beyond that. Recent evidence shows more functions of VTN in the nervous system as it participates in neural differentiation, neuronutrition and neurogenesis, as well as in regulating axon size, supporting and guiding neurite extension. Furthermore, VTN was proved to play a key role in protecting the brain as it can reduce the permeability of the blood-brain barrier by interacting with integrin receptors in vascular endothelial cells. Moreover, evidence suggests that VTN is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, but its function has not been fully understood. This review summarizes the functions of VTN and its receptors in neurons and describes the role of VTN in the blood-brain barrier and neurodegenerative diseases.
Topics: Humans; Vitronectin; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Endothelial Cells; Integrins; Glycoproteins; Neurons; Oligopeptides; Receptors, Vitronectin
PubMed: 36293243
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012387 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2016Leptospirosis is a neglected infectious disease caused by spirochetes from the genus . Pathogenic microorganisms, notably those which reach the blood circulation such as... (Review)
Review
Leptospirosis is a neglected infectious disease caused by spirochetes from the genus . Pathogenic microorganisms, notably those which reach the blood circulation such as , have evolved multiple strategies to escape the host complement system, which is important for innate and acquired immunity. avoid complement-mediated killing through: (i) recruitment of host complement regulators; (ii) acquisition of host proteases that cleave complement proteins on the bacterial surface; and, (iii) secretion of proteases that inactivate complement proteins in the surroundings. The recruitment of host soluble complement regulatory proteins includes the acquisition of Factor H (FH) and FH-like-1 (alternative pathway), C4b-binding protein (C4BP) (classical and lectin pathways), and vitronectin (Vn) (terminal pathway). Once bound to the leptospiral surface, FH and C4BP retain cofactor activity of Factor I in the cleavage of C3b and C4b, respectively. Vn acquisition by leptospires may result in terminal pathway inhibition by blocking C9 polymerization. The second evasion mechanism lies in plasminogen (PLG) binding to the leptospiral surface. In the presence of host activators, PLG is converted to enzymatically active plasmin, which is able to degrade C3b, C4b, and C5 at the surface of the pathogen. A third strategy used by leptospires to escape from complement system is the active secretion of proteases. Pathogenic, but not saprophytic leptospires, are able to secrete metalloproteases that cleave C3 (central complement molecule), Factor B (alternative pathway), and C4 and C2 (classical and lectin pathways). The purpose of this review is to fully explore these complement evasion mechanisms, which act together to favor survival and multiplication in the host.
PubMed: 28066433
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00623 -
Cell Adhesion & Migration 2015Tenascin-C (TNC) is highly expressed in cancer tissues. Its cellular sources are cancer and stromal cells, including fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, and also vascular cells.... (Review)
Review
Tenascin-C (TNC) is highly expressed in cancer tissues. Its cellular sources are cancer and stromal cells, including fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, and also vascular cells. TNC expressed in cancer tissues dominantly contains large splice variants. Deposition of the stroma promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, proliferation, and migration of cancer cells. It also facilitates the formation of cancer stroma including desmoplasia and angiogenesis. Integrin receptors that mediate the signals of TNC have also been discussed.
Topics: Animals; Cell Adhesion; Cell Proliferation; Humans; Integrins; Neoplasms; Protein Splicing; Tenascin
PubMed: 25793576
DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1008332 -
PloS One 2020Breast Cancer is the most common form of cancer in women worldwide, impacting nearly 2.1 million women each year. Identification of new biomarkers could be key for early...
Breast Cancer is the most common form of cancer in women worldwide, impacting nearly 2.1 million women each year. Identification of new biomarkers could be key for early diagnosis and detection. Vitronectin, a glycoprotein that is abundantly found in serum, extracellular matrix, and bone, binds to integrin αvβ3, and promotes cell adhesion and migration. Current studies indicate that patients with amplified vitronectin levels have lower survival rates than patients without amplified vitronectin levels. In this study, we focused on the role of vitronectin in breast cancer survival and its functional role as a non-invasive biomarker for early stage and stage specific breast cancer detection. To confirm that the expression of vitronectin is amplified in breast cancer, a total of 240 serum samples (n = 240), 200 from breast cancer patients and 40 controls were analyzed using the Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA) technique. Of the 240 samples, 120 samples were of African American (AA) descent, while the other 120 were of White American (WA) descent. Data indicated that there were some possible racial disparities in vitronectin levels and, differences also seen in the recurrent patient samples. Next, we tried to uncover the underlying mechanism which plays a critical role in vitronectin expression. The cellular data from four different breast cancer cell lines- MCF7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and HCC1599 indicated that the PI3K/AKT axis is modulating the expression of vitronectin. We believe that vitronectin concentration levels are involved and connected to the metastasis of breast cancer in certain patients, specifically based on recurrence or ethnicity, which is detrimental for poor prognosis. Therefore, in this current study we showed that the serum vitronectin levels could be an early marker for the breast cancer survival and we also determine the cellular signaling factors which modulate the expression and concentration of vitronectin.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Adhesion; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Disease-Free Survival; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Ethnicity; Extracellular Matrix; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; ROC Curve; Vitronectin
PubMed: 33211735
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242141 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2021Classic hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare mature B-cell malignancy associated with pancytopenia and infectious complications due to progressive infiltration of the... (Review)
Review
Classic hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare mature B-cell malignancy associated with pancytopenia and infectious complications due to progressive infiltration of the bone marrow and spleen. Despite tremendous therapeutic advances achieved with the implementation of purine analogues such as cladribine into clinical practice, the culprit biologic alterations driving this fascinating hematologic disease have long stayed concealed. Nearly 10 years ago, BRAF V600E was finally identified as a key activating mutation detectable in almost all HCL patients and throughout the entire course of the disease. However, additional oncogenic biologic features seem mandatory to enable HCL transformation, an open issue still under active investigation. This review summarizes the current understanding of key pathogenic mechanisms implicated in HCL and discusses major hurdles to overcome in the context of other BRAF-mutated malignancies.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Leukemia, Hairy Cell; Mutation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf
PubMed: 34360545
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157780 -
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B Sep 2015Cancer metastasis is the major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality, and accounts for about 90% of cancer deaths. Although cancer survival rate has been significantly... (Review)
Review
Cancer metastasis is the major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality, and accounts for about 90% of cancer deaths. Although cancer survival rate has been significantly improved over the years, the improvement is primarily due to early diagnosis and cancer growth inhibition. Limited progress has been made in the treatment of cancer metastasis due to various factors. Current treatments for cancer metastasis are mainly chemotherapy and radiotherapy, though the new generation anti-cancer drugs (predominantly neutralizing antibodies for growth factors and small molecule kinase inhibitors) do have the effects on cancer metastasis in addition to their effects on cancer growth. Cancer metastasis begins with detachment of metastatic cells from the primary tumor, travel of the cells to different sites through blood/lymphatic vessels, settlement and growth of the cells at a distal site. During the process, metastatic cells go through detachment, migration, invasion and adhesion. These four essential, metastatic steps are inter-related and affected by multi-biochemical events and parameters. Additionally, it is known that tumor microenvironment (such as extracellular matrix structure, growth factors, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases) plays a significant role in cancer metastasis. The biochemical events and parameters involved in the metastatic process and tumor microenvironment have been targeted or can be potential targets for metastasis prevention and inhibition. This review provides an overview of these metastasis essential steps, related biochemical factors, and targets for intervention.
PubMed: 26579471
DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.07.005 -
Frontiers in Bioengineering and... 2021Beyond their fundamental role in hemostasis, platelets importantly contribute to other processes aimed at maintaining homeostasis. Indeed, platelets are a natural source... (Review)
Review
Beyond their fundamental role in hemostasis, platelets importantly contribute to other processes aimed at maintaining homeostasis. Indeed, platelets are a natural source of growth factors and also release many other substances-such as fibronectin, vitronectin, sphingosine 1-phosphate-that are important in maintaining healthy tissues, and ensuring regeneration and repair. Despite rare thrombotic events have been documented in astronauts, some and studies demonstrate that microgravity affects platelet's number and function, thus increasing the risk of hemorrhages and contributing to retard wound healing. Here we provide an overview about events linking platelets to the impairment of wound healing in space, also considering, besides weightlessness, exposure to radiation and psychological stress. In the end we discuss the possibility of utilizing platelet rich plasma as a tool to treat skin injuries eventually occurring during space missions.
PubMed: 34760877
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.716184 -
International Journal of Bioprinting 2023This article provides an overview of the different types of blood-derived biomaterials that can be used as solvent additives in the formulation of inks/bioinks for use... (Review)
Review
This article provides an overview of the different types of blood-derived biomaterials that can be used as solvent additives in the formulation of inks/bioinks for use in solvent extrusion printing/bioprinting. We discuss the properties of various blood sub-products obtained after blood fractionation in terms of their use in tailoring ink/bioink to produce functional constructs designed to improve tissue repair. Blood-derived additives include platelets and/or their secretome, including signaling proteins and microvesicles, which can drive cell migration, inflammation, angiogenesis, and synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. The contribution of plasma to ink/bioink functionalization relies not only on growth factors, such as hepatocyte growth factor and insulin growth factors, but also on adhesive proteins, such as fibrinogen/fibrin, vitronectin, and fibronectin. We review the current developments and progress in solvent-based extrusion printing/bioprinting with inks/bioinks functionalized with different blood-derived products, leading toward the development of more advanced patient-specific 3D constructs in multiple medical fields, including but not limited to oral tissues and cartilage, bone, skin, liver, and neural tissues. This information will assist researchers in identifying the most suitable blood-derived product for their ink/bioink formulation based on the intended regenerative functionality of the target tissue.
PubMed: 37457947
DOI: No ID Found