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Clinical Child and Family Psychology... Mar 2024Children and adolescents with psychopathic traits show deficits in emotion recognition, but there is no consensus as to the extent of their generalizability or about the... (Review)
Review
Children and adolescents with psychopathic traits show deficits in emotion recognition, but there is no consensus as to the extent of their generalizability or about the variables that may be moderating the process. The present Systematic Review brings together the existing scientific corpus on the subject and attempts to answer these questions through an exhaustive review of the existing literature according to PRISMA 2020 statement. Results confirmed the existence of pervasive deficits in emotion recognition and, more specifically, on distress emotions (e.g., fear), a deficit that transcends all modalities of emotion presentation and all emotional stimuli used. Moreover, they supported the key role of attention to relevant areas that provide emotional cues (e.g., eye-region) and point out differences according to the presence of disruptive behavior and based on the psychopathy dimension examined. This evidence could advance the current knowledge on developmental models of psychopathic traits. Yet, homogenization of the conditions of research in this area should be prioritized to be able to draw more robust and generalizable conclusions.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Emotions; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 38240937
DOI: 10.1007/s10567-023-00466-z -
Medicine, Science, and the Law Jan 2024Psychopathy has been empirically associated with various forms of antisocial behavior including sexual assault. In fact, the lack of empathy characterizing psychopathic... (Review)
Review
Psychopathy has been empirically associated with various forms of antisocial behavior including sexual assault. In fact, the lack of empathy characterizing psychopathic offenders may facilitate the perpetration of more extreme violence. This systematic review aims to explore the relationship between psychopathy traits in male adult sex offenders and the increase in recidivism risk for any type of reoffence, with a special focus on sexual recidivism. From an initial sample of 757 articles related to the topic, only 14 were selected from the current literature at the end of the inclusion process. Each of these assessed the relation between psychopathy traits (measured by PCL-R) and recidivism risk in male sex offenders (age > 18), providing an effect size (quantitative findings). The results of their analysis agree with the currently available literature: the presence of psychopathic traits in sex offenders would seem to correlate with an increased risk of recidivism of general but non-sexual. Furthermore, almost half of the included works highlighted a positive relationship between psychopathy and violent reoffences. However, the limited availability of studies and the unevenness in their results indicate the need to expand future research in this direction.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Criminals; Recidivism; Sex Offenses; Violence; Antisocial Personality Disorder
PubMed: 37487207
DOI: 10.1177/00258024231187186 -
Journal of the Academy of... 2024Cholinergic discontinuation symptoms, also known as "cholinergic rebound," from abrupt clozapine discontinuation are characterized by a range of somatic and psychiatric... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cholinergic discontinuation symptoms, also known as "cholinergic rebound," from abrupt clozapine discontinuation are characterized by a range of somatic and psychiatric symptoms.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to describe the clinical features and management options for clozapine withdrawal-associated cholinergic rebound syndrome (henceforth referred to as CWCRS) and present an illustrative case report.
METHODS
Based on a literature search of the databases PubMed, OVID Medline, and Embase as well as reviewing reference lists of relevant past reviews, we carried out a systematic review of case reports on the management of CWCRS from 1946 to 2023.
RESULTS
We identified 10 previously published articles on the clinical management of CWCRS, with a total of 18 patients (6 female, 12 male) with an average age of 43 years (standard deviation 14). Half of the patients had a history of tardive dyskinesia. The mean dose of clozapine before discontinuation was 351 mg/day, with duration of clozapine treatment ranging from 3 weeks to 9 years. Clozapine was the most effective treatment, followed by benztropine.
CONCLUSIONS
Given the small number of cases and the nonexperimental nature of the available studies, this review could not provide reliable data to guide management of CWCRS. The findings, however, suggest that clozapine may be more effective than other commonly used treatment options. With the high rates of discontinuation among patients on clozapine, there is a pressing need for further research into the epidemiology, natural history, and management of clozapine withdrawal syndromes.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Adult; Clozapine; Antipsychotic Agents; Schizophrenia; Cholinergic Agents; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 37838358
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaclp.2023.10.001 -
Fortschritte Der Neurologie-Psychiatrie May 2024Using a systematic literature review according to the PRISMA criteria, patient factors of offenders were related to forensic outcomes. Searches were conducted in the...
Using a systematic literature review according to the PRISMA criteria, patient factors of offenders were related to forensic outcomes. Searches were conducted in the PsycInfo and PSYNDEX databases; further relevant studies were taken from the bibliographies of studies that met the selection criteria. Only quantitative empirical studies for the period 1990-2021 were included. Findings from 31 studies on patient factors (personality, therapy motivation, therapy expectation, satisfaction with therapy) are reported. Patient factors could not always be consistently associated with outcomes. The clearest correlations were found between the expression of anti- or dissocial personality traits and/or psychopathy and (negative) therapy outcomes. Traits usually associated with antisocial developments (impulsivity, anger, rage, hostility) in some cases also correlated negatively with therapeutically desirable outcomes. Patient motivation for therapy should generally have a positive impact on the likelihood of successful forensic therapies, but not all relevant studies pointed in this direction. No studies were identified on the relationships between therapy expectancy or satisfaction and outcome. Based on general psychotherapy research, we suggest that offender therapy could benefit from broader approaches to studying therapy effectiveness.
Topics: Humans; Motivation; Criminals; Treatment Outcome; Personality; Psychotherapy
PubMed: 35948024
DOI: 10.1055/a-1872-9220