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World Journal of Urology Oct 2023Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use is prevalent. The health implications of e-cig use on the genitourinary (GU) system are uncertain. This systematic review aims to... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use is prevalent. The health implications of e-cig use on the genitourinary (GU) system are uncertain. This systematic review aims to evaluate how e-cig use impacts the GU system.
METHODS
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Ovid alongside citation searching. Review articles, non-English papers, animal model/cell line studies or articles only on combustible cigarettes were excluded. Quality assessment was undertaken using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. The primary endpoint was the impact of e-cig use on bladder cancer incidence. Secondary outcomes included urinary carcinogens, chronic kidney disease (CKD), reproductive disorders, and other GU diseases.
RESULTS
The search yielded 244 articles, 28 were ultimately included. One study assessed risk of bladder cancer and found the use of e-cig was associated with an increased odds ratio of 1.577 for its diagnosis. Twenty-one articles measured potential urinary carcinogens-including crotonaldehyde and benzene-associated with bladder cancer. Two articles evaluated the association of e-cig use with CKD and reported mixed outcomes. Three articles reported on reproductive disorders, specifically, stuttering priapism and changes to sperm quantity and quality. One study reported on other GU diseases, specifically burns to the GU system. After quality assessment, all articles were deemed to be of acceptable quality for inclusion.
CONCLUSIONS
E-cig use was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer, increased exposure to carcinogenic compounds, mixed evidence on CKD, increased risk of reproductive disorders and burns to the GU system. Further studies are needed to understand long-term GU effects.
Topics: Male; Animals; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Vaping; Semen; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Carcinogens; Burns; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 37524850
DOI: 10.1007/s00345-023-04546-1 -
Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory... Feb 2024KIF2C/MCAK (KIF2C) is the most well-characterized member of the kinesin-13 family, which is critical in the regulation of microtubule (MT) dynamics during mitosis, as... (Review)
Review
KIF2C/MCAK a prognostic biomarker and its oncogenic potential in malignant progression, and prognosis of cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis as biomarker.
KIF2C/MCAK (KIF2C) is the most well-characterized member of the kinesin-13 family, which is critical in the regulation of microtubule (MT) dynamics during mitosis, as well as interphase. This systematic review briefly describes the important structural elements of KIF2C, its regulation by multiple molecular mechanisms, and its broad cellular functions. Furthermore, it systematically summarizes its oncogenic potential in malignant progression and performs a meta-analysis of its prognostic value in cancer patients. KIF2C was shown to be involved in multiple crucial cellular processes including cell migration and invasion, DNA repair, senescence induction and immune modulation, which are all known to be critical during the development of malignant tumors. Indeed, an increasing number of publications indicate that KIF2C is aberrantly expressed in multiple cancer entities. Consequently, we have highlighted its involvement in at least five hallmarks of cancer, namely: genome instability, resisting cell death, activating invasion and metastasis, avoiding immune destruction and cellular senescence. This was followed by a systematic search of KIF2C/MCAK's expression in various malignant tumor entities and its correlation with clinicopathologic features. Available data were pooled into multiple weighted meta-analyses for the correlation between KIF2C protein or gene expression and the overall survival in breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Furthermore, high expression of KIF2C was correlated to disease-free survival of hepatocellular carcinoma. All meta-analyses showed poor prognosis for cancer patients with KIF2C expression, associated with a decreased overall survival and reduced disease-free survival, indicating KIF2C's oncogenic potential in malignant progression and as a prognostic marker. This work delineated the promising research perspective of KIF2C with modern and technologies to further decipher the function of KIF2C in malignant tumor development and progression. This might help to establish KIF2C as a biomarker for the diagnosis or evaluation of at least three cancer entities.
PubMed: 38344808
DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2309933 -
Chemico-biological Interactions Sep 2023As part of a systematic review of the non-cancer and cancer hazards of propylene dichloride (PDC), with a focus on potential carcinogenicity in workers following... (Review)
Review
As part of a systematic review of the non-cancer and cancer hazards of propylene dichloride (PDC), with a focus on potential carcinogenicity in workers following inhalation exposures, we determined that a mode of action (MOA)-centric framing of cancer effects was warranted. In our MOA analysis, we systematically reviewed the available mechanistic evidence for PDC-induced carcinogenesis, and we mapped biologically plausible MOA pathways and key events (KEs), as guided by the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)-MOA framework. For the identified pathways and KEs, biological concordance, essentiality of KEs, concordance of empirical observations among KEs, consistency, and analogy were evaluated. The results of this analysis indicate that multiple biologically plausible pathways may contribute to the cancer MOA for PDC, but that the relevant pathways vary by exposure route and level, tissue type, and species; further, more than one pathway may occur concurrently at high exposure levels. While several important data gaps exist, evidence from in vitro mechanistic studies, in vivo experimental animal studies, and ex vivo human tumor tissue analyses indicates that the predominant MOA pathway likely involves saturation of cytochrome p450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-glutathione (GSH) detoxification (molecular initiating event; MIE), accumulation of CYP2E1-oxidative metabolites, cytotoxicity, chronic tissue damage and inflammation, and ultimately tumor formation. Tumors may occur through several subsets of inflammatory KEs, including inflammation-induced aberrant expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which causes DNA strand breaks and mutations and can lead to tumors with a characteristic mutational signature found in occupational cholangiocarcinoma. Dose concordance analysis showed that low-dose mutagenicity (from any pathway) is not a driving MOA, and that prevention of target tissue damage and inflammation (associated with saturation of CYP2E1-GSH detoxification) is expected to also prevent the cascade of processes responsible for tumor formation.
Topics: Propane; Humans; DNA Damage; Carcinogens; Inflammation; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Carcinogenesis; Animals; Cholangiocarcinoma; Glutathione
PubMed: 36754223
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110382 -
Future Oncology (London, England) Aug 2023To examine whether tumor-specific and tumor-agnostic oncology trials produce comparable estimates of objective response rate (ORR) in -altered cancers. Electronic... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
To examine whether tumor-specific and tumor-agnostic oncology trials produce comparable estimates of objective response rate (ORR) in -altered cancers. Electronic database searches were performed to identify phase I-III clinical trials testing tyrosine kinase inhibitors from 2000 to 2021. A random-effects model was used to pool ORRs. A total of 22 cohorts from five tumor-agnostic trials and 41 cohorts from 27 tumor-specific trials had published ORRs. There was no significant difference between pooled ORRs from either trial design for multitumor analyses (37 vs 50%; p = 0.05); thyroid cancer (57 vs 33%; p = 0.10); non-small-cell lung cancer (39 vs 53%; p = 0.18); or melanoma (55 vs 51%; p = 0.58). For -altered advanced cancers, tumor-agnostic trials do not yield substantially different results from tumor-specific trials.
Topics: Humans; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; Lung Neoplasms; Melanoma; Medical Oncology
PubMed: 37283038
DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0974 -
Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic... Feb 2024Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is a rare disease in the paediatric population (≤ 18 years old. at diagnosis). Increasing incidence is reflected by increases in... (Review)
Review
Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is a rare disease in the paediatric population (≤ 18 years old. at diagnosis). Increasing incidence is reflected by increases in incidence for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) subtypes. Compared to those of adults, despite aggressive presentation, paediatric DTC has an excellent prognosis. As for adult DTC, European and American guidelines recommend individualised management, based on the differences in clinical presentation and genetic findings. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to identify the epidemiological landscape of all genetic alterations so far investigated in paediatric populations at diagnosis affected by thyroid tumours and/or DTC that have improved and/or informed preventive and/or curative diagnostic and prognostic clinical conduct globally. Fusions involving the gene RET followed by NTRK, ALK and BRAF, were the most prevalent rearrangements found in paediatric PTC. BRAF V600E was found at lower prevalence in paediatric (especially ≤ 10 years old) than in adults PTC. We identified TERT and RAS mutations at very low prevalence in most countries. DICER1 SNVs, while found at higher prevalence in few countries, they were found in both benign and DTC. Although the precise role of DICER1 is not fully understood, it has been hypothesised that additional genetic alterations, similar to that observed for RAS gene, might be required for the malignant transformation of these nodules. Regarding aggressiveness, fusion oncogenes may have a higher growth impact compared with BRAF V600E. We reported the shortcomings of the systematized research and outlined three key recommendations for global authors to improve and inform precision health approaches, glocally.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Child; Adolescent; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; Carcinoma, Papillary; Thyroid Neoplasms; Mutation; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Ribonuclease III; DEAD-box RNA Helicases
PubMed: 37874477
DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09840-2 -
European Journal of Surgical Oncology :... Jun 2024Mutations in the BRAF gene (BRAFmut) are associated with an unfavorable prognosis in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this meta-analysis was... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Mutations in the BRAF gene (BRAFmut) are associated with an unfavorable prognosis in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with liver metastases and the potential benefits of liver resection in patients with BRAFmut CRC.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Central Controlled Trials, and Embase databases was conducted on May 31, 2023. The inclusion criteria were as follows:1) reporting of outcomes in patients with BRAFmut CRC who underwent surgery for liver metastases and/or comparison of outcomes between those who underwent and those who did not undergo resection; 2) reporting of survival information as hazard ratios (HR); and 3) publication in English.
RESULTS
34 studies were included. Median follow up was 48 months for prognostic BRAF status meta-analysis. BRAFmut status showed a significantly increased risk of mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.04-3.22; P < 0.01) and relapse (HR = 1.97, 95% CI 1.44-2.71; P < 0.01). Resection of liver metastases was associated with a survival benefit (median follow up 46 months). The HR for survival was 0.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33-0.59; P < 0.01) in favor of surgery.
CONCLUSIONS
and Relevance: Our analysis indeed confirms that BRAF mutation is associated with poor survival outcomes after liver resection of CRC metastases. However, upon quantitatively assessing the survival benefit of surgical intervention in patients with BRAF-mutated CRC liver metastases, we identified a significant 56% reduction in the risk of death.
Topics: Humans; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; Colorectal Neoplasms; Liver Neoplasms; Mutation; Hepatectomy; Prognosis; Survival Rate
PubMed: 38603866
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2024.108306 -
Reviews on Environmental Health Sep 2023Despite in recent decades, several studies on the concentration of aflatoxins M1(AFM1) in various milks have been studied, as we know, no systematic review,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
REVIEWS
Despite in recent decades, several studies on the concentration of aflatoxins M1(AFM1) in various milks have been studied, as we know, no systematic review, meta-analysis and carcinogenic risk assessment study was conducted in Iran till now.
OBJECTIVES
In this study, a systematic review was conducted to collect, meta-analysis and carcinogenic risk assessment of the quantitative data regarding the prevalence and concentration of AFM1 in several types of milk produced in Iran.
CONTENT
In our study, the concentration and prevalence of AFM1 in different types of milk (Raw, pasteurized, and UHT) from 113 original articles in Iran using searching the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar (in Persian and English) databases from 2002 to august 2021 were collected. The concentration of AFM1 was meta-analyzed using the random effect model (REM) based on type of milk (raw, pasteurized and UHT) subgroups and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) approach was used to assess safety risks and investigate carcinogenic effects of AFM1 using Crystal-Ball software (Version 11.1.3, Oracle, Inc., USA).
SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
The 113 original article (In English and Persian) were included in this review. Meta-analysis indicated lower and upper of AFM1 in subgroups of raw, pasteurized and UHT milk in Iran was 9, 720, 2.7, 230.2, 19.23, and 221.6 ng/kg respectively. The Point estimate for carcinogenic risk of AFM1 showed as result of age increasing, the carcinogenic risk of Aflatoxin M 1 decreases and concentration of Aflatoxin M1 (ng/liter), plays the most effective role in carcinogenic risk of AFM1.
CONCLUSION
The presence of AFM1 in milk and its products due to its high toxicity and carcinogenic properties is a public health concern that the results show that the risk of carcinogenesis is higher at younger ages (less than 20 years). As a result, there is a strong association between consumption of raw milk, pasteurized milk and UHT and the risk of cancer in children and adults in Iran.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Animals; Milk; Iran; Aflatoxin M1; Carcinogens; Food Contamination; Risk Assessment; Carcinogenesis
PubMed: 35749130
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0050 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Evidence suggests that patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) are at significantly higher risk of developing papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). However, the course of PTC... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Evidence suggests that patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) are at significantly higher risk of developing papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). However, the course of PTC in patients with both diseases concomitantly has been found to be more indolent than conventional PTC. Additionally, it has been well proven that BRAF mutation results in an aggressive course of PTC. The aims of this meta-analysis were to identify prevalence of BRAF mutation and its impact on clinicopathological features in patients with concomitant PTC-HT.
METHODS
Medline, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched until 16.09.2022, resulting in 227 articles, of which nine studies were included. Summary estimates, comparing patients with (A) BRAF (+) PTC-HT versus BRAF (+) PTC, and (B) BRAF (+) PTC-HT versus BRAF (-) PTC-HT, were generated with Review Manager 5.0.
RESULTS
In total, 6395 patients were included in this review. PTC-HT patients had significantly less BRAF mutation than PTC patients (Odds Ratio (OR) (95% Confidence Interval (CI))=0.45 (0.35-0.58), P<0.001). BRAF (+) PTC-HT patients were significantly more likely to have multifocal lesions (OR (95% CI)=1.22 (1.04-1.44), P=0.01) but less likely to have lymph node metastasis (OR (95% CI)=0.65 (0.46-0.91), P=0.01) and extrathyroidal extension (OR (95% CI)=0.55 (0.32-0.96), P=0.03) compared to BRAF (+) PTC patients. BRAF (+) PTC-HT patients were more likely to have multifocal lesions (OR (95% CI)=0.71 (0.53-0.95), P=0.02), lymph node metastasis (OR (95% CI)=0.59 (0.44-0.78), P<0.001) and extrathyroidal extension (OR (95% CI)=0.72 (0.56-0.92), P=0.01) compared to BRAF (-) PTC-HT patients.
CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis highlights that the lower prevalence of BRAF mutation in patients with PTC-HT than conventional PTC may explain the indolent clinicopathological course in this cohort.
Topics: Humans; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Hashimoto Disease; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; Thyroid Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Prevalence; Carcinoma, Papillary; Mutation
PubMed: 38047109
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1273498 -
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... Feb 2024Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome usually caused by oversecretion of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) from a phosphaturic mesenchymal...
CONTEXT
Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome usually caused by oversecretion of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) from a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (PMT). PMTs are usually benign neoplasms but some of them show malignant characteristics.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics of benign and malignant PMTs inducing TIO.
METHODS
On March 31, 2023, we performed a systematic review of individual patient data analysis in Medline, Google Scholar, Google book, and Cochrane Library using the terms "tumor induced osteomalacia," "oncogenic osteomalacia," "hypophosphatemia," with no language restrictions and according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria.
RESULTS
Overall, we collected data from 837 patients with TIO in which the diagnosis of benign and malignant PMT was specified. Of them, 89 were affected by malignant PMT and 748 by benign PMT. Patients with malignant PMTs were younger and presented bone pain, functional impairment, and bone deformities more frequently. Malignant PMTs showed higher values of intact FGF23 and a higher mortality rate.
CONCLUSION
The study results identify the clinical characteristics of patients with malignant TIO, permitting the early identification of patients with PMT at increased risk of malignancy. This may significantly improve the diagnostic approach to disease. Further experimental studies are mandatory to clarify the role of FGF23 in the pathogenesis of malignancy in PMTs.
Topics: Humans; Osteomalacia; Neoplasms, Connective Tissue; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Paraneoplastic Syndromes; Soft Tissue Neoplasms; Mesenchymoma
PubMed: 38006315
DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad690 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Aug 2023Formaldehyde is one of the most widely used substances in a variety of industries, although it was classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for... (Review)
Review
Formaldehyde is one of the most widely used substances in a variety of industries, although it was classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The present systematic review was conducted to retrieve studies related to occupational exposure to formaldehyde until November 2, 2022. Aims of the study were to identify workplaces exposed to formaldehyde, to investigate the formaldehyde concentrations in various occupations and to evaluate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks caused by respiratory exposure to this chemical among workers. A systematic search was done in Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases to find the studies done in this field. In this review, studies that did not meet the criteria specified by Population, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcomes (PECO) approach were excluded. In addition, the inclusion of studies dealing with the biological monitoring of FA in the body and review studies, conference articles, books, and letters to the editors were avoided. The quality of the selected studies was also evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist for analytic-cross-sectional studies. Finally, 828 studies were found, and after the investigations, 35 articles were included in this study. The results revealed that the highest formaldehyde concentrations were observed in waterpipe cafes (1,620,000 μg/m) and anatomy and pathology laboratories (4237.5 μg/m). Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk indicated the potential health effects for employees due to respiratory exposure as acceptable levels of CR = 1.00 × 10 and HQ = 1, respectively were reported to be exceeded in more than 71% and 28.57% of the investigated studies. Therefore, according to the confirmation of formaldehyde's adverse health effects, it is necessary to adopt targeted strategies to reduce or eliminate exposure to this compound from the occupational usage.
Topics: Humans; Carcinogens; Cross-Sectional Studies; Formaldehyde; Occupational Exposure; Industry; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 37236589
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121854