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Journal of Infection and Public Health Jun 2024We meta-analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests (dipsticks) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to detect Shigella species. We... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
We meta-analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests (dipsticks) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to detect Shigella species. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar from inception to 2023 for studies reporting on the performance of Shigella dipstick and LAMP tests compared with culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Our search identified 2618 studies, of which fourteen met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Ten studies covering 4056 tests (from twelve countries) were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled sensitivity and specificity were 98% (95% CI: 94-100) and 97% (95% CI: 92-99), respectively. Pooled sensitivity and specificity of dipsticks were 95% and 98%, respectively. In contrast, LAMP showed higher pooled sensitivity (100%) and diagnostic odds ratio (431752), but similar specificity (97%). LAMP and dipstick tests exhibited promising performance, suggesting that they could be useful for assisting in the diagnosis of shigellosis.
Topics: Humans; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Shigella; Sensitivity and Specificity; Dysentery, Bacillary; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Rapid Diagnostic Tests
PubMed: 38705059
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.04.013 -
Systematic Reviews Dec 2023Sensitive, robust, and fast point-of-care tests are needed for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) diagnosis. The recently developed CL Detect rapid test (InBios) for detecting... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Sensitive, robust, and fast point-of-care tests are needed for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) diagnosis. The recently developed CL Detect rapid test (InBios) for detecting Leishmania peroxidoxin antigen has been evaluated in several studies. However, diagnostic performances were controversial. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled sensitivity and specificity of CL Detect for CL diagnosis.
METHODS
PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were sources of articles. We included studies reporting the diagnostic accuracy of CL Detect and CL-suspected patients in the English language. The methodological qualities of the included studies were appraised using the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies-2 (QUADAS-2). Meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 14.2 and R software.
RESULTS
A total of 9 articles were included. The study sample size ranged from 11 to 274. The sensitivities of the individual studies ranged from 23 to 100%, and the specificities ranged from 78 to 100%. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were 68% (95% CI, 41-86%) and 94% (95% CI, 87-97%), respectively. AUC displayed 0.899. Pooled sensitivity was lower (47%, 95% CI, 34-61%) when PCR was used as a reference than microscopy (83%, 95% CI, 39-97%). Pooled sensitivity was lower (48%, 95% CI, 30-67%) for all lesion durations compared to ≤ 4 months (89%, 95% CI, 43-99%).
CONCLUSIONS
CL Detect has poor sensitivity and does not meet the minimal sensitivity of 95% of target product profiles designed for CL point-of-care tests. Currently, the CL Detect test looks unsuitable for CL diagnosis, despite its high specificity. Findings are limited by the low number of studies available. Further large-scale studies are recommended.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO CRD42022323497.
Topics: Humans; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Point-of-Care Testing; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 38115138
DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02422-y -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... May 2024The first reports of viruses in psittacine birds date back to the early 1970s. Here, we elucidate the differences among these previous studies and the advances achieved.... (Review)
Review
The first reports of viruses in psittacine birds date back to the early 1970s. Here, we elucidate the differences among these previous studies and the advances achieved. The objective of this study was to carry out a comprehensive review using both scientometric and systematic methods to analyze the evolution of published studies on viruses in psittacine birds up to 2022. The search descriptors "virus", "diagnosis", and "Psittaciformes" were used to find the articles of interest for this study. A total of 118 articles were manually selected, and the scientometric data were organized using the software VOSviewer version 1.6.18. The present review revealed that: (i) on average, 2.5 articles/year on the diagnosis of viral infection in psittacine birds were published since 1975; (ii) the most productive research groups are concentrated in three countries: Australia, the United States, and Germany; (iii) the most important virus in psittacine birds is the Circovirus, which causes psittacine beak and feather disease; (iv) the diagnostic method of choice is polymerase chain reaction (PCR); and (v) the most studied psittacine birds were those in the Psittacidae family that were kept in captivity.
PubMed: 38891593
DOI: 10.3390/ani14111546 -
Frontiers in Medicine 2024Tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial disease caused by . The emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains of in both developing and developed countries has made...
INTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial disease caused by . The emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains of in both developing and developed countries has made diagnosis, treatment, and control of tuberculosis more difficult. The PCR assay, which is a fast and sensitive technique and an alternative method for detecting multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, is used to determine rifampicin (RIF) resistance. There is no single figure in Ethiopia that represents rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis and that is why this study was conducted to overcome the inconsistency of the results of the previous studies.
METHODS
Studies were researched from five major electronic databases. Studies which were cross-sectional in design, published, and written in English were included. The data were extracted using Microsoft Excel, and the data were managed and analyzed using Stata™ Version 17.0 statistical software. The Forest plot was used to check the presence of heterogeneity. The publication bias, meta-regression, and subgroup analysis were used to find out the source of heterogeneity. A random effect analysis model was used to pool the prevalence of RR TB from primary studies, and associated factors of RR among TB patients were identified using Meta regression. The presence of association was reported using OR with 95% CI.
RESULTS
The overall pooled prevalence of tuberculosis was 14.9% (95% CI: 13.34, 16.46), of these approximately 7.48% (95% CI: 6.30, 8.66) showed rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in Ethiopia. Among the computed variables, 2.05% living with HIV1.39 (95%CI: 1.13, 1.72) and having a history of TB treatment (95%CI: 1.34, 3.15) were identified as significant factors associated with RR TB in Ethiopia.
CONCLUSION
Drug-resistant TB is one of the prevalent emerging infectious diseases among TB patients, which affects approximately one out of every thirteen TB patients. Having TB-HIV coinfection and a history of prior TB treatment were identified as significant factors associated with RR TB. To prevent and control RR TB, patients should complete their follow-up course; the health professionals should educate the actions taken by the patients when they experience drug toxicity and side effects; and the Minister of Health should initiate telemedicine and recruit tracers to overcome TB patients' default and have good drug adherence and retention after initiation of the treatment.
PubMed: 38912342
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1319845 -
Korean Journal of Radiology May 2024We systematically reviewed radiological abnormalities in patients with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection, defined as persistently positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)... (Review)
Review
We systematically reviewed radiological abnormalities in patients with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection, defined as persistently positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results for SARS-CoV-2 for > 21 days, with either persistent or relapsed symptoms. We extracted data from 24 patients (median age, 54.5 [interquartile range, 44-64 years]) reported in the literature and analyzed their representative CT images based on the timing of the CT scan relative to the initial PCR positivity. Our analysis focused on the patterns and distribution of CT findings, severity scores of lung involvement on a scale of 0-4, and the presence of migration. All patients were immunocompromised, including 62.5% (15/24) with underlying lymphoma and 83.3% (20/24) who had received anti-CD20 therapy within one year. Median duration of infection was 90 days. Most patients exhibited typical CT appearance of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), including ground-glass opacities with or without consolidation, throughout the follow-up period. Notably, CT severity scores were significantly lower during ≤ 21 days than during > 21 days ( < 0.001). Migration was observed on CT in 22.7% (5/22) of patients at ≤ 21 days and in 68.2% (15/22) to 87.5% (14/16) of patients at > 21 days, with rare instances of parenchymal bands in previously affected areas. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection usually presents as migrating typical COVID-19 pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, especially those with impaired B-cell immunity.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; SARS-CoV-2; Lung; Middle Aged; Adult; Immunocompromised Host; Female; Male; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 38685737
DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2023.1149 -
The Malaysian Journal of Medical... Aug 2023Individuals with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibit memory immunity acquired during natural infection. However, a decline in immunity after... (Review)
Review
Individuals with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibit memory immunity acquired during natural infection. However, a decline in immunity after infection renders these individuals vulnerable to re-infection, in addition to a higher risk of infection with new variants. This systematic review examined related studies to elucidate the antibody response in these infected individuals after messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccination. Hence, the focus of this review was to ascertain differences in the concentration of binding and neutralising antibodies of previously infected individuals in comparison to those of infection-naïve individuals after administration of two doses of mRNA vaccination through available case-control and cohort studies. Positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test or detectable anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies at the baseline in included studies showed categorisation of infected and uninfected individuals. This review utilised three online databases: PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane with the following keywords: (COVID-19 OR 'Coronavirus Disease 2019' OR SARS-CoV-2) AND Immun* AND (Pfizer OR BioNTech OR BNT162b2 OR Comirnaty OR Moderna OR mRNA-1273) from January 2019 to July 2021. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol (PRISMA-P) 2020 guidelines and assessment based on the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool (CCAT), we included 13 related qualified papers of observational studies discerning the binding and neutralising antibody concentrations of infected and uninfected individuals after administration of mRNA vaccines, such as the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine. The mRNA vaccines induced robust binding and neutralising antibody responses in both groups. However, infected individuals showed induction of higher antibody responses in a shorter time compared to uninfected individuals. Hence, a single dose of mRNA vaccination for infected individuals may be sufficient to reach the same level of antibody concentration as that observed in uninfected individuals after receiving two doses of vaccination.
PubMed: 37655145
DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.4.2 -
Veterinary World Oct 2023Foodborne diseases caused by are prevalent globally. Treatment is challenging due to antibiotic resistance in bacteria, except for foodborne infections due to Shiga...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Foodborne diseases caused by are prevalent globally. Treatment is challenging due to antibiotic resistance in bacteria, except for foodborne infections due to Shiga toxin-producing , for which treatment is symptomatic. Several studies have been conducted in Africa on antibiotic resistance of isolated from several sources. The prevalence and distribution of resistant pathogenic isolated from food, human, and animal sources and environmental samples and their virulence gene profiles were systematically reviewed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Bibliographic searches were performed using four databases. Research articles published between 2000 and 2022 on antibiotic susceptibility and virulence gene profile of isolated from food and other sources were selected.
RESULTS
In total, 64 articles were selected from 14 African countries: 45% of the studies were conducted on food, 34% on animal samples, 21% on human disease surveillance, and 13% on environmental samples. According to these studies, is resistant to ~50 antimicrobial agents, multidrug-resistant, and can transmit at least 37 types of virulence genes. Polymerase chain reaction was used to characterize and determine virulence genes.
CONCLUSION
A significant variation in epidemiological data was noticed within countries, authors, and sources (settings). These results can be used as an updated database for monitoring resistance in Africa. More studies using state-of-the-art equipment are needed to determine all resistance and virulence genes in pathogenic isolated in Africa.
PubMed: 38023276
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2016-2028 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2023Breast Cancer (BC) stands out as the widely prevalent malignancy among all the types of cancer affecting women worldwide. There is significant evidence that the...
BACKGROUND
Breast Cancer (BC) stands out as the widely prevalent malignancy among all the types of cancer affecting women worldwide. There is significant evidence that the pathogenicity of BC may be altered by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection; however, conclusive data are not yet available.
METHODS
By searching five databases, including EMBASE, IBECS, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, a thorough systematic analysis was conducted on the prevalence of HPV in BC patients from 1990 to June 30, 2022. After applying extensive eligibility criteria, we selected 74 publications for further analysis based on the prevalence of HPV infections in breast tissues. All of the data were analyzed using a random-effects meta-analysis, Cochran Q test and statistic were used to calculate the heterogeneity of the prevalence among these studies using subgroup analysis. Variations in the HPV prevalence estimates in different subgroups were evaluated by subgroup meta-analysis.
RESULTS
In total, 3156 studies were initially screened, resulting in 93 full-text studies reviewed, with 74 meeting inclusion criteria. Among a total of 7156 BC biopsies, the pool prevalence of HPV was 25.6% (95% CI= 0.24-0.33, τ2 = 0.0369 with significant heterogeneity between estimates ( 97% and < 0.01). Consequently, 45 studies with available controls were further studied, and the prevalence of HPV in case-control studies was 26.2% with overall odds 5.55 (95% CI= 3.67-8.41, 38%, τ2 = 1.4878, < 0.01). Further subgroup analysis of HPV revealed HPV-16 had a maximum prevalence of 9.6% (95% CI= 3.06-11.86, 0%, τ2 = 0.6111, 0.01). Among different geographical regions, Europe reported the maximum prevalence of HPV, i.e., 39.2% (95% CI=1.29-7.91, 18%, τ2 = 1.2911, < 0.01). Overall distribution showed HPV-18 was a frequent HPV subtype reported in Australia.
CONCLUSION
Current study provides a global estimate of HPV prevalence in BC patients and demonstrates a significant association between this virus and BC etiology. Nevertheless, we recommend further investigation into the underlying mechanism is essential to validate this hypothesis.
PubMed: 37711194
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1219161 -
Parasites & Vectors Mar 2024The study of parasites provides insight into intricate ecological relationships in ecosystem dynamics, food web structures, and evolution on multiple scales. Hepatozoon... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The study of parasites provides insight into intricate ecological relationships in ecosystem dynamics, food web structures, and evolution on multiple scales. Hepatozoon Eucoccidiorida: Hepatozoidae) is a genus of protozoan hemoparasites with heteroxenous life cycles that switch infections between vertebrates and blood-feeding invertebrates. The most comprehensive review of the genus was published 26 years ago, and currently there are no harmonized data on the epizootiology, diagnostics, genotyping methods, evolutionary relationships, and genetic diversity of Hepatozoon in the Americas.
METHODS
Here, we provide a comprehensive review based on the PRISMA method regarding Hepatozoon in wild mammals within the American continent, in order to generate a framework for future research.
RESULTS
11 out of the 35 countries of the Americas (31.4%) had data on Hepatozoon, with Carnivora and Rodentia orders having the most characterizations. Bats, ungulates, and shrews were the least affected groups. While Hepatozoon americanum, H. americanum-like, H. canis, H. didelphydis, H. felis, H. milleri, H. griseisciuri, and H. procyonis correspond to the identified species, a plethora of genospecies is pending for a formal description combining morphology and genetics. Most of the vectors of Hepatozoon in the Americas are unknown, but some flea, mite, and tick species have been confirmed. The detection of Hepatozoon has relied mostly on conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the implementation of specific real time PCR for the genus needs to be employed to improve its diagnosis in wild animals in the future. From a genetic perspective, the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene has been widely sequenced for the identification of Hepatozoon in wild animals. However, mitochondrial and apicoplast markers should also be targeted to truly determine different species in the genus. A phylogenetic analysis of herein retrieved 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences showed two main clades of Hepatozoon: Clade I associated with small mammals, birds, and herpetozoa, and Clade II associated with Carnivora. The topology of the tree is also reflected in the haplotype network.
CONCLUSIONS
Finally, our review emphasizes Hepatozoon as a potential disease agent in threatened wild mammals and the role of wild canids as spreaders of Hepatozoon infections in the Americas.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Ecosystem; Phylogeny; Chiroptera; Eucoccidiida; Shrews; Animals, Wild; Canidae
PubMed: 38444020
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06154-3 -
Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Dec 2023Pregnant mothers are more susceptible to Corona Virus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) during pandemic. Our aim was to find out the effects of the COVID-19 infection on... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Pregnant mothers are more susceptible to Corona Virus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) during pandemic. Our aim was to find out the effects of the COVID-19 infection on pregnancy outcomes compared to mothers without COVID-19 diseases.
METHODS
The review protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) and obtained number of the Centre for review and Dissemination (CRD42021272321). The observational studies from September 1st to October 31, 2021 were searched with Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) term in the databases. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline was followed. Certainty of the evidence were assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADEpro) approach.
RESULTS
Pregnant women with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) positive group for COVID-19 were likely to have preeclampsia/eclampsia of Relative Risk (RR) and Confidence Interval (CI) (RR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.14-2.02) respectively. Likewise, foetal distress (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.31- 1.85, caesarean section (RR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.10-1.42), postpartum haemorrhage (RR, 1.37; 95%CI, 1.00-1.88), moderate certainty of the evidence in ICU/high-dependency unit admission (RR, 4.92; 95% CI, 3.28- 7.38), preterm births (RR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.10-4.08) and perinatal death (RR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.64-3.95). Very wide CI on maternal death rate (RR 9.87; 95% CI, 3.10- 31.45) was observed compared to COVID-19 negative group.
CONCLUSIONS
Pregnant mothers with COVID-19 positive diseases have a moderate certainty of the effect of admission to ICU/high-dependency unit, Preterm birth and perinatal death.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Female; Humans; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Cesarean Section; Perinatal Death; Premature Birth; Nepal
PubMed: 38196206
DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i02.4488