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Radiographics : a Review Publication of... Jun 2024The most common abdominal malignancies diagnosed in the pediatric population include neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, hepatoblastoma, lymphoma, germ cell tumor, and... (Review)
Review
The most common abdominal malignancies diagnosed in the pediatric population include neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, hepatoblastoma, lymphoma, germ cell tumor, and rhabdomyosarcoma. There are distinctive imaging findings and patterns of spread for each of these tumors that radiologists must know for diagnosis and staging and for monitoring the patient's response to treatment. The multidisciplinary treatment group that includes oncologists, surgeons, and radiation oncologists relies heavily on imaging evaluation to identify the best treatment course and prognostication of imaging findings, such as the image-defined risk factors for neuroblastomas, the PRETreatment EXtent of Disease staging system for hepatoblastoma, and the Ann Arbor staging system for lymphomas. It is imperative for radiologists to be able to correctly indicate the best imaging methods for diagnosis, staging, and restaging of each of these most prevalent tumors to avoid inconclusive or unnecessary examinations. The authors review in a practical manner the most updated key points in diagnosing and staging disease and assessing response to treatment of the most common pediatric abdominal tumors. RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article.
Topics: Humans; Neoplasm Staging; Abdominal Neoplasms; Child; Pelvic Neoplasms; Hepatoblastoma
PubMed: 38722785
DOI: 10.1148/rg.230175 -
Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi [Chinese Journal... May 2024Retroperitoneal liposarcoma is the most common retroperitoneal soft tissue tumor with insidious onset, difficulty in treatment, and easy recurrence. Different subtypes... (Review)
Review
Retroperitoneal liposarcoma is the most common retroperitoneal soft tissue tumor with insidious onset, difficulty in treatment, and easy recurrence. Different subtypes of retroperitoneal liposarcoma differ significantly in pathogenic mechanism, biological behavior, and prognosis. The characteristic molecular event of well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma is the amplification of the long arm segment of chromosome 12. The genome of myxoid liposarcoma is characterized by translocations of chromosomes 12 and 16 to form fusion genes. The genomic changes of pleomorphic and myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma are complex, with multiple chromosomal structural abnormalities. Several signaling pathways related to adipocyte differentiation or lipid metabolism have been found to be involved in the initiation and progression of retroperitoneal liposarcoma. It is unclear whether retroperitoneal liposarcoma originates from naive preadipocytes or dedifferentiated mature adipocytes, and its metabolic characteristics are also poorly understood. The first-line drug treatment for retroperitoneal liposarcoma is anthracycline-based chemotherapy, but patients receive little benefit. Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen the basic research on retroperitoneal liposarcoma to find effective therapeutic targets.
Topics: Humans; Liposarcoma; Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
PubMed: 38548619
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20231018-00179 -
British Journal of Cancer Aug 2023Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers. Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) appears to be the most common pattern of recurrence, and more than half of the GC...
BACKGROUND
Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers. Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) appears to be the most common pattern of recurrence, and more than half of the GC patients eventually die from PC. Novel strategies for the management of patients with PC are urgently needed. Recently, rapid progress has been made in adoptive transfer therapy by using macrophages as the effector cells due to their capabilities of phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and high penetration. Here, we generated a novel macrophage-based therapy and investigated anti-tumoral effects on GC and potential toxicity.
METHODS
We developed a novel Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Macrophage (CAR-M) based on genetically modifying human peritoneal macrophages (PMs), expressing a HER2-FcεR1γ-CAR (HF-CAR). We tested HF-CAR macrophages in a variety of GC models in vitro and in vivo.
RESULTS
HF-CAR-PMs specifically targeted HER2-expressed GC, and harboured the FcεR1γ moieties to trigger engulfment. Intraperitoneal administration of HF-CAR-PMs significantly facilitated the HER2-positive tumour regression in PC mouse model and prolonged the overall survival rate. In addition, the combined use of oxaliplatin and HF-CAR-PMs exhibited significantly augment anti-tumour activity and survival benefit.
CONCLUSIONS
HF-CAR-PMs could represent an exciting therapeutic option for patients with HER2-positive GC cancer, which should be tested in carefully designed clinical trials.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Humans; Receptors, Chimeric Antigen; Stomach Neoplasms; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Macrophages; Adoptive Transfer; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Immunotherapy, Adoptive
PubMed: 37386139
DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02319-6 -
Anticancer Research Feb 2024Malignant ascites is a common condition in patients with terminal cancer. Treatments, such as diuretics, percutaneous drainage of ascites, and abdominal vein shunting... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND/AIM
Malignant ascites is a common condition in patients with terminal cancer. Treatments, such as diuretics, percutaneous drainage of ascites, and abdominal vein shunting have been advocated. However, these treatments have not achieved sufficient palliative effects. Therefore, the development of innovative therapies is mandated, especially for new therapies that require the creation of a fluid simulation of malignant ascites. However, there have been no previous studies on the physical properties of malignant ascites, including viscosity, which are necessary for the development of such a fluid. Therefore, we prospectively investigated the physical properties of malignant ascites.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
This single-center, prospective, observational study included 30 patients between November 2021 and January 2023. The primary endpoint was the viscosity of the malignant ascites, and the secondary endpoints included other viscosity studies, biochemical tests, and the presence of malignant cells in the ascites.
RESULTS
The median viscosity was 1.105 mPa*S. The viscosity of malignant ascites tended to decrease with increasing temperature, which is common for liquids. Malignant ascites fluid containing malignant cells tended to be more viscous than ascites fluid without malignant cells; furthermore, albumin levels tended to be higher in the former than in the latter.
CONCLUSION
Malignant ascites' median viscosity was 1.105 mPa*S. Correlation between viscosity and temperature showed a decreasing trend. These findings contribute valuable insights for future malignant ascites management and device development.
Topics: Humans; Ascites; Prospective Studies; Viscosity; Ascitic Fluid; Peritoneal Neoplasms
PubMed: 38307583
DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.16841 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023The exploration of lipid metabolism dysregulation may provide novel perspectives for retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RPLS). In our study, we aimed to investigate potential...
INTRODUCTION
The exploration of lipid metabolism dysregulation may provide novel perspectives for retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RPLS). In our study, we aimed to investigate potential targets and facilitate further understanding of immune landscape in RPLS, through lipid metabolism-associated genes (LMAGs) based prognostic model.
METHODS
Gene expression profiles and corresponding clinical information of 234 cases were enrolled from two public databases and the largest retroperitoneal tumor research center of East China, including cohort-TCGA (n=58), cohort-GSE30929 (n=92), cohort-FD (n=50), cohort-scRNA-seq (n=4) and cohort-validation (n=30). Consensus clustering analysis was performed to identify lipid metabolism-associated molecular subtypes (LMSs). A prognostic risk model containing 13 LMAGs was established using LASSO algorithm and multivariate Cox analysis in cohort-TCGA. ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, XCELL and MCP analyses were performed to visualize the immune landscape. WGCNA was used to identify three hub genes among the 13 model LMAGs, and preliminarily validated in both cohort-GSE30929 and cohort-FD. Moreover, TIMER was used to visualize the correlation between antigen-presenting cells and potential targets. Finally, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of four RPLS and multiplexed immunohistochemistry (mIHC) were performed in cohort-validation to validate the discoveries of bioinformatics analysis.
RESULTS
LMS1 and LMS2 were characterized as immune-infiltrated and -excluded tumors, with significant differences in molecular features and clinical prognosis, respectively. Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 2 (ELOVL2), the enzyme that catalyzed the elongation of long chain fatty acids, involved in the maintenance of lipid metabolism and cellular homeostasis in normal cells, was identified and negatively correlated with antigen-presenting cells and identified as a potential target in RPLS. Furthermore, ELOVL2 was enriched in LMS2 with significantly lower immunoscore and unfavorable prognosis. Finally, a high-resolution dissection through scRNA-seq was performed in four RPLS, revealing the entire tumor ecosystem and validated previous findings.
DISCUSSION
The LMS subgroups and risk model based on LMAGs proposed in our study were both promising prognostic classifications for RPLS. ELOVL2 is a potential target linking lipid metabolism to immune regulations against RPLS, specifically for patients with LMS2 tumors.
Topics: Humans; Retroperitoneal Neoplasms; Ecosystem; Lipid Metabolism; Prognosis; Fatty Acids
PubMed: 37483592
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209396 -
Supportive Care in Cancer : Official... Jan 2024Malignant ascites (MA) often occurs in recurrent abdominal malignant tumors, and the large amount of ascites associated with cancerous peritonitis not only leads to... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Malignant ascites (MA) often occurs in recurrent abdominal malignant tumors, and the large amount of ascites associated with cancerous peritonitis not only leads to severe abdominal distension and breathing difficulties, but also reduces the patient's quality of life and ability to resist diseases, which usually makes it difficult to carry out anti-cancer treatment. The exploration of MA treatment methods is also a key link in MA treatment. This article is going to review the treatment of MA, to provide details for further research on the treatment of MA, and to provide some guidance for the clinical treatment of MA.
METHOD
This review analyzes various expert papers and summarizes them to obtain the paper.
RESULT
There are various treatment methods for MA, including systemic therapy and local therapy. Among them, systemic therapy includes diuretic therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, anti angiogenic therapy, CAR-T, and vaccine. Local therapy includes puncture surgery, peritoneal vein shunt surgery, acellular ascites infusion therapy, radioactive nuclide intraperitoneal injection therapy, tunnel catheter, and intraperitoneal hyperthermia chemotherapy. And traditional Chinese medicine treatment has also played a role in enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity to a certain extent.
CONCLUSION
Although there has been significant progress in the treatment of MA, it is still one of the clinical difficulties. Exploring the combination or method of drugs with the best therapeutic effect and the least adverse reactions to control MA is still an urgent problem to be solved.
Topics: Humans; Ascites; Quality of Life; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Immunotherapy; Peritoneal Neoplasms; China; Carcinoma
PubMed: 38200158
DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-08299-w -
Scientific Reports Jul 2023Gastric cancer remains one of the most prevalent tumors worldwide and peritoneal metastasis is responsible for approximately 60% of death in advanced gastric cancer...
Gastric cancer remains one of the most prevalent tumors worldwide and peritoneal metastasis is responsible for approximately 60% of death in advanced gastric cancer patients. However, the underlying mechanism of peritoneal metastasis is poorly understood. We have established organoids derived from malignant ascites (MA) of gastric cancer patients and noticed that MA supernatant could strongly increase the colony formation of organoids. Thus, we realized the interaction between exfoliated cancer cells (ECCs) and liquid tumor microenvironment contributes to peritoneal metastasis. Further, we designed a medium component control test which proved that exosomes derived from MA could not enhance the growth of organoids. Using Immunofluorescence and confocal imaging as well as dual-luciferase reporter assay, our data showed WNT signaling pathway was upregulated by high concentrations of WNT ligands (wnt3a and wnt5a), which was verified by ELISA. Besides, suppressing WNT signaling pathway diminished the growth promoting function of MA supernatant. This result implicated WNT signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target for peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer.
Topics: Humans; Stomach Neoplasms; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Tumor Microenvironment; Peritoneum
PubMed: 37429893
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38373-6 -
The Journal of Urology Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Retroperitoneal Neoplasms; Kidney; Ureter
PubMed: 37199092
DOI: 10.1097/JU.0000000000003539 -
Clinical & Experimental Metastasis Dec 2023Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is a frequent manifestation of advanced abdominal malignancies. Accurately assessing the extent of PM before surgery is essential for patients...
Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is a frequent manifestation of advanced abdominal malignancies. Accurately assessing the extent of PM before surgery is essential for patients to receive optimal treatment. Therefore, we propose to construct a deep learning (DL) model based on enhanced computed tomography (CT) images to stage PM preoperatively in patients. All 168 patients with PM underwent contrast-enhanced abdominal CT before either open surgery or laparoscopic exploration, and peritoneal cancer index (PCI) was used to evaluate patients during the surgical procedure. DL features were extracted from portal venous-phase abdominal CT scans and subjected to feature selection using the Spearman correlation coefficient and LASSO. The performance of models for preoperative staging was assessed in the validation cohort and compared against models based on clinical and radiomics (Rad) signature. The DenseNet121-SVM model demonstrated strong patient discrimination in both the training and validation cohorts, achieving AUC was 0.996 in training and 0.951 validation cohort, which were both higher than those of the Clinic model and Rad model. Decision curve analysis (DCA) showed that patients could potentially benefit more from treatment using the DL-SVM model, and calibration curves demonstrated good agreement with actual outcomes. The DL model based on portal venous-phase abdominal CT accurately predicts the extent of PM in patients before surgery, which can help maximize the benefits of treatment and optimize the patient's treatment plan.
Topics: Humans; Deep Learning; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Peritoneum; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37798391
DOI: 10.1007/s10585-023-10235-5 -
Korean Journal of Radiology Jan 2024Early diagnosis, accurate assessment, and localization of peritoneal metastasis (PM) are essential for the selection of appropriate treatments and surgical guidance.... (Review)
Review
Early diagnosis, accurate assessment, and localization of peritoneal metastasis (PM) are essential for the selection of appropriate treatments and surgical guidance. However, available imaging modalities (computed tomography [CT], conventional magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], and 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography [PET]/CT) have limitations. The advent of new imaging techniques and novel molecular imaging agents have revealed molecular processes in the tumor microenvironment as an application for the early diagnosis and assessment of PM as well as real-time guided surgical resection, which has changed clinical management. In contrast to clinical imaging, which is purely qualitative and subjective for interpreting macroscopic structures, radiomics and artificial intelligence (AI) capitalize on high-dimensional numerical data from images that may reflect tumor pathophysiology. A predictive model can be used to predict the occurrence, recurrence, and prognosis of PM, thereby avoiding unnecessary exploratory surgeries. This review summarizes the role and status of different imaging techniques, especially new imaging strategies such as spectral photon-counting CT, fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET/CT, near-infrared fluorescence imaging, and PET/MRI, for early diagnosis, assessment of surgical indications, and recurrence monitoring in patients with PM. The clinical applications, limitations, and solutions for fluorescence imaging, radiomics, and AI are also discussed.
Topics: Humans; Artificial Intelligence; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Optical Imaging; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 38184772
DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2023.0840