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The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Tuberculosis; Disease Eradication
PubMed: 37865116
DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00381-8 -
Archivos de Bronconeumologia Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 37838537
DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2023.09.002 -
The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 38527487
DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(24)00081-X -
The Lancet. Global Health Sep 2023
Topics: Humans; Tuberculosis; Medication Adherence
PubMed: 37591581
DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00308-X -
International Journal of Dermatology Jun 2024Atypical mycobacterial infections are commonly acquired through exposure to water, and tuberculosis remains highly endemic in many parts of the world. In this era of... (Review)
Review
Atypical mycobacterial infections are commonly acquired through exposure to water, and tuberculosis remains highly endemic in many parts of the world. In this era of global connection, travel, and immigration, it is more important than ever to maintain a high index of suspicion for infection from cutaneous tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria. Epidemics related to surgical procedures have been related to inadequate sterilization, as almost 50% of public water supplies harbor mycobacteria. Improved diagnostic techniques for these microbes, including Auramine-Rhodamine staining and rapid detection of mycobacteria and drug susceptibilities through PCR and MALDI-TOF, have improved detection and treatment outcomes. Given an increasing number of patients on immunosuppressive therapies, clinicians must remain vigilant.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Tuberculosis, Cutaneous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Dermatology
PubMed: 38095207
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16969 -
Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences Sep 2023Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been reported to cause pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections. These NTMs are often misdiagnosed as MTB due to their similar... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been reported to cause pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections. These NTMs are often misdiagnosed as MTB due to their similar clinical presentations to tuberculosis, leading to inappropriate treatment and increased morbidity and mortality rates. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the prevalence, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of NTM infections in Africa.
METHODS
A systematic search was performed using various electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search was limited to studies published in the English language from 2000 to 2021. The following keywords were used: "non-tuberculous mycobacteria", "NTM", "Africa", and "prevalence". Studies that focused solely on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex or those that did not report prevalence rates were excluded. Data extraction was performed on eligible studies. Overall, a total of 32 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review.
RESULTS
In our literature review, we identified a total of 32 studies that reported non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) in Africa. The majority of these studies were conducted in South Africa, followed by Ethiopia and Nigeria. The most commonly isolated NTM species were Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Mycobacterium abscessus. Many of the studies reported a high prevalence of NTM infections among HIV-positive individuals. Other risk factors for NTM infection included advanced age, chronic lung disease, and previous tuberculosis infection.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this literature review highlights the significant burden of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria infections in Africa. The prevalence of these infections is high, and they are often misdiagnosed due to their similarity to tuberculosis. The lack of awareness and diagnostic tools for non-tuberculosis mycobacteria infections in Africa is a major concern that needs to be addressed urgently. It is crucial to improve laboratory capacity and develop appropriate diagnostic algorithms for these infections.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Africa; Prevalence
PubMed: 38784502
DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v33i5.21 -
International Immunopharmacology Jan 2024Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious airborne communicable disease caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex. Although the standard treatment... (Review)
Review
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious airborne communicable disease caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex. Although the standard treatment antimicrobials, including isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, have made great progress in the treatment of TB, problems including the rising incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), the severe toxicity and side effects of antimicrobials, and the low immunity of TB patients have become the bottlenecks of the current TB treatments. Therefore, both safe and effective new strategies to prevent and treat TB have become a top priority. As a subfamily of cationic antimicrobial peptides, defensins are rich in cysteine and play a vital role in resisting the invasion of microorganisms and regulating the immune response. Inspired by studies on the roles of defensins in host defence, we describe their research history and then review their structural features and antimicrobial mechanisms, specifically for fighting Mtb in detail. Finally, we discuss the clinical relevance, therapeutic potential, and potential challenges of defensins in anti-TB therapy. We further debate the possible solutions of the current application of defensins to provide new insights for eliminating Mtb.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Antitubercular Agents; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis; Defensins
PubMed: 38118315
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111383 -
Clinics in Chest Medicine Dec 2023Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease caused by the less common nontuberculous mycobacteria have distinct features depending on the species. Diagnostic... (Review)
Review
Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease caused by the less common nontuberculous mycobacteria have distinct features depending on the species. Diagnostic evaluation follows the established criteria for all nontuberculous mycobacteria, but with certain qualifications given species-specific and regional differences in pathogenicity. Clinicians should first institute nonpharmacologic management and evaluate clinical, radiologic, and microbiologic factors in the decision regarding antimycobacterial therapy. Treatment is challenging, and evidence-based recommendations are limited for most species. Drug susceptibility testing is used to help with regimen selection; however, this approach is imperfect given the uncertain correlation between in vitro activity and clinical response for most drugs.
Topics: Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Lung Diseases
PubMed: 37890917
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2023.06.011 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024
Topics: Humans; Tuberculosis; Adaptive Immunity; Latent Tuberculosis; Vaccines
PubMed: 38322257
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1366976 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Dec 2023We reviewed invasive infections in 3 noncontiguous geographic areas in the United States during 2011–2018. Among 268 patients with invasive nocardiosis, 48.2% were... (Review)
Review
We reviewed invasive infections in 3 noncontiguous geographic areas in the United States during 2011–2018. Among 268 patients with invasive nocardiosis, 48.2% were from Minnesota, 32.4% from Arizona, and 19.4% from Florida. Predominant species were complex in Minnesota (33.4%), in Arizona (41.4%), and in Florida (17.3%). Transplant recipients accounted for 82/268 (30.6%) patients overall: 14 (10.9%) in Minnesota, 35 (40.2%) in Arizona, and 33 (63.5%) in Florida. Manifestations included isolated pulmonary nocardiosis among 73.2% of transplant and 84.4% of non–transplant patients and central nervous system involvement among 12.2% of transplant and 3.2% of non–transplant patients. (20.7%) and (19.5%) were the most common isolates among transplant recipients and (38.0%), (23.7%), and (16.1%) among non–transplant patients. Overall antimicrobial susceptibilities were similar across the 3 study sites.
Topics: Humans; United States; Nocardia; Nocardia Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37987603
DOI: 10.3201/eid2912.230673