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European Review For Medical and... Feb 2024The prevalence of both atrial fibrillation (AF) and diabetes is increasing day by day and commonly co-exist with a longer duration of diabetes and poor control, putting... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of both atrial fibrillation (AF) and diabetes is increasing day by day and commonly co-exist with a longer duration of diabetes and poor control, putting the individual at higher risk of AF. This review article presented some traditional and novel biomarkers related to AF in patients with diabetes mellitus. The literature review employed several databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. The investigation was finished on October 30, 2023. Many terms are utilized, including "AF", "Biomarkers", "Diabetes Mellitus", and "Pathogenesis". There are numerous biomarkers of diabetes, but this review article reports only leptin, adiponectin, glycated hemoglobin, ceramide, ferritin, fibrinogen, hematological indices, interleukin-18, thrombospondin 1, acylcarnitine, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, since those biomarkers play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AF. However, no data was found, including fructosamine, glycated albumin, 1,5 anhydroglucitol, fetuin-A, α-hydroxybutyrate, mannose-binding lectin serine peptidase, transferrin, IL-1 receptor antagonist in AF. Understanding the interplay between diabetes and AF through the measurement of relevant biomarkers can contribute to better risk assessment, early detection, and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for individuals at risk or already affected by these conditions.
Topics: Humans; Atrial Fibrillation; Diabetes Mellitus; Adiponectin; Biomarkers; Ceramides
PubMed: 38436186
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202402_35482 -
Problemy Endokrinologii Aug 2023Adipomyokines are synthesized and secreted into the bloodstream by cells of both muscle and adipose tissue. They can have both a negative metabolic effect, acting as...
BACKGROUND
Adipomyokines are synthesized and secreted into the bloodstream by cells of both muscle and adipose tissue. They can have both a negative metabolic effect, acting as pro-inflammatory adipokines in obesity, and a positive one, increasing in response to physical exertion in the form of myokines.
AIM
To study the features of adipocytokine secretion in children with constitutionally exogenous obesity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study included 80 patients: 60 adolescents aged 15 [13; 16] years with constitutionally exogenous obesity SDS BMI: 3.0 [2.6; 3.3] and 20 control group children aged 16 [15; 17] years without excess weight SDS BMI: -0.3 [-1.25; 0.33]. Commercial enzyme immunoassay kits were used to determine the level of adipomyokines. The compositional composition of the body was evaluated by bioimpedance analysis (InBody 770 analyzer, South Korea) in the morning, on an empty stomach. Statistical processing was carried out using STATISTICA v.12.0 (StatSoft Inc., USA). The results are presented in the form of median (Me) and quartiles (Q1; Q3) corresponding to 25 and 75 percentiles. The critical significance level (p) was assumed to be <0.05.
RESULTS
Levels of IL-6 and irisin are statistically significantly higher in obese adolescents compared to the control group: 0.55 [0.226; 1.35] pg/ml vs 0.202 [0.128; 0.652] pg/ml (p=0.041) and 11.16 [6.6; 22.76] mcg/ml vs 7.36 [6.48; 9.68] mcg/ml (p=0.043), respectively. Concentrations of IL-6, myostatin and decorin increase with an increase in the degree of obesity: grade I vs III: 0.226 [0.224; 0.398] vs 0.80 [0.36; 1.81] pg/ml (p=0,0197), 25,85 [21,53; 28,23] vs 31.41 [24.36; 35.06] ng/ml (p=0.03), 4065.3 [3244.9; 5245.5] vs 5322.5 [4199.8; 7702.4] pg/ml (p=0.0376), respectively. In obese children, IL-6 levels positively correlate with BMI, SDS BMI and the amount of adipose tissue, and myostatin - with BMI and SDS BMI. The concentration of irisin in the blood serum is significantly higher in obese girls than in obese boys and healthy girls. Obese patients, compared with lean peers, are characterized by a statistically significantly higher content of both fat and lean mass. With the progression of obesity, there is a statistically significant increase in the ratio of fat to lean mass (I degree - 0.66 [0.56; 0.7], III - 0.78 [0.68; 0.98] (p=0.0073).
CONCLUSION
Patients with obesity and normal body weight have different levels of adipomyokines. An increase in the level of IL-6 with the progression of obesity is directly related to an increase in the content of adipose tissue. Further study of the features of adipocytokine secretion, their relationship with the features of the body composition and metabolic complications in obesity is required.
Topics: Child; Adolescent; Male; Female; Humans; Myostatin; Fibronectins; Interleukin-6; Pediatric Obesity; Adipokines
PubMed: 37694871
DOI: 10.14341/probl13250 -
Molecular Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) Jul 2023Obesity-related asthma is a kind of nonallergic asthma with excessive neutrophil infiltration in the airways. However, the underlying mechanisms have been poorly...
BACKGROUND
Obesity-related asthma is a kind of nonallergic asthma with excessive neutrophil infiltration in the airways. However, the underlying mechanisms have been poorly elucidated. Among the adipokines related to obesity, leptin is related to the inflammatory response. However, little is understood about how leptin acts on the leptin receptor (obR) in neutrophilic airway inflammation in obesity-associated asthma. We explored the inflammatory effects of leptin/obR signaling in an obesity-related neutrophilic airway inflammation mouse model.
METHODS
We established a neutrophilic airway inflammation mouse model using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and OVA challenge (LPS + OVA/OVA) in lean, obese, or db/db (obR deficiency) female mice. Histopathological, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) inflammatory cell, and lung inflammatory cytokine analyses were used to analyze airway inflammation severity. Western blotting, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to evaluate the underlying mechanisms. In vitro bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) and bone marrow-derived neutrophil experiments were performed.
RESULTS
We found that the serum leptin level was higher in obese than in lean female mice. Compared to LPS/OVA + OVA-treated lean female mice, LPS/OVA + OVA-treated obese female mice had higher peribronchial inflammation levels, neutrophil counts, Th1/Th17-related inflammatory cytokine levels, M1 macrophage polarization levels, and long isoform obR activation, which could be decreased by the obR blockade (Allo-Aca) or obR deficiency, suggesting a critical role of leptin/obR signaling in the pathogenesis of obesity-related neutrophilic airway inflammation in female mice. In in vitro experiments, leptin synergized with LPS/IFN-γ to promote the phosphorylation of the long isoform obR and JNK/STAT3/AKT signaling pathway members to increase M1 macrophage polarization, which was reversed by Allo-Aca. Moreover, leptin/obR-mediated M1 macrophage activity significantly elevated CXCL2 production and neutrophil recruitment by regulating the JNK/STAT3/AKT pathways. In clinical studies, obese patients with asthma had higher serum leptin levels and M1 macrophage polarization levels in induced sputum than non-obese patients with asthma. Serum leptin levels were positively correlated with M1 macrophage polarization levels in patients with asthma.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results demonstrate leptin/obR signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related neutrophilic airway inflammation in females by promoting M1 macrophage polarization.
Topics: Animals; Female; Mice; Asthma; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammation; Leptin; Lipopolysaccharides; Lung; Macrophages; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Obesity; Ovalbumin; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Receptors, Leptin; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 37488474
DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00702-w -
Scientific Reports Oct 2023Obesity can be categorized as metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). However, individuals with MHO are characterized by the...
Obesity can be categorized as metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). However, individuals with MHO are characterized by the absence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and appear to have lower inflammation levels compared to MUO. This study aimed to investigate the association of obesity phenotypes with leptin (LEP) and adiponectin (ADP). According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 178 subjects from the previous cross-sectional survey. Based on the body mass index (BMI) and diagnostic criteria of MS, we divided the individuals into three groups, including healthy control group (HC group), metabolically healthy obesity group (MHO group) and metabolically unhealthy obesity group (MUO group). The concentrations of LEP and ADP in serum were measured, and the association of these two cytokines with different obesity phenotypes were subsequently analyzed. Compared to both the HC and MHO groups, the MUO group showed significantly higher BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (Homa-IR) and blood pressure (P < 0.05). In contrast, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was notably lower in the MUO group (P < 0.05). ADP was found to have a positive correlation with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and a negative correlation with FPG in the MHO group. In the MUO group, LEP demonstrated a positive correlation with fasting insulin (FINS) and Homa-IR, while ADP showed a positive correlation with TC and SBP. Linear regression analysis further indicated that SBP (β = 0.234, P = 0.043), TG (β = - 0.292, P = 0.001) and LDL-C (β = 0.626, P = 0.000) were independently correlated with ADP, and BMI (β = 0.398, P = 0.002) was independently correlated with LEP in obese individuals. In conclusion, ADP and LEP were closely related with glucose and lipid metabolism in obese individuals, these two cytokines might play critical roles in obesity-associated metabolic disorders.
Topics: Humans; Adiponectin; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol, LDL; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cytokines; Insulin Resistance; Leptin; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity; Obesity, Metabolically Benign; Phenotype; Triglycerides
PubMed: 37853077
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43550-8 -
Cancer Reports (Hoboken, N.J.) Oct 2023Ovarian cancer seriously threatens women's health because of its poor prognosis and high mortality. Due to the lack of efficient early detection and screening methods,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Ovarian cancer seriously threatens women's health because of its poor prognosis and high mortality. Due to the lack of efficient early detection and screening methods, when patients seek doctors' help with complaints of abdominal distension, back pain and other nonspecific signs, the clinical results always hint at the widespread metastasis of disease. When referring to the metastasis of this disease, the omentum always takes precedence.
RECENT FINDINGS
The distinguishing feature of the omentum is adipose tissue, which satisfies the energy demand of cancer cells and supplies a more aggressive environment for ovarian cancer cells. In this review, we mainly focus on three important cell types: adipocytes, macrophages, and mesenchymal stem cells. Besides, several mechanisms underlying cancer-associated adipocytes (CAA)-facilitated ovarian cancer cell development have been revealed, including their capacities for storing lipids and endocrine function, and the release of hormones, growth factors, and adipokines. Blocking the reciprocity among cancer cells and various cells located on the omentum might contribute to ovarian cancer therapy. The inhibition of hormones, growth factors and adipokines produced by adipocytes will be a novel therapeutic strategy. However, a sufficient number of trials has not been performed. In spite of this, the therapeutic potential of metformin and the roles of exercise in ovarian cancer will be worth mentioning.
CONCLUSION
It is almost impossible to overcome completely ovarian cancer at the moment. What we can do is trying our best to improve these patients' prognoses. In this process, adipocytes may bring promising future for the therapy of ovarian cancer.
Topics: Female; Humans; Omentum; Ovarian Neoplasms; Cellular Microenvironment; Adipokines; Hormones; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37605299
DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1858 -
Physiological Research Jul 2023Bariatric procedures are considered to be the most effective treatment options for obesity. One of them is laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), which is nowadays very... (Review)
Review
Bariatric procedures are considered to be the most effective treatment options for obesity. One of them is laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), which is nowadays very popular and widely used. LSG leads to weight loss and metabolic improvement and also changes adipokine levels, although it is just a restrictive operation. We describe changes in pro-inflammatory (leptin, resistin, visfatin and chemerin) and anti-inflammatory adipokines (adiponectin, omentin), with adiponectin and leptin being most studied. Their levels are markedly changed after LSG and this may partially explain the weight loss seen after LSG. Adipokines are closely connected to insulin resistance and chronic inflammation both being positively influenced after LSG. Leptin regulates amount of body fat, appetite, thermogenesis and metabolic rate and its levels are positively correlated with both weight and BMI changes after operation. Resistin influences insulin sensitivity, modulates body cholesterol trafficking and its changes after operation correlate with BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, LDL cholesterol and C-reactive protein. Chemerin, an important component of immune system, decreases after bariatric surgery and its levels correlate with BMI, triglyceride levels, and blood glucose. On the other hand, pro-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin, which influences fatty acid oxidation, browning of fat tissue and energy metabolism, is declining after LSG. This decline explains improvement of glucose status after bariatric surgery in patients with diabetes and is correlated with BMI loss, waist circumference and LDL cholesterol level. Effect of LSG goes beyond calory restriction and the changes of adipokines have a great impact on health status of the bariatric patients.
Topics: Humans; Adipokines; Leptin; Resistin; Adiponectin; Cholesterol, LDL; Insulin Resistance; Laparoscopy; Gastrectomy; Weight Loss; Obesity, Morbid
PubMed: 37565420
DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935053 -
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &... Oct 2023Circulating adiponectin and leptin have been associated with risk of pancreatic cancer. However, the relationship between long-term exposure to these adipokines in the...
BACKGROUND
Circulating adiponectin and leptin have been associated with risk of pancreatic cancer. However, the relationship between long-term exposure to these adipokines in the prediagnostic period with patient survival has not been investigated.
METHODS
Adipokine levels were measured in prospectively collected samples from 472 patients with pancreatic cancer. Because of sex-specific differences in adipokine levels, associations were evaluated separately for men and women. In a subset of 415 patients, we genotyped 23 SNPs in adiponectin receptor genes (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) and 30 SNPs in the leptin receptor gene (LEPR).
RESULTS
Adiponectin levels were inversely associated with survival in women [HR, 1.71; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15-2.54]; comparing top with bottom quartile but not in men (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.46-1.70). The SNPs rs10753929 and rs1418445 in ADIPOR1 were associated with survival in the combined population (per minor allele HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.51-0.84, and HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.12-1.58, respectively). Among SNPs in LEPR, rs12025906, rs3790431, and rs17127601 were associated with survival in the combined population [HRs, 1.54 (95% CI, 1.25-1.90), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.59-0.88), and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.56-0.89), respectively], whereas rs11585329 was associated with survival in men only (HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.23-0.66; Pinteraction = 0.0002).
CONCLUSIONS
High levels of adiponectin in the prediagnostic period were associated with shorter survival among women, but not among men with pancreatic cancer. Several polymorphisms in ADIPOR1 and LEPR are associated with patient survival.
IMPACT
Our findings reveal the association between adipokine signaling and pancreatic cancer survival and demonstrate the importance of examining obesity-associated pathways in relation to pancreatic cancer in a sex-specific manner.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Leptin; Adiponectin; Adipokines; Receptors, Adiponectin; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Receptors, Leptin
PubMed: 37555827
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-23-0505 -
PeerJ 2023Cisplatin has been widely studied and found to be a highly effective anti-tumor drug. It has several side effects, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Cisplatin-induced...
Cisplatin has been widely studied and found to be a highly effective anti-tumor drug. It has several side effects, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Cisplatin-induced AKI can be primarily attributed to oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The CTRP3 adipokine is a new adipokine that exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. Despite this, the role of CTRP3 in AKI remain unclear. In cisplatin-induced AKI models, our findings demonstrated that CTRP3 expression was decreased in human proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2). In the experiments, HK-2 cells were first transfected with an overexpression plasmid of CTRP3 (pcDNA-CTRP3) or a small interfering RNA for CTRP3 (si-CTRP3) and induced by cisplatin; and cell oxidative stress, inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis were found to be present. Overexpressing CTRP3 inhibited oxidative stress through decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increasing the activity of SOD and CAT. The mRNA levels of SOD1 and SOD2 were increased in response to CTRP3 overexpression. Additionally, CTRP3 decreased TNF- and MCP-1 levels. Moreover, CTRP3 overexpression increased cisplatin-induced cell activity and decreased cell apoptosis, as indicated by the elevated numbers of EdU positive cells and decreased numbers of apoptotic cells. Consistent with these results, the overexpression of CTRP3 effectively elevated the mRNA levels of Bcl-2 and reduced the mRNA levels of Bax. In contrast, inhibition of CTRP3 expression by si-CTRP3 reversed the cisplatin-induced indices. Mechanistically, we found that the overexpression of CTRP3 can increase expression of Nrf2 and inhibit the activation of MAPK phosphorylation (ERK, JNK, and p38). Furthermore, inhibition of ERK, JNK and p38 activity eliminated aggravation of cisplatin-induced inflammation and apoptosis caused by CTRP3 knockdown. Additionally, the cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and activation of MAPK phosphorylation (ERK, JNK, and p38) in HK-2 cells were reversed by Nrf2 suppression by siRNA. Collectively, these results indicated that CTRP3 may identify as a novel target for AKI treatment and protect against cisplatin-induced AKI through the Nrf2/MAPK pathway.
Topics: Humans; Acute Kidney Injury; Adipokines; Cell Death; Cisplatin; Inflammation; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 37637169
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15890 -
Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology Sep 2023Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a heterogenic group of respiratory diseases with complex pathogenesis. A growing number of evidence suggests role of adipose tissue...
Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a heterogenic group of respiratory diseases with complex pathogenesis. A growing number of evidence suggests role of adipose tissue and it's hormones (adipokines) in pathogenesis of various disorders, including lung tissue diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the concentrations of selected adipokines and their receptors (apelin, adiponectin, chemerin, chemerin receptor - CMKLR1) in patients with IPF (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) and sarcoidosis in comparison to healthy controls. We found changes in adipokines concentrations in ILD. Adiponectin concentrations were higher in all respiratory diseases patients in comparison to healthy controls. Apelin concentration in ILD patients was higher then those in healthy subjects. The trend of chemerin and CMKLR1 concentrations were similar, with highest concentrations seen in sarcoidosis. The study shows a difference of adipokines concentrations between patients with ILD and healthy controls. Adipokines are a potential marker and therapeutic target in patients with IPF and sarcoidosis.
Topics: Humans; Adipokines; Apelin; Adiponectin; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis; Sarcoidosis; Respiratory Tract Diseases
PubMed: 37393966
DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104109 -
Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal... Aug 2023Midlife obesity and late-life weight loss confer a greater risk for developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the exact mechanisms behind this phenomenon are... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Midlife obesity and late-life weight loss confer a greater risk for developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the exact mechanisms behind this phenomenon are currently unknown. The answer could lie on the involvement of gastrointestinal factors, such as adipokines (e.g., leptin, adiponectin, and resistin) and ghrelin. In this context, we conducted a pre-registered systematic review and meta-analysis of 42 cross-sectional and 13 longitudinal studies targeting the associations between leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin and the prevalence of general dementia, AD, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We also examined the relationship between the four gastrointestinal factors and neurocognitive outcomes and AD-related cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Patients with AD had lower blood leptin and higher resistin levels than cognitively normal participants. Lower leptin and higher resistin were associated with higher degree of cognitive impairment. Additionally, lower late-life leptin levels might be associated with higher prospective risk of dementia and AD, although more studies are needed to corroborate this. Results in ghrelin and adiponectin were not conclusive, with age, sex distribution, obesity, and severity of dementia seemingly acting as moderators across several analyses. Our work might contribute to the identification of new preclinical blood markers of MCI and AD.
Topics: Humans; Adipokines; Alzheimer Disease; Leptin; Resistin; Adiponectin; Ghrelin; Cross-Sectional Studies; Prospective Studies; Cognitive Dysfunction; Biomarkers; Obesity
PubMed: 37165483
DOI: 10.1111/obr.13573