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International Journal of Medicinal... 2024Hyperuricemia (HUA) is characterized by abnormally elevated levels of serum uric acid, the product of purine metabolism. The primary symptom of HUA is gout; however,... (Review)
Review
Hyperuricemia (HUA) is characterized by abnormally elevated levels of serum uric acid, the product of purine metabolism. The primary symptom of HUA is gout; however, asymptomatic HUA is associated with complications such as hypertension, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. The activation of xanthine oxidase (XO), a pivotal enzyme in uric acid biosynthesis, is coupled with extensive reactive oxygen species generation, leading to inflammatory responses, and triggers the development of HUA and its complications. In clinical practice, XO inhibitors are primarily used to treat HUA; however, their prolonged use is accompanied by serious adverse effects. Mushrooms and their bioactive constituents have shown promising anti-HUA activities in both in vitro and in vivo studies, including inhibition of urate production, modulation of renal urate transporters, enhancement of intestinal uric acid excretion, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimetabolic syndrome properties. Clinical trials are necessary to validate the beneficial effects and safety of mushrooms in preventing or alleviating HUA and attenuating the associated complications. This review presents contemporary insights into the pathogenesis of HUA, the bioactive components of mushrooms, their therapeutic potential, and the underlying mechanisms involved in ameliorating HUA.
Topics: Hyperuricemia; Humans; Agaricales; Uric Acid; Animals; Xanthine Oxidase; Antioxidants; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 38884262
DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024053556 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Mar 2024, a fleshy fungus, is an important medicinal and food-homologous mushroom in China. In this work, eight undescribed sesquiterpenes schizomycins A-H (-) and one new...
, a fleshy fungus, is an important medicinal and food-homologous mushroom in China. In this work, eight undescribed sesquiterpenes schizomycins A-H (-) and one new meroterpenoid schizomycin I () together with three known analogues (-) were isolated from fruiting bodies of . Their planar structures were established by extensive spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. The absolute configurations of compounds , , and were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and compounds and - were confirmed by electronic circular dichroism calculations. Anti-inflammatory activities of all isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on IL-6 and IL-1β production in RAW 264.7 cells. Among them, compound exhibited significant IL-6 inhibitory activity with an IC value of 3.6 μM. The results of molecular docking showed that compound interacts with amino acid residues (Gly117, Lys118, Asp120, Thr166, and Try168) of the IL-6 receptor protein through hydrogen bonding.
Topics: Schizophyllum; Interleukin-6; Molecular Docking Simulation; Ascomycota; Circular Dichroism; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Sesquiterpenes; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 38477043
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08313 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Rice bran arabinoxylan compound (RBAC) is derived from defatted rice bran enzymatically treated with mycelium. This review explores biologically active compounds and... (Review)
Review
Rice bran arabinoxylan compound (RBAC) is derived from defatted rice bran enzymatically treated with mycelium. This review explores biologically active compounds and mechanisms of action that support RBAC as an immunomodulating nutraceutical in generally healthy and/or aging individuals. Thirty-seven ( = 37) primary research articles fulfilled the selection criteria for review. Most research is based on Biobran MGN-3, which consists of complex heteropolysaccharides with arabinoxylan as its primary structure while also containing galactan and glucan. RBAC was found to invoke immunological activities through direct absorption via the digestive tract and interaction with immune cells at the Peyer's patches. RBAC was shown to promote innate defence by upregulating macrophage phagocytosis and enhancing natural killer cell activity while lowering oxidative stress. Through induction of dendritic cell maturation, RBAC also augments adaptive immunity by promoting T and B lymphocyte proliferation. RBAC acts as an immunomodulator by inhibiting mast cell degranulation during allergic reactions, attenuating inflammation, and downregulating angiogenesis by modulating cytokines and growth factors. RBAC has been shown to be a safe and effective nutraceutical for improving immune health, notably in aging individuals with reduced immune function. Human clinical trials with geriatric participants have demonstrated RBAC to have prophylactic benefits against viral infection and may improve their quality of life. Further research should explore RBAC's bioavailability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of the complex heteropolysaccharides within. Translational research to assess RBAC as a nutraceutical for the aging population is still required, particularly in human studies with larger sample sizes and cohort studies with long follow-up periods.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Oryza; Shiitake Mushrooms; Quality of Life; Aging; Adjuvants, Immunologic
PubMed: 37687141
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176313 -
Food Microbiology Sep 2023Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), are one of the most widely consumed mushrooms in the world. However, changes within its microbial community as it relates to the...
Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), are one of the most widely consumed mushrooms in the world. However, changes within its microbial community as it relates to the use of different raw materials and cultivation methods, as well as potential points of microbial contamination throughout the production process have not been investigated extensively. In the present study, button mushroom cultivation was investigated in each of the four stages (raw materials, composting (phase I, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ), casing, and harvesting), and samples (n = 186) from mushrooms and their related environments were collected from four distinct mushroom-growing farms (A-D) in Korea. Shifts within the bacterial consortium during mushroom production were characterized with 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The succession of bacterial communities on each farm was dependent on the raw material incorporated, aeration, and the farm environment. The dominant phyla of the compost stack at the four farms were Pseudomonadota (56.7%) in farm A, Pseudomonadota (43.3%) in farm B, Bacteroidota (46.0%) in farm C, and Bacillota (62.8%) in farm D. During the Phase Ⅰ, highly heat-resistant microbes, such as those from the phylum Deinococcota (0.6-65.5%) and the families Bacillaceae (1.7-36.3%), Thermaceae (0.1-65.5%), and Limnochordaceae (0.3-30.5%) greatly proliferated. The microbial diversity within compost samples exhibited a marked decline as a result of the proliferation of thermophilic bacteria. In the spawning step, there were considerable increases in Xanthomonadaceae in the pasteurized composts of farms C and D - both of which employed an aeration system. In the harvesting phase, beta diversity correlated strongly between the casing soil layer and pre-harvest mushrooms, as well as between gloves and packaged mushrooms. The results suggest that gloves may be a major source of cross-contamination for packaged mushrooms, highlighting the need for enhanced hygienic practices during the harvesting phase to ensure product safety. These findings contribute to the current understanding of the influence of environmental and adjacent microbiomes on mushroom products to benefit the mushroom industry and relevant stakeholders by ensuring quality production.
Topics: Humans; Agaricus; Microbiota; Bacteria; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
PubMed: 37290864
DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104307 -
Nature Microbiology Sep 2023The fungal genus Armillaria contains necrotrophic pathogens and some of the largest terrestrial organisms that cause tremendous losses in diverse ecosystems, yet how...
The fungal genus Armillaria contains necrotrophic pathogens and some of the largest terrestrial organisms that cause tremendous losses in diverse ecosystems, yet how they evolved pathogenicity in a clade of dominantly non-pathogenic wood degraders remains elusive. Here we show that Armillaria species, in addition to gene duplications and de novo gene origins, acquired at least 1,025 genes via 124 horizontal gene transfer events, primarily from Ascomycota. Horizontal gene transfer might have affected plant biomass degrading and virulence abilities of Armillaria, and provides an explanation for their unusual, soft rot-like wood decay strategy. Combined multi-species expression data revealed extensive regulation of horizontally acquired and wood-decay related genes, putative virulence factors and two novel conserved pathogenicity-induced small secreted proteins, which induced necrosis in planta. Overall, this study details how evolution knitted together horizontally and vertically inherited genes in complex adaptive traits of plant biomass degradation and pathogenicity in important fungal pathogens.
Topics: Armillaria; Biomass; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Ecosystem; Plants
PubMed: 37550506
DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01448-1 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023Chanterelles are one of the most highly valued wild edible mushroom genera worldwide. This work aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics and volatile...
Chanterelles are one of the most highly valued wild edible mushroom genera worldwide. This work aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics and volatile compounds' profile of for the first time. Proximate analysis was performed according to the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, while the mineral contents and the volatile compounds were determined using ICP-MS and GC-MS, respectively. had an average of 25.8% protein, 5.5% fat, 12.7% ash, and 55.9% carbohydrates, including 11.4% fiber per dw of mushroom. Further analyses of the fat and protein contents revealed high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as monosodium glutamate-like amino acids. Linoleic acid (42.0% of fat) and oleic acid (28.6% of fat) were the major fatty acids, while leucine (1.2%) and lysine (0.9%) were the most abundant essential amino acids. The results showed that contained 3.1 µg/g vitamin D2 and 4.9 mg/g vitamin E per dw, as well as notable quantities of macro- and microelements, such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. GC-MS analysis revealed various volatile compounds such as acetaldehyde, -hexanal, 3-methylbutanal, 1-octen-3-ol, etc. In conclusion, this study supports the use of as a food rich in fiber and vitamin E, with a suitable amount of protein and other nutrients.
Topics: Agaricales; Odorants; Fatty Acids; Vitamin E
PubMed: 38005237
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227516 -
PloS One 2023In Ethiopia, Pinus radiata and Pinus patula are extensively cultivated. Both plantations frequently serve as habitats for edible fungi, providing economic and ecological...
In Ethiopia, Pinus radiata and Pinus patula are extensively cultivated. Both plantations frequently serve as habitats for edible fungi, providing economic and ecological importance. Our study aims were: (i) to investigate how plantation age and tree species influence the variety of edible fungi and sporocarps production; (ii) to determine edaphic factors contributing to variations in sporocarps composition; and (iii) to establish a relationship between the most influencing edaphic factors and the production of valuable edible mushrooms for both plantation types. Sporocarps were collected weekly from permanent plots (100 m2) established in 5-, 14-, and 28-year-old stands of both species in 2020. From each plot, composite soil samples were also collected to determine explanatory edaphic variables for sporocarps production and composition. A total of 24 edible species, comprising 21 saprophytic and three ectomycorrhizal ones were identified. Agaricus campestroides, Morchella sp., Suillus luteus, Lepista sordida, and Tylopilus niger were found in both plantations. Sporocarp yields showed significant variation, with the highest mean production in 28-year-old stands of both Pinus stands. Differences in sporocarps variety were also observed between the two plantations, influenced by factors such as pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and cation exchange capacity. Bovista dermoxantha, Coprinellus domesticus, and A. campestroides made contributions to the variety. The linear regression models indicated that the abundance of specific fungi was significantly predicted by organic matter. This insight into the nutrient requirements of various fungal species can inform for a better plantation management to produce both wood and non-wood forest products. Additionally, higher sporocarps production in older stands suggests that retaining patches of mature trees after the final cut can enhance fungal habitat, promoting diversity and yield. Thus, implementing this approach could provide supplementary income opportunities from mushroom sales and enhance the economic outputs of plantations, while mature trees could serve as a source of fungal inoculum for new plantations.
Topics: Trees; Agaricales; Ecosystem; Forests; Mycorrhizae; Pinus; Soil
PubMed: 38019803
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294633 -
Food Chemistry Apr 2024Aroma is one of the decisive factors affecting the quality and consumer acceptance of edible mushrooms. This review summarized the key components and formation pathways... (Review)
Review
Aroma is one of the decisive factors affecting the quality and consumer acceptance of edible mushrooms. This review summarized the key components and formation pathways of edible mushroom aroma. It also elaborated on the affecting factors and emerging analytical strategies of edible mushroom aroma. A total of 1308 volatile organic compounds identified in edible mushrooms, 61 were key components. The formation of these compounds is closely related to fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lentinic acid metabolism, and terpenoid metabolism. The aroma profiles of edible mushrooms were affected by genetic background, preharvest factors, and preservation methods. Molecular sensory science and omics techniques are emerging analytical strategies to reveal aroma information of edible mushrooms. This review would provide valuable data and insights for future research on edible mushroom aroma.
Topics: Agaricales; Odorants; Biosynthetic Pathways; Volatile Organic Compounds; Lipid Metabolism
PubMed: 37992603
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137993 -
Phytomedicine : International Journal... Jun 2024Five Polyporales mushrooms, namely Amauroderma rugosum, Ganoderma lucidum, G. resinaceum, G. sinense and Trametes versicolor, are commonly used in China for managing...
BACKGROUND
Five Polyporales mushrooms, namely Amauroderma rugosum, Ganoderma lucidum, G. resinaceum, G. sinense and Trametes versicolor, are commonly used in China for managing insomnia. However, their active components for this application are not fully understood, restricting their universal recognition.
PURPOSE
In this study, we aimed to identify sedative-hypnotic compounds shared by these five Polyporales mushrooms.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS
A UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomics, including OPLS-DA (orthogonal projection of potential structure discriminant analysis) and OPLS (orthogonal projections to latent structures) analysis together with mouse assays, were used to identify the main sedative-hypnotic compounds shared by the five Polyporales mushrooms. A pentobarbital sodium-induced sleeping model was used to investigate the sedative-hypnotic effects of the five mushrooms and their sedative-hypnotic compounds.
RESULTS
Ninety-two shared compounds in the five mushrooms were identified. Mouse assays showed that these mushrooms exerted sedative-hypnotic effects, with different potencies. Six triterpenes [four ganoderic acids (B, C1, F and H) and two ganoderenic acids (A and D)] were found to be the main sedative-hypnotic compounds shared by the five mushrooms.
CONCLUSION
We for the first time found that these six triterpenes contribute to the sedative-hypnotic ability of the five mushrooms. Our novel findings provide pharmacological and chemical justifications for the use of the five medicinal mushrooms in managing insomnia.
Topics: Animals; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mice; Metabolomics; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Polyporales; Male; Agaricales; Sleep; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Reishi
PubMed: 38555773
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155355 -
BMC Microbiology Jul 2023Many basidiomata of the genus Candolleomyces were found on sandy and loamy soil from the Indus Riverbed, Kot Addu District. A phylogenetic study was conducted to examine...
Many basidiomata of the genus Candolleomyces were found on sandy and loamy soil from the Indus Riverbed, Kot Addu District. A phylogenetic study was conducted to examine the occurrence of Candolleomyces sindhudeltae sp. nov. using a combination of ITS and LSU regions. Our morphological, anatomical, and phylogenetic studies indicated the novelty of Candolleomyces sindhudeltae sp. nov. The distinguishing features of C. sindhudeltae are convex to campanulate and areolate pileus with scalloped to cracked cap margins, branched, and pale reddish lamellae, greenish-brown ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores, polymorphic cheilo, and caulocystidia. The novel taxa formed independent phylogenetic relationships within the genus Candolleomyces. The addition of our new species to the genus Candolleomyces makes us confident that the genus was separated from Psathyrella accurately.
Topics: Agaricales; Pakistan; Phylogeny; Sand; Seafood
PubMed: 37434121
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02938-2