-
The ISME Journal Aug 2023The poisonous European mushroom Amanita phalloides (the "death cap") is invading California. Whether the death caps' toxic secondary metabolites are evolving as it...
The poisonous European mushroom Amanita phalloides (the "death cap") is invading California. Whether the death caps' toxic secondary metabolites are evolving as it invades is unknown. We developed a bioinformatic pipeline to identify the MSDIN genes underpinning toxicity and probed 88 death cap genomes from an invasive Californian population and from the European range, discovering a previously unsuspected diversity of MSDINs made up of both core and accessory elements. Each death cap individual possesses a unique suite of MSDINs, and toxin genes are significantly differentiated between Californian and European samples. MSDIN genes are maintained by strong natural selection, and chemical profiling confirms MSDIN genes are expressed and result in distinct phenotypes; our chemical profiling also identified a new MSDIN peptide. Toxin genes are physically clustered within genomes. We contextualize our discoveries by probing for MSDINs in genomes from across the order Agaricales, revealing MSDIN diversity originated in independent gene family expansions among genera. We also report the discovery of an MSDIN in an Amanita outside the "lethal Amanitas" clade. Finally, the identification of an MSDIN gene and its associated processing gene (POPB) in Clavaria fumosa suggest the origin of MSDINs is older than previously suspected. The dynamic evolution of MSDINs underscores their potential to mediate ecological interactions, implicating MSDINs in the ongoing invasion. Our data change the understanding of the evolutionary history of poisonous mushrooms, emphasizing striking parallels to convergently evolved animal toxins. Our pipeline provides a roadmap for exploring secondary metabolites in other basidiomycetes and will enable drug prospecting.
Topics: Amanita; Agaricales; Computational Biology
PubMed: 37221394
DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01432-x -
Nature Communications Oct 2023Canonical sexual reproduction among basidiomycete fungi involves the fusion of two haploid individuals of different mating types, resulting in a heterokaryotic mycelial...
Canonical sexual reproduction among basidiomycete fungi involves the fusion of two haploid individuals of different mating types, resulting in a heterokaryotic mycelial body made up of genetically different nuclei. Using population genomics data and experiments, we discover mushrooms of the invasive and deadly Amanita phalloides can also be homokaryotic; evidence of sexual reproduction by single, unmated individuals. In California, genotypes of homokaryotic mushrooms are also found in heterokaryotic mushrooms, implying nuclei of homokaryotic mycelia are also involved in outcrossing. We find death cap mating is controlled by a single mating type locus, but the development of homokaryotic mushrooms appears to bypass mating type gene control. Ultimately, sporulation is enabled by nuclei able to reproduce alone as well as with others, and nuclei competent for both unisexuality and bisexuality have persisted in invaded habitats for at least 17 but potentially as long as 30 years. The diverse reproductive strategies of invasive death caps are likely facilitating its rapid spread, suggesting a profound similarity between plant, animal and fungal invasions.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Agaricales; Reproduction; Basidiomycota; Genotype; Genes, Mating Type, Fungal
PubMed: 37875491
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42317-z -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024Edible mushrooms are prone to deteriorate during storage. A Single chitosan film or coating has limitations in preservation. Therefore, this article focused on the... (Review)
Review
Edible mushrooms are prone to deteriorate during storage. A Single chitosan film or coating has limitations in preservation. Therefore, this article focused on the improvement of modified chitosan-based films and coatings on properties related to storage quality of edible mushrooms (e.g.: safety, barrier, mechanical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties). Besides, the application of chitosan-based materials in the preservation of mushrooms was also discussed. The modified chitosan film and coating can slow down the respiration of mushrooms, inhibit the growth of microorganisms, protect antioxidant compositions, and regulate the activity of related enzymes, thus improving the quality and prolonging the shelf life of mushrooms. Meanwhile, the added ingredients improve the water and gas barrier properties of chitosan through volume and group occupation, and reduce the light transmittance of chitosan through light transmission, scattering and absorption. Essential oils and polyphenolic compounds had a better enhancement of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chitosan.
Topics: Chitosan; Food Preservation; Agaricales; Antioxidants; Edible Films; Food Packaging; Anti-Infective Agents
PubMed: 38734346
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132265 -
International Journal of Biological... Apr 2024Morels (Morchella spp.), which are cultivated only in a few regions of the world, are edible mushrooms known for their various properties including antioxidation, immune... (Review)
Review
Morels (Morchella spp.), which are cultivated only in a few regions of the world, are edible mushrooms known for their various properties including antioxidation, immune regulation, antiinflammation, and antitumor effects. Polysaccharides from Morchella are principally responsible for its antioxidant activity. This paper reviews the extraction, purification, structural analysis and antioxidant activity of Morchella polysaccharides (MPs), providing updated research progress. Meanwhile, the structural-property relationships of MPs were further discussed. In addition, based on in vitro and in vivo studies, the major factors responsible for the antioxidant activity of MPs were summarized including scavenging free radicals, reduction capacity, inhibitory lipid peroxidation activity, regulating the signal transduction pathway, reducing the production of ROS and NO, etc. Finally, we hope that our research can provide a reference for further research and development of MPs.
Topics: Antioxidants; Ascomycota; Agaricales; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 38453116
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130656 -
Food Chemistry Jul 2023Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melanin, which is responsible for the browning of foods as well as many skin disorders. In order to develop new...
Synthesis and evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities of thiazolyl hydrazone derivatives and their application in the anti-browning of fresh-cut potato.
Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melanin, which is responsible for the browning of foods as well as many skin disorders. In order to develop new anti-browning agents with dual antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase capacities, a series of 30 thiazolyl hydrazone derivatives were synthesized. Among the molecules prepared, 6 and 30 were found to be the most potent tyrosinase inhibitors with IC values comparable to that of kojic acid. Interestingly, 6 also has the highest radical scavenging activity among the prepared molecules. The inhibition kinetics study indicated that 6 is a non-competitive inhibitor while 30 inhibits tyrosinase competitively. The anti-browning assay of fresh-cut potato slices revealed that 6 and 30 are potent anti-browning agents with a capacity as high as kojic acid. The mechanisms of free radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibition have been fully investigated in silico using computational kinetics, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations.
Topics: Antioxidants; Structure-Activity Relationship; Molecular Docking Simulation; Solanum tuberosum; Hydrazones; Enzyme Inhibitors; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Agaricales
PubMed: 36821926
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135745 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023The family , consisting of five genera including , is a unique group of mushrooms commonly referred to as bird's nest fungi due to their striking resemblance to bird's...
The family , consisting of five genera including , is a unique group of mushrooms commonly referred to as bird's nest fungi due to their striking resemblance to bird's nests. These mushrooms are considered medicinal mushrooms in Chinese medicine and have received attention in recent years for their anti-neurodegenerative properties. However, despite the interest in these mushrooms, very little is known about their mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes). This study is the first comprehensive investigation of the mitogenomes of five species with circular genome structures ranging in size from 114,236 bp to 129,263 bp. Comparative analyses based on gene content, gene length, tRNA, and codon usage indicate convergence within the family and heterogeneity within the order . Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined mitochondrial conserved protein dataset provides a well-supported phylogenetic tree for the Basidiomycetes, which clearly demonstrates the evolutionary relationships between and other members of . Furthermore, phylogenetic inferences based on four different gene sets reveal the stability and proximity of evolutionary relationships within . These results reveal the uniqueness of the family and its similarity to other members of ; provide valuable insights into the origin, evolution, and genetics of species; and enrich the fungal mitogenome resource. This study will help to expand the knowledge and understanding of the mitogenomes in mushrooms.
Topics: Agaricales; Phylogeny; Genome, Mitochondrial; Introns; Gene Rearrangement; Mitochondrial Proteins
PubMed: 37628782
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612599 -
Lab Animal Apr 2024
Topics: Animals; Psilocybe; Zebrafish; Perciformes
PubMed: 38467873
DOI: 10.1038/s41684-024-01350-1 -
Histology and Histopathology Sep 2023Qinba selenium mushroom is a mushroom belonging to the Basidiomycetes family, which is believed to have anti- oxidant, anti-tumoral and anti-mutagenic activities....
Qinba selenium mushroom is a mushroom belonging to the Basidiomycetes family, which is believed to have anti- oxidant, anti-tumoral and anti-mutagenic activities. However, the efficacy of Qinba selenium mushroom against multiple myeloma has not been confirmed. The present study aimed to investigate the apoptotic effect of FA-2-b-β, the selenium mushroom extract from Qinba on multiple myeloma (MM) cells. The MM RPMI-8226 cells were treated with FA-2-b-β at different concentrations and time points. MM RPMI-8226 cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay, RT-QPCR and western blotting analyses were performed to determine the proteins and pathways involved. The results of the present study demonstrated that FA-2-b-β has high anti-proliferative activities and strong pro-apoptotic effects on MM RPMI-8226 cells, and its pharmacological effects on proliferation changes occurred in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, we found that FA-2-b-β was able to induce cell apoptosis and promote cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. In summary, the results illustrate the involvement of FA-2-b-β in mediating G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MM RPMI-8226 cells, which suggested that FA-2-b-β might have therapeutic potential against multiple myeloma as an effective compound, and may provide useful information for the development of a novel therapeutic target in this area.
Topics: Humans; Cell Line, Tumor; Selenium; Cell Proliferation; Multiple Myeloma; Apoptosis; Agaricales
PubMed: 36562285
DOI: 10.14670/HH-18-571 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Feb 2024Pleurotus ostreatus, also known as the oyster mushroom, is a popular edible mushroom cultivated worldwide. This review aims to survey recent progress in the molecular... (Review)
Review
Pleurotus ostreatus, also known as the oyster mushroom, is a popular edible mushroom cultivated worldwide. This review aims to survey recent progress in the molecular genetics of this fungus and demonstrate its potential as a model mushroom for future research. The development of modern molecular genetic techniques and genome sequencing technologies has resulted in breakthroughs in mushroom science. With efficient transformation protocols and multiple selection markers, a powerful toolbox, including techniques such as gene knockout and genome editing, has been developed, and numerous new findings are accumulating in P. ostreatus. These include molecular mechanisms of wood component degradation, sexual development, protein secretion systems, and cell wall structure. Furthermore, these techniques enable the identification of new horizons in enzymology, biochemistry, cell biology, and material science through protein engineering, fluorescence microscopy, and molecular breeding. KEY POINTS: • Various genetic techniques are available in Pleurotus ostreatus. • P. ostreatus can be used as an alternative model mushroom in genetic analyses. • New frontiers in mushroom science are being developed using the fungus.
Topics: Pleurotus; Agaricales; Materials Science; Cell Wall; DNA Shuffling
PubMed: 38372792
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13034-4 -
International Journal of Biological... Aug 2023Fresh mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes) are very perishable and easily brown; also they undergo postharvest loss of nutritive constituents. In this study, cinnamaldehyde...
Fresh mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes) are very perishable and easily brown; also they undergo postharvest loss of nutritive constituents. In this study, cinnamaldehyde (CA) emulsion was prepared by using soybean phospholipids (SP) as emulsifier and pullulan (Pul) as stabilizer. The effect of emulsion on the quality of mushroom during storage was also studied. The experimental results indicated that the emulsion obtained by adding 6 % pullulan was found to the most uniform and stable, which is beneficial to its application. Emulsion coating maintained the storage quality of Flammulina velutipes. The incorporation of CA emulsion into the coating system showed a positive effect on inhibiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, resulting from improving the effectiveness of delaying active free radical scavenging enzymes. The shelf life of mushrooms coated with emulsion was significantly prolonged, which indicates its potential application in food preservation.
Topics: Flammulina; Glycine max; Emulsions; Agaricales; Lecithins
PubMed: 37330078
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125425