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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023Leptospirosis is a significant worldwide zoonotic infectious disease that infects a wide range of animals and humans. will colonize the animal's urinary and...
Leptospirosis is a significant worldwide zoonotic infectious disease that infects a wide range of animals and humans. will colonize the animal's urinary and reproductive systems and be excreted with urine, potentially causing a wide range of infections. Dogs are an essential host for , and epidemiological investigation studies of leptospirosis must be conducted to clarify the prevalence of leptospirosis and to reduce the risk of transmission to humans. This study aimed to investigate the seroepidemiology of leptospiral infection in dogs from Changchun, China, using Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). A total of 1053 canine blood samples were collected and tested by MAT. The positive rate of MAT was approximately 19.1%. The main prevalent serogroups were Icterohaemorrhagiae (8.1%), Canicola (7.6%), . Australis (5.3%), . Ballum (4.7%) and . Pyrogenes (4.2%). No statistically significant difference among different varieties, sexes and sampling seasons ( > 0.05), except the age ( < 0.05). The seropositive rate was much higher in adult and aged dogs than in juvenile dogs. Our results showed the seroprevalence and the prevalent serogroup of Canine leptospirosis in Changchun, China.
PubMed: 37513777
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070930 -
Archives of Razi Institute Aug 2023(MG) is a contagious avian pathogen that causes financial losses to the poultry industry. Isolation of the pathogen is difficult and time-consuming, and therefore, far...
(MG) is a contagious avian pathogen that causes financial losses to the poultry industry. Isolation of the pathogen is difficult and time-consuming, and therefore, far from a routine method. Serological testing methods to detect antibodies resistant to MG are widely used in routine diagnosis. Tylosin is a class of macrolide antibiotics tremendously administered in veterinary medicine for the treatment of mycoplasmosis and prophylaxis. This study aimed to detect MG by immunoassay testing, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in commercial poultry farms and to investigate the tylosin susceptibility of the isolates. To verify the presence of antibodies resistant to MG, 750 blood samples were randomly collected from 38 broiler farms from 2019 to 2022 in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, Iran, and rapid slide agglutination (RSA) assay was performed. Positive results were analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for further investigation. Here, 920 swab samples were collected from 38 non-vaccinated commercial farms for culture, and PCR tests were performed for the isolated strains. The activities of tylosin were tested against these isolates using the broth microdilution method. The lowest antibiotic concentration that resulted in a color change was considered the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value. Twenty-four (63.1%) farms were positive in the RSA test, and 21 (55.2%) farms were positive in the ELISA test. Nine (23.68%) of the farms grew on culture media, and 8 (21.05%) were detected as Gallisepticum species by PCR. The geometric mean of MIC for tylosin was 5.75 µg/ml, MIC50 was 4 µg/ml, and MIC90 was 8 µg/ml. The results indicated that commercial farms were infected with MG. Considering the ability of MG to spread and the probable use of the RSA test as a rapid and cheap method, it can be argued that ELISA and RSA serological tests can be used to find MG in poultry flocks, and the positive result should be confirmed by standard microbiological tests or PCR. It was also found that the isolated parts of MG changed their sensitivity to tylosin, indicating the need for routine testing to optimize treatment dose and efficiency.
Topics: Animals; Tylosin; Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Chickens; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mycoplasma Infections; Poultry
PubMed: 38226370
DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2023.78.4.1247 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jul 2023Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a chronic, systemic, and often severe disease. The main causative agent of CanL is a protozoan parasite, , with phlebotomine sand flies...
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a chronic, systemic, and often severe disease. The main causative agent of CanL is a protozoan parasite, , with phlebotomine sand flies acting as vectors. In Europe and other continents, is also responsible for leishmaniosis in other animals, such as cats, horses, and humans. In Portugal, animal and human leishmaniosis is endemic, and high prevalence levels of infections and disease have been reported in dogs. There is a prejudice against stray animals and also those housed in shelters, assuming they have higher levels of infection with vector-borne pathogens, including , when compared to domestic animals. In northeastern Portugal, serum samples were obtained from March to May 2022 in three shelters ( = 179) and thirteen veterinary clinics ( = 164), resulting in 343 dogs being analyzed for antibodies to spp. by the direct agglutination test (DAT). The overall seroprevalence was 9.9%, with 15.2% seroprevalence in domestic dogs and 5.0% in the shelter ones ( = 0.003). The fact that shelter dogs had a lower seroprevalence could be explained by more regular veterinary care provided in shelters regarding preventive measures, including insecticides with an antifeeding effect, in comparison with domestic dogs.
PubMed: 37508129
DOI: 10.3390/ani13142352 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science May 2024Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease. It is particularly prevalent in tropical countries and has major consequences for human and animal health. In Benin, the disease's...
BACKGROUND
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease. It is particularly prevalent in tropical countries and has major consequences for human and animal health. In Benin, the disease's epidemiology remains poorly understood, especially in livestock, for which data are lacking.
OBJECTIVES
To characterise Leptospira seroprevalence and locally circulating serogroups in livestock from Cotonou and to estimate the prevalence of Leptospira renal carriage in cattle.
METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional study in February 2020 during which livestock were sampled at an abattoir and in an impoverished city district. We analysed blood samples from 279 livestock animals (i.e. cattle, sheep, goats and pigs) using the microscopic agglutination test. Additionally, samples of renal tissue from 100 cattle underwent 16s rRNA (rrs) real-time PCR analysis.
RESULTS
For the 131 cattle, 85 sheep, and 50 goats tested, seroprevalence was 18% (95% confidence interval [CI] [12%, 26%]), 9% (95% CI [4%, 17%] and 2% (95% CI [0%, 9%]), respectively, and most of the seropositive animals were associated with 1:100 titres. All 13 pigs were seronegative. Leptospira DNA was found in the renal tissue of 10% (95% CI [5%, 18%]) of the cattle tested (n = 100). Leptospira borgpetersenii was the main species present (n = 7), but Leptospira interrogans (n = 2) and Leptospira kirschneri (n = 1) were also detected. Various serogroups (Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Australis and Autumnalis) were detected using microscopic agglutination test without a clear predominance of any of them.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that abattoir workers and people living in close contact with livestock in poor urban areas are exposed to the risk of Leptospira infection.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Humans; Sheep; Swine; Livestock; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Benin; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Leptospira; Leptospirosis; Goats; Cattle Diseases; Goat Diseases; Sheep Diseases; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 38533755
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1430 -
Parasitology Research Sep 2023In this serum panel-based study, we evaluated the accuracy of serological tests originally developed for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), for diagnosis of mucosal...
In this serum panel-based study, we evaluated the accuracy of serological tests originally developed for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), for diagnosis of mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). A total of five tests were evaluated, four of which are registered at the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária-ANVISA) (RIDASCREEN® Leishmania Ab from R-Biopharm AG., Leishmania ELISA IgG + IgM from Vircell S.L., IFI Leishmaniose Humana-BioManguinhos, and IT-LEISH® from Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.), and the other a direct agglutination test (DAT-LPC) prototype kit developed at Fiocruz. The panel was composed of 40 serum samples from patients with confirmed ML and 20 from patients with mucosal involvement and negative parasitological/molecular tests for leishmaniasis and confirmation of another etiology. All cases were treated from 2009 to 2016 in a referral center for leishmaniasis in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz). Diagnostic accuracy, based on the cut-off point for VL diagnosis, was 86.2% with RIDASCREEN® Leishmania Ab, 73.3% with Leishmania ELISA IgG + IgM, and 66.7% with IFI Leishmaniose Humana, while IT-LEISH® and DAT-LPC had the lowest accuracy (38.3%), despite high specificity (100% and 95%, respectively). New cut-off points defined with sera from ML patients improved accuracy from 86.2 to 89% (p = 0.64) and 73.3 to 88% (p = 0.04) for RIDASCREEN® Leishmania Ab and Leishmania ELISA IgG + IgM, respectively. Moreover, these tests presented greater sensitivity and immunoreactivity in patients with moderate/severe clinical ML forms. The data of this study suggest that ELISA assays can contribute to laboratory diagnosis, especially for patients with moderate or severe mucosal involvement.
Topics: Humans; Sensitivity and Specificity; Serologic Tests; Agglutination Tests; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Leishmania; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Antibodies, Protozoan; Antigens, Protozoan
PubMed: 37391643
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07900-9 -
Journal of Veterinary Emergency and... 2023Pet pigs are a species of growing medical interest, and evidence-based practices for blood transfusions are needed. The objectives of this study were to quantify the...
OBJECTIVES
Pet pigs are a species of growing medical interest, and evidence-based practices for blood transfusions are needed. The objectives of this study were to quantify the prevalence of 3 blood group (Bg) phenotypes ("A" and "A " resulting from EAA and EAA , "0" from EAA , or "-" from EAA or S alleles) in pet pigs and compare results using a human blood-typing card (EldonCard), standard saline agglutination (SSA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing.
DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.
SETTING
University veterinary teaching hospital.
ANIMALS
Ninety-seven pet pigs from Louisiana.
INTERVENTIONS
Blood was sampled from randomly selected pet pigs of various breeds, anticoagulated with EDTA, and typed using each investigated test according to the manufacturers' directions or standard laboratory technique. Samples for PCR analysis were stored at -80°C until analysis. Phenotypes were screened via EldonCard. Association between Bg and sex was investigated using chi-square test, with significance at P < 0.05. Kappa (κ) statistic was used to measure the level of agreement between the 3 tests.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Pot-bellied pigs represented the majority (84.5%) of this population, with 52 (53.6%) males and 45 (46.4%) females. Genotypic frequencies were 30%, 30%, and 40% for "EAA ," "EAA ," and "EAA ," respectively. Based on EldonCard, 38 phenotypes were classified as "A," 5 as "A ," and 54 as "0" or "-." Results were identical for Bg, with the 3 tested techniques in 90% (45/50) of samples. Agreement between EldonCard and PCR was almost perfect (49/50 [98%], κ = 0.959; P < 0.001). Agreement between SSA and PCR, and EldonCard and SSA was substantial (46/50 [92%], κ = 0.803, P < 0.001 and 93/97 [95.9%], κ = 0.764, P < 0.001, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
The most common blood type was "0" or "-" (55.7%), followed by "A" (39.2%) and "A " (5.1%). There was strong agreement between EldonCard and PCR testing. EldonCard allowed for rapid and reliable phenotype identification ("A," "A ," and "0" or "-") and represents a clinically applicable laboratory method for blood typing in pet pigs.
PubMed: 36426748
DOI: 10.1111/vec.13266 -
Transfusion Mar 2024Administering platelets through a rapid infuser is proven to be safe. However, the clinical significance of infusing ABO-incompatible platelets with red blood cells...
BACKGROUND
Administering platelets through a rapid infuser is proven to be safe. However, the clinical significance of infusing ABO-incompatible platelets with red blood cells (RBCs) in a rapid infuser remains unclear. There is a theoretical risk that isoagglutinin in the plasma of a platelet unit can interact with RBCs and induce hemolysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Seven in vitro studies were performed including five cases (type A RBCs and type O platelets) and two controls (type A RBCs and platelets). Anti-A titers were measured in platelet units. An RBC unit and a platelet unit were mixed in the rapid infuser reservoir and incubated for 30 min. The primary outcome was the presence of hemolysis based on the following parameters: free hemoglobin concentration, hemolysis check, direct antiglobulin test (DAT), and direct agglutination.
RESULTS
The post-mix DAT was positive for IgG in all test samples (5/5), and weakly positive for complement in 3/5. The changes in free Hb in test cases between measured and calculated post-mix spanned -2.2 to +3.4 mg/dL. Post-mix hemolysis check was negative in 3/5 and slightly positive in 2/5 cases, with no significant differences compared to the control case. Anti-A titers ranged from 16 to 512 and were not associated with hemolysis. All samples were negative for direct agglutination.
CONCLUSION
Our study suggested that mixing ABO-incompatible platelets with RBCs in a rapid infuser does not induce in vitro hemolysis. These findings support the use of rapid infusers regardless of platelet compatibility in support of hemostatic resuscitation.
Topics: Humans; Hemolysis; ABO Blood-Group System; Platelet Transfusion; Blood Group Incompatibility; Blood Platelets; Antibodies
PubMed: 38299721
DOI: 10.1111/trf.17739 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jan 2024Bovine leptospirosis is an important disease that affects the reproductive sphere. Due to its high relevance for the bovine production chain in a worldwide scenario, a... (Review)
Review
Bovine leptospirosis is an important disease that affects the reproductive sphere. Due to its high relevance for the bovine production chain in a worldwide scenario, a better understanding of the disease is crucial to reduce its negative impacts. The main agents are strains from the Sejroe serogroup, such as Hardjo and Guaricura, which lead to renal and genital infection. The genital colonization causes a chronic, silent, and subclinical reproductive syndrome, called Bovine Genital Leptospirosis (BGL). Embryonic death, estrus repetition, subfertility, and abortions are the main signs of BGL condition in females. However, although leptospires have been identified in semen, the manifestation of BGL in bulls remains to be clarified. The recommended diagnosis of BGL includes a serologic screening of the herds using the microscopic agglutination test followed by PCR of genital samples (cervicovaginal mucus, uterine fragment, or semen), especially from animals with reproductive failures. After the identification of carriers, control is carried out considering three steps: antimicrobial treatment of the carriers, environmental and reproductive management, and herd vaccination. Systematic testing, quarantine of newly arrived animals, and usage of antimicrobials in semen diluents or embryo culture media are other sanitary approaches that are encouraged to improve the control of the syndrome. Herein we discuss protocols for an efficient diagnosis and preventive procedures of BGL, which are fundamental to reducing the negative impact of the disease on cattle reproduction and its consequent economic hazards.
PubMed: 38275782
DOI: 10.3390/ani14020322 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Sep 2023The genito-urinary system is one of the most common areas of involvement in brucellosis. To present the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of...
INTRODUCTION
The genito-urinary system is one of the most common areas of involvement in brucellosis. To present the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients with testicular involvement associated with brucellosis, together with the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
METHODOLOGY
Patients followed up for brucellosis-related testicular involvement between January 2012 and November 2022 were included in the study. Brucellosis is defined as the production of Brucella spp. in cultures, or clinical symptoms together with the serum standard tube agglutination test titer of ≥ 1/160. Inflammation in scrotal Doppler ultrasonography was based on testicular involvement.
RESULTS
A retrospective evaluation was made of the data of 194 patients with brucellosis-related testicular involvement. The rate of determination of testicular involvement in brucellosis was 2.57%. The most affected patients were determined in the 16-30 years age range. On presentation, brucellosis was in the acute stage in 83.7% of patients. The most common symptoms on presentation were swelling and/or pain in the testes (86.6%). In the patients where a spermiogram could be performed, oligospermia was determined in 41.7%, and aspermia in 8.3%. When the testicular involvement of brucellosis was evaluated, epididymo-orchitis was present at the rate of 55.7%, epididymitis at 27.3%, and testis abscess at 5.1%.
CONCLUSIONS
Although epididymo-orchitis was the most frequently determined form of involvement in this study, there was also seen to be a significant number of patients presenting with epididymitis. Male patients presented with the clinical status of brucellosis should be questioned about swelling and pain in the testes to avoid overlooking testicular involvement.
Topics: Humans; Male; Epididymitis; Orchitis; Retrospective Studies; Brucellosis; Pain
PubMed: 37824350
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.18084 -
Veterinary Research Communications Jun 2024Equine brucellosis significantly impacts the health and functionality of horses, leading to complications such as bursitis infection, septic tenosynovitis, septic...
Equine brucellosis significantly impacts the health and functionality of horses, leading to complications such as bursitis infection, septic tenosynovitis, septic arthritis, and non-specific lameness resulting from joint infections. In the present study, we used the Rose Bengal plate agglutination test (RBPT), serum agglutination test (SAT), and the 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) assays to find equine brucellosis. From June 2018 to September 2022, 876 blood samples were randomly taken from apparently healthy racing horses in certain parts of Iran, such as Kerman, Isfahan, Tehran, Qom, and Kurdistan. DNA extraction was carried out directly on all 63 serum samples identified as seropositive through RBPT. An additional 30 seronegative serum samples were also randomly chosen for study. Bacterial culture was also done on milk, blood, and vaginal swabs taken from seropositive horses.The bacteria that were found in the samples were then put through Bruce-ladder PCR. Our results indicated that 63 (7.1%), 21 (2.3%), and 2 (0.2%) of horses were seropositive using RBPT, SAT, and 2-ME, respectively. Also, none of the 30 DNA-extracted serum samples from seronegative horses tested positive for Brucella DNA, while 44.5% (28/63) of the DNA samples from seropositive horses yielded positive results for Brucella DNA. Out of the seropositive samples, 26 had DNA from Brucella abortus and 2 had DNA from Brucella melitensis. Also, B. melitensis biovar 1 was found in two milk samples from mares in the provinces of Kerman and Isfahan. It was identified using classical biotyping, and molecular assays. It was seen that some of healthy racing horses in some parts of Iran had antibodies against Brucella. The bacteriology and PCR methodologies provide a more comprehensive and reliable means of identifying Brucella spp. infections in horse, especially when the RBPT test came back positive. This underscores the imperative for employing molecular, bacterial, and serological methods in the diagnosis and monitoring of this zoonotic infection. Additionally, this finding suggests that Brucella is being transmitted to equine hosts as a result of its presence in ruminants. The mechanism of transmission may involve interactions between infected ruminants and susceptible equines. This discovery is significant as it underscores the potential cross-species transmission of Brucella and highlights the importance of understanding and managing the spread of the pathogen in both ruminant and equine populations.
Topics: Animals; Horses; Brucellosis; Iran; Horse Diseases; Female; Brucella; Male; Agglutination Tests; DNA, Bacterial; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 38366185
DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10332-0