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Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators Jun 2024Iodine plays an important role in thyroid physiology and biochemistry. The thyroid is capable of producing different iodolipids such as 2-iodohexadecanal (2-IHDA). Data...
BACKGROUND
Iodine plays an important role in thyroid physiology and biochemistry. The thyroid is capable of producing different iodolipids such as 2-iodohexadecanal (2-IHDA). Data from different laboratories have shown that 2-IHDA inhibits several thyroid parameters and it has been postulated as intermediary on the action of iodide function.
OBJECTIVE
To explore different mechanisms involved during the involution of the hyperplastic thyroid gland of Wistar rats towards normality induced by 2-IHDA.
METHODS
Goiter was induced by the administration of MMI for 10 days, then the treatment was discontinued and Wistar rats were injected with 2-IHDA or KI.
RESULTS
During involution, 2-IHDA treatment reduced PCNA expression compared to spontaneous involution. KI treatment caused an increase of Caspase-3 activity and TUNEL-positive cells. In contrast, 2-IHDA failed to alter this value but induced an increase of LC3B expression. KI but not 2-IHDA led to an increase in peroxides levels, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity.
CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrated that 2-IHDA, in contrast to iodide, did not lead to an increase in oxidative stress or apoptosis induction, indicating that the involution triggered by 2-IHDA in Wistar rats, is primarily due to the inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of autophagy.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Rats, Wistar; Goiter; Rats; Aldehydes; Thyroid Gland; Apoptosis; Oxidative Stress; Potassium Iodide; Caspase 3; Cell Proliferation; Male; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Female
PubMed: 38346574
DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106819 -
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics Apr 2024Phospholipids are key biomolecules with important roles as components of membranes, lipoproteins and as signalling molecules. However, phospholipids are quite prone to... (Review)
Review
Phospholipids are key biomolecules with important roles as components of membranes, lipoproteins and as signalling molecules. However, phospholipids are quite prone to oxidation. Upon oxidation they generate several types of oxidation products including long chain oxidation products, as hydroperoxyl and hydroxy derivatives, and highly reactive oxidation products, like small aldehydes and truncated oxidized phospholipids. The formation of protein adducts with small electrophilic aldehydes (like malondialdehyde) is now well studied, however, the aggregation of proteins with truncated oxidized phospholipids lacks research. This paper provides a short overview of the formation of protein adducts with truncated oxidized phospholipids as well as a gathering of the research on this topic. The literature found reports the synthesis, detection and fragmentation of this type of adducts, mainly focusing on truncated oxidized phospholipid' products from phosphatidylcholine class and few peptides and proteins, as human serum albumin and Apo B100, leaving unattended the screening in vivo and in disease correlation, thus lacking possible association with their biological role. These adducts are a consequence of oxidative modifications to important biomolecules and their involvement in the organism is still unclear, revealing the urgent need for more investigation in this area.
Topics: Humans; Phospholipids; Oxidation-Reduction; Lipoproteins; Peptides; Aldehydes
PubMed: 38458481
DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109956 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Aug 2023Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are gaseous chemicals found in ambient air and exhaled breath. In particular, highly reactive aldehydes are frequently found in... (Review)
Review
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are gaseous chemicals found in ambient air and exhaled breath. In particular, highly reactive aldehydes are frequently found in polluted air and have been linked to various diseases. Thus, extensive studies have been carried out to elucidate disease-specific aldehydes released from the body to develop potential biomarkers for diagnostic purposes. Mammals possess innate sensory systems, such as receptors and ion channels, to detect these VOCs and maintain physiological homeostasis. Recently, electronic biosensors such as the electronic nose have been developed for disease diagnosis. This review aims to present an overview of natural sensory receptors that can detect reactive aldehydes, as well as electronic noses that have the potential to diagnose certain diseases. In this regard, this review focuses on eight aldehydes that are well-defined as biomarkers in human health and disease. It offers insights into the biological aspects and technological advances in detecting aldehyde-containing VOCs. Therefore, this review will aid in understanding the role of aldehyde-containing VOCs in human health and disease and the technological advances for improved diagnosis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Volatile Organic Compounds; Odorants; Electronic Nose; Receptors, Odorant; Aldehydes; Breath Tests; Biomarkers; Mammals
PubMed: 37156042
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131555 -
Cells Sep 2023Fungal alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) participate in growth under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, morphogenetic processes, and pathogenesis of diverse fungal genera.... (Review)
Review
Fungal alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) participate in growth under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, morphogenetic processes, and pathogenesis of diverse fungal genera. These processes are associated with metabolic operation routes related to alcohol, aldehyde, and acid production. The number of ADH enzymes, their metabolic roles, and their functions vary within fungal species. The most studied ADHs are associated with ethanol metabolism, either as fermentative enzymes involved in the production of this alcohol or as oxidative enzymes necessary for the use of ethanol as a carbon source; other enzymes participate in survival under microaerobic conditions. The fast generation of data using genome sequencing provides an excellent opportunity to determine a correlation between the number of ADHs and fungal lifestyle. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the latest knowledge about the importance of ADH enzymes in the physiology and metabolism of fungal cells, as well as their structure, regulation, evolutionary relationships, and biotechnological potential.
Topics: Ethanol; Aldehydes; Bariatric Surgery; Biological Evolution; Oxidoreductases
PubMed: 37759461
DOI: 10.3390/cells12182239 -
Food Chemistry Nov 2023Oleocanthal, OC, 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethyl(3S,4E)-4-formyl-3-(2-oxoethyl)hex-4-enoate, is a natural organic compound exclusively found in Olea europaea L. (Oleoaceae),... (Review)
Review
Oleocanthal, OC, 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethyl(3S,4E)-4-formyl-3-(2-oxoethyl)hex-4-enoate, is a natural organic compound exclusively found in Olea europaea L. (Oleoaceae), such as extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Chemically, it is considered a monophenolic secoiridoid, taking part of the validated antioxidants naturally occurring in some plant-based foods. In this review, the aim is to summarize the identity and characteristics of this molecule, where it can be obtained (isolation from the natural source or chemical synthesis), as well as the use as food component. Then, the bioavailability, safety and studies aiming to demonstrate the potential health benefits, including in vitro and in vivo animal and human studies were also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Cyclopentane Monoterpenes; Olive Oil; Olea; Phenols; Aldehydes
PubMed: 37276673
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136504 -
Genes Dec 2023(Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) () is an important agricultural, major invasive, and quarantine pest that can cause significant damage to the economic value of the...
(Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) () is an important agricultural, major invasive, and quarantine pest that can cause significant damage to the economic value of the fruit and vegetable industry. Male bait is one of the most effective methods of surveying, monitoring, and controlling . In our study, we constructed cDNA libraries using total RNA extracted independently from the antennae, mouthparts, and thoracic legs of male and female adults and the ovipositors of female adults and screened out four aldehyde-oxidase-related genes (AOX-related), , , , and . Molecular docking predictions showed that eight compounds, including 3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol, 3,4-dimethoxy-cinnamaldehyde, deet, ethyl N-acetyl-N-butyl-β-alaninate, n-butyl butyrate, n-butyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, methyl eugenol, and ethyl acetate, could combine with proteins encoded by the four AOX-related genes. Furthermore, QPCR was performed to confirm that four compounds, including 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic aldehyde, butyl levulinic acid ethyl ester (mosquito repellent), butyl butyrate, and methyl eugenol, induced significant changes in the AOX-related genes of . These results provide useful information and guidance for the batch screening of potentially useful compounds and the search for effective attractants of .
Topics: Female; Male; Humans; Aldehyde Oxidase; Molecular Docking Simulation; Acrolein; Butyrates; Eugenol; Tephritidae
PubMed: 38254925
DOI: 10.3390/genes15010035 -
Microbial Cell Factories Oct 2023Lignocellulosic biomass represents a carbon neutral cheap and versatile source of carbon which can be converted to biofuels. A pretreatment step is frequently used to... (Review)
Review
Lignocellulosic biomass represents a carbon neutral cheap and versatile source of carbon which can be converted to biofuels. A pretreatment step is frequently used to make the lignocellulosic carbon bioavailable for microbial metabolism. Dilute acid pretreatment at high temperature and pressure is commonly utilized to efficiently solubilize the pentose fraction by hydrolyzing the hemicellulose fibers and the process results in formation of furans-furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural-and other inhibitors which are detrimental to metabolism. The presence of inhibitors in the medium reduce productivity of microbial biocatalysts and result in increased production costs. Furfural is the key furan inhibitor which acts synergistically along with other inhibitors present in the hydrolysate. In this review, the mode of furfural toxicity on microbial metabolism and metabolic strategies to increase tolerance is discussed. Shared cellular targets between furfural and acetic acid are compared followed by discussing further strategies to engineer tolerance. Finally, the possibility to use furfural as a model inhibitor of dilute acid pretreated lignocellulosic hydrolysate is discussed. The furfural tolerant strains will harbor an efficient lignocellulosic carbon to pyruvate conversion mechanism in presence of stressors in the medium. The pyruvate can be channeled to any metabolite of interest by appropriate modulation of downstream pathway of interest. The aim of this review is to emphasize the use of hydrolysate as a carbon source for bioproduction of biofuels and other compounds of industrial importance.
Topics: Furaldehyde; Lignin; Fermentation; Biofuels; Carbon; Pyruvates
PubMed: 37891678
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02223-x -
Reviews on Environmental Health Sep 2023Despite the quantum of research findings on tobacco epidemic, a review on the formation characteristics of nicotine, aldehydes and phenols, and their associated... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Despite the quantum of research findings on tobacco epidemic, a review on the formation characteristics of nicotine, aldehydes and phenols, and their associated etiological risks is still limited in literature. Accordingly, knowledge on the chemical properties and free radical formation during tobacco burning is an important subject towards unravelling the relationship between smoking behaviour and disease. This review investigates how scientific efforts have been advanced towards understanding the release of molecular products from the thermal degradation of tobacco, and harm reduction strategies among cigarette smokers in general. The mechanistic characteristics of nicotine and selected aldehydes are critically examined in this review. For the purpose of this work, articles published during the period 2004-2021 and archived in PubMed, Google Scholar, Medley, Cochrane, and Web of Science were used. The articles were selected based on the health impacts of cigarette smoking, tobacco burning kinetics, tobacco cessation and tobacco as a precursor for emerging diseases such as Covid-19.
CONTENT
The toxicity of cigarette smoke is directly correlated with its chemical composition derived from the pyrolysis of tobacco stem and leaves. Most of the harmful toxic substances are generated by pyrolysis during smoking and depends on pyrolysis conditions. Detailed studies have been conducted on the kinetics of nicotine by use of robust theoretical models in order to determine the rate constants of reactions in nicotine and those of nicotine dissociation via C-C and C-N scission, yielding pyridinyl and methyl radicals, respectively. Research has suggested that acetaldehyde enhances the effect of nicotine, which in turn reinforces addiction characteristics whereas acrolein and crotonaldehyde are ciliatoxic, and can inhibit lung clearance. On the other hand, phenol affects liver enzymes, lungs, kidneys, and the cardiovascular system while -cresol attacks the nervous system.
SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
The characteristics of chemical release during tobacco burning are very important in the tobacco industry and the cigarette smoking community. Understanding individual chemical formation from cigarette smoking will provide the necessary information needed to formulate sound tobacco reform policies from a chemical standpoint. Nonetheless, intense research is needed in this field in order to prescribe possible measures to deter cigarette smoking addiction and ameliorate the grave miseries bedevilling the tobacco smoking community.
Topics: Nicotiana; Nicotine; COVID-19; Aldehydes; Acrolein
PubMed: 35538694
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0013 -
Nature Jan 2024Enzymes are recognized as exceptional catalysts for achieving high stereoselectivities, but their ability to control the reactivity and stereoinduction of free radicals...
Enzymes are recognized as exceptional catalysts for achieving high stereoselectivities, but their ability to control the reactivity and stereoinduction of free radicals lags behind that of chemical catalysts. Thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes are well-characterized systems that inspired the development of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) but have not yet been proved viable in asymmetric radical transformations. There is a lack of a biocompatible and general radical-generation mechanism, as nature prefers to avoid radicals that may be harmful to biological systems. Here we repurpose a ThDP-dependent lyase as a stereoselective radical acyl transferase (RAT) through protein engineering and combination with organophotoredox catalysis. Enzyme-bound ThDP-derived ketyl radicals are selectively generated through single-electron oxidation by a photoexcited organic dye and then cross-coupled with prochiral alkyl radicals with high enantioselectivity. Diverse chiral ketones are prepared from aldehydes and redox-active esters (35 examples, up to 97% enantiomeric excess (e.e.)) by this method. Mechanistic studies reveal that this previously elusive dual-enzyme catalysis/photocatalysis directs radicals with the unique ThDP cofactor and evolvable active site. This work not only expands the repertoire of biocatalysis but also provides a unique strategy for controlling radicals with enzymes, complementing existing chemical tools.
Topics: Acylation; Acyltransferases; Aldehydes; Biocatalysis; Catalytic Domain; Free Radicals; Ketones; Light; Lyases; Oxidation-Reduction; Protein Engineering; Stereoisomerism; Thiamine Pyrophosphate
PubMed: 38110574
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06822-x -
Chembiochem : a European Journal of... Apr 2024Carboxylic acid reductase enzymes (CARs) are well known for the reduction of a wide range of carboxylic acids to the respective aldehydes. One of the essential CAR...
Carboxylic acid reductase enzymes (CARs) are well known for the reduction of a wide range of carboxylic acids to the respective aldehydes. One of the essential CAR domains - the reductase domain (R-domain) - was recently shown to catalyze the standalone reduction of carbonyls, including aldehydes, which are typically considered to be the final product of carboxylic acid reduction by CAR. We discovered that the respective full-length CARs were equally able to reduce aldehydes. Herein we aimed to shed light on the impact of this activity on aldehyde production and acid reduction in general. Our data explains previously inexplicable results and a new CAR from Mycolicibacterium wolinskyi is presented.
Topics: Aldehyde Reductase; Oxidoreductases; Aldehydes; Carboxylic Acids
PubMed: 38349346
DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400121