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Viruses Nov 2023Lung transplantation is an ultimate treatment option for some end-stage lung diseases; due to the intense immunosuppression needed to reduce the risk of developing acute... (Review)
Review
Lung transplantation is an ultimate treatment option for some end-stage lung diseases; due to the intense immunosuppression needed to reduce the risk of developing acute and chronic allograft failure, infectious complications are highly incident. Viral infections represent nearly 30% of all infectious complications, with herpes viruses playing an important role in the development of acute and chronic diseases. Among them, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, being associated with an increased risk of chronic lung allograft failure. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with transformation of infected B cells with the development of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs). Similarly, herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus and human herpesviruses 6 and 7 can also be responsible for acute manifestations in lung transplant patients. During these last years, new, highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tests have been developed, and preventive and prophylactic strategies have been studied aiming to reduce and prevent the incidence of these viral infections. In this narrative review, we explore epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment options for more frequent herpes virus infections in lung transplant patients.
Topics: Humans; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesviridae Infections; Lung Transplantation; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Simplexvirus; Herpes Zoster
PubMed: 38140567
DOI: 10.3390/v15122326 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Dec 2023Impaired virus clearance in a subgroup of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients can lead to severe herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections called eczema herpeticum (EH). We...
BACKGROUND
Impaired virus clearance in a subgroup of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients can lead to severe herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections called eczema herpeticum (EH). We recently identified a type 2 skewed viral immune response in EH patients. Clinical data suggest a reduced incidence of EH in AD patients treated with dupilumab, although immunologic investigations of this phenomenon are still lacking.
OBJECTIVE
We examined the impact of dupilumab on the HSV type 1 (HSV-1) specific immune response in AD, focusing on patients with (ADEH) and without (ADEH) a history of EH.
METHODS
Sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from ADEH and ADEH patients, a subgroup of whom was receiving dupilumab treatment, and healthy controls. Serum samples were tested for IgE against HSV-1 glycoprotein D (n = 85). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with HSV peptides, and activated CD4 and CD8 cells were characterized by flow cytometry after magnetic enrichment via CD154 or CD137 (n = 60). Cytokine production of HSV-1-reactive T-cell lines (n = 33) and MHC-I tetramer (HSV-1-UL25) CD8 T cells was investigated by bead assay and intracellular cytokine staining (n = 21).
RESULTS
We confirmed that HSV-1-specific IgE is elevated in ADEH patients. During dupilumab treatment, the IgE levels were significantly decreased, reaching levels of healthy controls. HSV-1-specific T1 frequencies were elevated in ADEH patients treated with dupilumab compared to dupilumab-negative patients. There were no changes in the frequencies of HSV-1-specific T cells while receiving dupilumab therapy. AD patients receiving dupilumab exhibited elevated IFN-γ and reduced IL-4 production in HSV-1-UL25-epitope-specific T cells compared to dupilumab-negative patients.
CONCLUSION
Dupilumab may improve the HSV-1-specific immune response in AD as a result of an increased type I immune response and a reduction of HSV-1-specific IgE.
Topics: Humans; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Dermatitis, Atopic; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption; Cytokines; Immunity; Immunoglobulin E
PubMed: 37660986
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.08.024 -
Archives of Dermatological Research Mar 2024Herpes (varicella) zoster (HZ) infection occurs in 4 people per 1000 in the general US population (irrespective of prior varicella infection and vaccination status) each... (Review)
Review
Herpes (varicella) zoster (HZ) infection occurs in 4 people per 1000 in the general US population (irrespective of prior varicella infection and vaccination status) each year and has been the subject of scientific inquiry for decades. The consequences of infection are myriad and may depend on the dermatome of involvement as well as host factors such as age, comorbidities, prior treatment or immunization, and immunologic status. Pregnancy is associated with an altered immune and hormonal status in the mother. While maternal HZ infection during pregnancy is not uncommon, the implications for both mother and child are not well established, although multiple studies of perinatal maternal HZ infection suggest no intrauterine transmission to the fetus. We review the current literature on herpes zoster infection in pregnancy, including epidemiology, diagnosis, potential immunologic sequelae, and strategies for prevention and treatment.
Topics: Child; Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Chickenpox; Herpes Zoster; Vaccination; Mothers; Herpesvirus 3, Human
PubMed: 38489022
DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-02842-3 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a main global public health challenge. Additionally, herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are...
INTRODUCTION
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a main global public health challenge. Additionally, herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are widespread viruses that can cause orolabial herpes and genital herpes. Several clinical case reports have declared a possible association between the two, however, the causal relationship between them has not been clarified.
METHODS
This study utilized a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach for causality assessment between COVID-19 infection and HSV infection based on the latest public health data and Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) data. Multiple causal estimation methods, such as IVW, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode, were employed to validate the causal relation between COVID-19 infection and HSV infection, with COVID-19 infection, COVID-19 hospitalization, and severe COVID-19 as exposures, and HSV1/2 infection as the outcome. A reverse MR analysis was subsequently performed.
RESULTS
MR analysis exhibited that COVID-19 infection was relevant to a reduced risk of HSV1 infection (p=7.603239e-152, OR=0.5690, 95%CI=0.5455-0.5935, IVW). Regarding the effect of COVID-19 infection on HSV2, MR analysis suggested that COVID-19 infection was correlated with an augmented risk of HSV2 infection (p=6.46735e-11, OR=1.1137, 95%CI=1.0782-1.1502, IVW). The reverse MR analysis did not demonstrate a reverse causal relationship between HSV and COVID-19.
DISCUSSION
Altogether, COVID-19 infection might cause a decreased risk of HSV1 infection and an elevated risk of HSV2 infection.
Topics: Humans; Genome-Wide Association Study; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; COVID-19; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpes Simplex
PubMed: 38146366
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281292 -
Transplant Infectious Disease : An... Nov 2023Although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and other cellular therapies have significantly improved outcomes in the management of multiple hematological and... (Review)
Review
Although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and other cellular therapies have significantly improved outcomes in the management of multiple hematological and nonhematological malignancies, the resulting impairment in humoral and cellular response increases the risk for opportunistic infection as an undesirable side effect. With their ability to establish latent infection and reactivate when the host immune system is at its weakest point, the Herpesviridae family constitutes a significant proportion of these opportunistic pathogens. Despite recent advancements in preventing and managing herpesvirus infections, they continue to be a common cause of significant morbidity and mortality in transplanted patients. Herein, we aim to provide and update on herpesvirus other than cytomegalovirus (CMV) affecting recipients of HSCT and other cellular therapies.
Topics: Humans; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Cytomegalovirus; Simplexvirus; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 38041493
DOI: 10.1111/tid.14201 -
Brain : a Journal of Neurology Sep 2023Clinical features applicable to the entire spectrum of viral meningitis are limited, and prognostic factors for adverse outcomes are undetermined. This nationwide...
Clinical features applicable to the entire spectrum of viral meningitis are limited, and prognostic factors for adverse outcomes are undetermined. This nationwide population-based prospective cohort study included all adults with presumed and microbiologically confirmed viral meningitis in Denmark from 2015 until 2020. Prognostic factors for an unfavourable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1-4) 30 days after discharge were examined by modified Poisson regression. In total, 1066 episodes of viral meningitis were included, yielding a mean annual incidence of 4.7 episodes per 100 000 persons. Pathogens were enteroviruses in 419/1066 (39%), herpes simplex virus type 2 in 171/1066 (16%), varicella-zoster virus in 162/1066 (15%), miscellaneous viruses in 31/1066 (3%) and remained unidentified in 283/1066 (27%). The median age was 33 years (IQR 27-44), and 576/1066 (54%) were females. In herpes simplex virus type 2 meningitis, 131/171 (77%) were females. Immunosuppression [32/162 (20%)] and shingles [90/149 (60%)] were frequent in varicella-zoster virus meningitis. The triad of headache, neck stiffness and hyperacusis or photophobia was present in 264/960 (28%). The median time until lumbar puncture was 3.0 h (IQR 1.3-7.1), and the median CSF leucocyte count was 160 cells/µl (IQR 60-358). The outcome was unfavourable in 216/1055 (20%) 30 days after discharge. Using unidentified pathogen as the reference, the adjusted relative risk of an unfavourable outcome was 1.34 (95% CI 0.95-1.88) for enteroviruses, 1.55 (95% CI 1.00-2.41) for herpes simplex virus type 2, 1.51 (95% CI 0.98-2.33) for varicella-zoster virus and 1.37 (95% CI 0.61-3.05) for miscellaneous viruses. The adjusted relative risk of an unfavourable outcome was 1.34 (95% CI 1.03-1.75) for females. Timing of acyclovir or valacyclovir was not associated with the outcome in meningitis caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 or varicella-zoster virus. In summary, the outcome of viral meningitis was similar among patients with different aetiologies, including those with presumed viral meningitis but without an identified pathogen. Females had an increased risk of an unfavourable outcome. Early antiviral treatment was not associated with an improved outcome in meningitis caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 or varicella-zoster virus.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adult; Male; Prospective Studies; Prognosis; Meningitis, Viral; Herpesvirus 3, Human
PubMed: 36929167
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad089 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Herpes B virus is a biosafety level 4 pathogen and widespread in its natural host species, macaques. Although most infected monkeys show asymptomatic or mild symptoms,... (Review)
Review
Herpes B virus is a biosafety level 4 pathogen and widespread in its natural host species, macaques. Although most infected monkeys show asymptomatic or mild symptoms, human infections with this virus can cause serious neurological symptoms or fatal encephalomyelitis with a high mortality rate. Herpes B virus can be latent in the sensory ganglia of monkeys and humans, often leading to missed diagnoses. Furthermore, the herpes B virus has extensive antigen crossover with HSV, SA8, and HVP-2, causing false-positive results frequently. Timely diagnosis, along with methods with sensitivity and specificity, are urgent for research on the herpes B virus. The lack of a clear understanding of the host invasion and life cycle of the herpes B virus has led to slow progress in the development of effective vaccines and drugs. This review discusses the research progress and problems of the epidemiology of herpes B virus, detection methods and therapy, hoping to inspire further investigation into important factors associated with transmission of herpes B virus in macaques and humans, and arouse the development of effective vaccines or drugs, to promote the establishment of specific pathogen-free (SPF) monkeys and protect humans to effectively avoid herpes B virus infection.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine; Herpesviridae Infections; Macaca; Vaccines
PubMed: 38035092
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281384 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is a highly prevalent and frequently pathogenic infection of equids. The most serious clinical consequences of infection are abortion and...
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is a highly prevalent and frequently pathogenic infection of equids. The most serious clinical consequences of infection are abortion and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). The previous consensus statement was published in 2009 and considered pathogenesis, strain variation, epidemiology, diagnostic testing, vaccination, outbreak prevention and control, and treatment. A recent survey of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine large animal diplomates identified the need for a revision to this original consensus statement. This updated consensus statement is underpinned by 4 systematic reviews that addressed key questions concerning vaccination, pharmaceutical treatment, pathogenesis, and diagnostic testing. Evidence for successful vaccination against, or effective treatment of EHV-1 infection was limited, and improvements in experimental design and reporting of results are needed in future studies of this important disease. This consensus statement also updates the topics considered previously in 2009.
Topics: Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Equid; Horses; Horse Diseases; Herpesviridae Infections; Pregnancy; Female
PubMed: 38497217
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17047 -
Nature Communications Jul 2023Prediction, prevention and treatment of virus infections require understanding of cell-to-cell variability that leads to heterogenous disease outcomes, but the source of...
Prediction, prevention and treatment of virus infections require understanding of cell-to-cell variability that leads to heterogenous disease outcomes, but the source of this heterogeneity has yet to be clarified. To study the multimodal response of single human cells to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, we mapped high-dimensional viral and cellular state spaces throughout the infection using multiplexed imaging and quantitative single-cell measurements of viral and cellular mRNAs and proteins. Here we show that the high-dimensional cellular state scape can predict heterogenous infections, and cells move through the cellular state landscape according to infection progression. Spatial information reveals that infection changes the cellular state of both infected cells and of their neighbors. The multiplexed imaging of HSV-1-induced cellular modifications links infection progression to changes in signaling responses, transcriptional activity, and processing bodies. Our data show that multiplexed quantification of responses at the single-cell level, across thousands of cells helps predict infections and identify new targets for antivirals.
Topics: Humans; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpes Simplex; Antiviral Agents; RNA, Messenger; Virus Replication
PubMed: 37500668
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40148-6 -
Virology Sep 2023Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a highly infectious DNA virus that can cause varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (HZ). A simple, sensitive and specific detection...
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a highly infectious DNA virus that can cause varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (HZ). A simple, sensitive and specific detection method is desirable for the VZV infection. In this study, VZV gE protein, expressed in CHO cells, was used to immunize BALB/c mice for the generation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). For the first time, we developed a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of VZV using a pair of mAbs against gE protein. The limit of detection (LOD) of the strip was 30 ng mL of purified VZV gE antigen, and it could specifically test VZV without cross-reactivity with Enterovirus 71 (EV-71), Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). The coincidence rate between the strip and commercial real-time PCR diagnostic kit was 100% using vesicle as the clinical sample. Our strip provided a technical support for rapid and specific detection of VZV.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Cricetinae; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Cricetulus; Antibodies, Viral; Herpes Zoster; Chickenpox; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Antibodies, Monoclonal
PubMed: 37481958
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.07.008