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International Immunopharmacology Mar 2024The phenotype of allergic diseases associated with Anisakis determines the pattern of cytokines related to antibody production. However, the role of serum IgA and the...
The phenotype of allergic diseases associated with Anisakis determines the pattern of cytokines related to antibody production. However, the role of serum IgA and the immunomodulatory mechanisms exerted by active infection of L3 or passive mucosal contact with A. simplex specific antigens has not been studied before. We measured serum cytokine by flow cytometry (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17A, TGF-β1) and antibody levels (IgE, IgG4, IgA) by ELISA against total and excretory-secretory (ES) antigens, Ani s 3,and the group of major allergens Ani s 1, Ani s 7, and Ani s 13 in sera from 10 patients with gastro-allergic anisakiasis (GAA), 11 Anisakis sensitization associated chronic urticaria (CU+) as well as 17 non-Anisakis-sensitized patients with chronic urticaria (CU-), compared with the urticaria control group (18 subjects). Specific IgE, IgG4 and IgA were high in the GAA, but IgA levels were significantly higher in the CU+ with respect the CONTROL group. We observed higher levels of the ratio IgA/IgG4 in CU+ than GAA group for Ani s 1, Ani s 7, Ani s 13 and ES. Furthermore, chronic urticaria (CU) patients showed significant lower levels of IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-17A than patients without CU. The anti-Ani s 13 IgA/IgG4 ratio correlated positively with pro-inflammatory cytokines and ratios (TNF-α, IL-17A, Th17/Th2, Type1/Type2 and TNF-α/IL-10) in CONTROL group. In general, Anti-Anisakis IgA/G4 ratio was high in CU patients. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance of serum IgA because it is associated with chronic urticaria independently of Anisakis sensitization.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anisakis; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-17; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Comprehension; Anisakiasis; Urticaria; Chronic Urticaria; Antigens, Helminth; Allergens; Cytokines; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin A; Helminth Proteins; Niclosamide
PubMed: 38330800
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111602 -
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 2023are parasitic nematodes that cause anisakiasis. The possibility of infection with this parasite is through consumption of raw or undercooked fish products. infections...
are parasitic nematodes that cause anisakiasis. The possibility of infection with this parasite is through consumption of raw or undercooked fish products. infections are often misdiagnosed, especially in subclinical cases that do not present with typical symptoms such as urticaria, angioedema, and gastrointestinal allergy. The resulting allergic reactions range from rapid-onset and potentially fatal anaphylactic reactions to chronic, debilitating conditions. While there have been numerous published studies on the genomes and proteomes of , less attention has been paid to the metabolomes. Metabolomics is concerned with the composition of metabolites in biological systems. Dynamic responses to endogenous and exogenous stimuli are particularly well suited for the study of holistic metabolic responses. In addition, metabolomics can be used to determine metabolic activity at different stages of development or during growth. In this study, we reveal for the first time the metabolomes of infectious stages (L3 and L4) of using untargeted metabolomics by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the negative ionization mode (ESI-), we identified 172 different compounds, whereas in the positive ionization mode (ESI+), 186 metabolites were found. Statistical analysis showed that 60 metabolites were found in the ESI- mode with different concentration in each group, of which 21 were more enriched in the L3 larvae and 39 in the L4 stage of . Comparison of the individual developmental stages in the ESI + mode also revealed a total of 60 differential metabolites, but 32 metabolites were more enriched in the L3 stage larvae, and 28 metabolites were more concentrated in the L4 stage. The metabolomics study revealed that the developmental stages of differed in a number of metabolic pathways, including nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. In addition, molecules responsible for successful migration within their host, such as pyridoxine and prostaglandins (E1, E2, F1a) were present in the L4 stage. In contrast, metabolic pathways for amino acids, starch, and sucrose were mainly activated in the L3 stage. Our results provide new insights into the comparative metabolome profiles of two different developmental stages of .
PubMed: 37520327
DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1233586 -
Parasitology Research Jan 2024The European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus is one of the most important commercial species in the Bay of Biscay (ICES Subarea 8), and our analysis focused on the...
Variation in the levels of anisakid infection in the European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus) from the Bay of Biscay during the period 2000-2023 (ICES Subarea 8).
The European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus is one of the most important commercial species in the Bay of Biscay (ICES Subarea 8), and our analysis focused on the analysis of the temporal mean abundance, prevalence, and intensity of Anisakis spp. larvae species in anchovies from ICES Subarea 8 in the years 2000, 2001, 2014-2016, and 2019-2023. Prevalence in adult individuals of anchovy was only 1% in 2000 but increased to 90% in 2014. Since 2015, the prevalence has decreased, and the number of individuals affected in 2023 accounted for 17.6%. The mean abundance showed a similar trend, with a peak of 3.79 nematodes/anchovy in 2014, falling to 0.21 in 2023. The species A. simplex sensu stricto and A. pegreffii were identified by PCR/SANGER sequencing and PCR/RLFP techniques in 2019 and 2020. Anisakis simplex (s.s.) was the most abundant species and, according to the results returned by these two techniques, it accounted for an average of 62.4% and 52.1% of total nematodes in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The results of studies monitoring infection levels in anchovies showed that the mean abundance and prevalence changed over the course of the study period and that the proportion of different species of Anisakis is also subject to variation from year to year.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Anisakiasis; Bays; Fishes; Anisakis; Larva; Nematoda; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 38216829
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08096-8 -
European Heart Journal. Case Reports Mar 2024Anisakis infects humans by consuming contaminated undercooked or raw fish, leading to gastric anisakiasis, gastro-allergic anisakiasis, or asymptomatic contamination....
BACKGROUND
Anisakis infects humans by consuming contaminated undercooked or raw fish, leading to gastric anisakiasis, gastro-allergic anisakiasis, or asymptomatic contamination. Although larvae usually die when penetrating the gastric tissue, cases of intra- and extra-abdominal spread were described. We report the first probable case of pericardial anisakiasis.
CASE SUMMARY
A 26-year-old man presented to the emergency department because of progressive lower limb oedema and exertional dyspnoea. Two months prior, he had consumed raw fish without any gastrointestinal symptoms. The echocardiogram reported a circumferential pericardial effusion ('swinging heart') and mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). He was diagnosed with myopericarditis after a cardiac magnetic resonance. A fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan revealed an intense pericardial metabolism. Blood tests exhibited persistent eosinophilia and mild elevation of IgE-as for past infestation. A pericardial drainage was performed, subsequently, serial echocardiograms revealed a spontaneous recovery of his LVEF. No autoimmune, allergic, or onco-haematologic diseases were identified. Based on a history of feeding with potentially contaminated raw fish and on long-lasting eosinophilia, we suspected a pericardial anisakiasis, despite a low but persistent titre of specific IgE. Albendazole was administered for 21 days, along with colchicine and ibuprofen for 2 months; pericardial effusion resolution and eosinophil normalization occurred two weeks after.
DISCUSSION
We hypothesized that larvae may have migrated outside the gastrointestinal tract, penetrating the diaphragm and settling in the pericardium, causing pericarditis and pericardial effusion. Clinicians should know that the pericardium may be another extra-abdominal localization of anisakiasis, beyond pleuro-pulmonary involvement.
PubMed: 38454962
DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytae093 -
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za... Mar 2024To investigate the prevalence of infections in coastal marine fishes and awareness of anisakiasis control knowledge among local residents in Yantai City, Shandong...
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the prevalence of infections in coastal marine fishes and awareness of anisakiasis control knowledge among local residents in Yantai City, Shandong Province in 2021, so as to provide insights into formulation of anisakiasis control interventions.
METHODS
Marine fishes were purchased from Shunxin Port, Yantai City, Shandong Province in November 2021, and the presence of was detected in different species of fishes and different fish sites. The correlations between body length and weight of marine fish and intensity of infections were examined using Spearman's rank correlation analysis, and the dietary habits and anisakiasis control knowledge were investigated using questionnaire surveys among local residents.
RESULTS
A total of 201 marine fishes belonging to 20 species were dissected, and was detected in 77 marine fishes (38.31%) belonging to 11 species (55.00%), with a mean infection intensity of 45.04 parasites per fish (3 468/77). Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed that the body length ( = 0.74, < 0.05) and weight ( = 0.79, < 0.01) of the monkfish correlated positively with the intensity of infections, and the body length ( = 0.68, < 0.05) of the flatfish correlated positively with the intensity of infections, while no correlations were examined between the body length or weight of other marine fishes and the intensity of infections. Of all respondents, 53.38% men and 56.67% women did not know anisakiasis control knowledge at all, and there was a significant difference in the proportion of respondents using separate chopping boards for raw and cooked food from different villages (χ = 17.89, < 0.01), while there was an age-specific proportion of respondents with habitats of eating raw or semi-raw seafood (χ = 28.27, < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence and intensity of infections were high in coastal marine fishes in Yantai City in 2021, and the awareness of anisakiasis control knowledge was low among local residents. Intensified health education pertaining to anisakiasis control knowledge is recommended to reduce the risk of infections.
Topics: Animals; Male; Female; Humans; Anisakiasis; Larva; Fishes; Anisakis; Seafood; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 38604688
DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023135 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Dec 2023Fish products in Slovakia have been heavily infected with Anisakis spp. larvae, which causes human anisakiasis. We found larvae in all tested samples of frozen Atlantic...
Fish products in Slovakia have been heavily infected with Anisakis spp. larvae, which causes human anisakiasis. We found larvae in all tested samples of frozen Atlantic herring. Anisakid allergen t-Ani s7 testing revealed 2 positive cases in humans, signaling need for health authorities to closely monitor zoonotic marine parasites, even in inland areas.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Slovakia; Zoonoses; Nematoda; Anisakis; Anisakiasis; Fishes; Larva; Fish Products; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 37987607
DOI: 10.3201/eid2912.230674 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024can cause Anisakiasis in humans if raw or undercooked fish is consumed. Symptoms of infection may include vomiting, acute abdominal symptoms, or allergies. In this...
can cause Anisakiasis in humans if raw or undercooked fish is consumed. Symptoms of infection may include vomiting, acute abdominal symptoms, or allergies. In this study, we collected 187 commercially available marine fish from the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea. Among them, 79 were found positive containing 520 worms. The average prevalence rate was found 42% in this investigation. Ninety-two worms from different sea areas were selected and analyzed for identification, revealing the presence of five different species, which are , , , , and sp. In the meta-analysis, three databases: PubMed, CNKI, and BaiduXueshu were searched for surveys on the prevalence of in Chinese waters from January 2000 to December 2023. A total of 26 studies were included in this analysis of which 25 publications were retrieved from different databases and one being the present study. The pooled prevalence of was 45% among commercially available marine fish. Variances in the prevalence of were noted among the four seas, with the highest rates in the East China Sea and the Bohai Sea, reaching 53% [0.38; 0.68] and 49% [0.36; 0.62], respectively. The Prevalence of infection was significantly higher in astern parts such as Liaoning, Shanghai, and Zhejiang. Analysis of the host fish subgroups revealed that the orders of Anguilliformes, Scombriformes, and Gadiformes had high rates of infection. These findings suggest a significant prevalence of , posing an increasing risk of infection for individuals. This study provides impactful information for implementing preventative measures against .
PubMed: 38827146
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1399466 -
Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology Feb 2024Anisakiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood infected with Anisakis larvae. It generally affects the gastrointestinal...
Anisakiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood infected with Anisakis larvae. It generally affects the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the stomach, but very rare cases have been reported in which infection of the liver leads to the formation of inflammatory pseudotumors. We herein report an extremely rare case of an inflammatory pseudotumor induced by hepatic anisakiasis that was laparoscopically resected for the purpose of both diagnosis and treatment. A 51-year-old woman underwent a routine medical checkup by ultrasound examination, which incidentally detected a 15-mm mass on the surface of S6 of the liver. Because a malignant tumor could not be ruled out on several preoperative imaging studies, laparoscopic partial resection of the liver was performed. Histopathological examination revealed Anisakis larva in the inflammatory pseudotumor, suggesting hepatic anisakiasis. This report describes an extremely rare case of an inflammatory pseudotumor induced by hepatic anisakiasis. Because the preoperative diagnosis could not be obtained by several imaging modalities, laparoscopic liver resection with a sufficient margin might be suitable for diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Anisakiasis; Granuloma, Plasma Cell; Anisakis; Stomach; Larva; Liver
PubMed: 38085443
DOI: 10.1007/s12328-023-01891-x -
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases Aug 2023Extra-gastrointestinal anisakidosis is rare. We herein report an Anisakis pegreffii infection in a patient with hepatic anisakidosis diagnosed based on its molecular...
Extra-gastrointestinal anisakidosis is rare. We herein report an Anisakis pegreffii infection in a patient with hepatic anisakidosis diagnosed based on its molecular identification. A 71-year-old male patient had a hepatic tumor presenting as a low-density area of 20 mm in diameter in segment 6 of the liver on abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The surgically resected pathological specimen revealed a necrotizing eosinophilic granuloma containing nematode larvae, possibly an Anisakis larva. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated Anisakis larvae belonging to A. pegreffii. The present results will help identify and characterize unknown Anisakis species in histological sections.
Topics: Male; Animals; Humans; Aged; Anisakis; Phylogeny; Liver Neoplasms; Anisakiasis; Larva
PubMed: 37648234
DOI: 10.3347/PHD.23055 -
Cureus Jan 2024Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease that usually causes acute abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting after the ingestion of raw seafood. We present a case of anisakiasis in...
Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease that usually causes acute abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting after the ingestion of raw seafood. We present a case of anisakiasis in an 80-year-old man who complained of sudden-onset severe back pain that was reminiscent of aortic dissection. This case shows that anisakiasis should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in patients with not only abdominal pain but also back pain. In addition, for "diagnostic excellence," it is essential to return to a comprehensive medical history that allows the reassessment of the diagnosis even when it differs from the initial differential diagnosis.
PubMed: 38344506
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52124