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Scientific Reports Aug 2023Anisometropia is a unique condition of both eyes and it is associated with vision problems such as amblyopia and reduced stereoacuity. Previous studies have not reported...
Anisometropia is a unique condition of both eyes and it is associated with vision problems such as amblyopia and reduced stereoacuity. Previous studies have not reported its change pattern by age and its correlation with the refractive condition of both eyes. This study aims to compare the changes in anisometropia by age in children with hyperopia, myopia, and antimetropia. In total, 156 children were included. Children aged 3-11 years with anisometropia ≥ 1.00 D were followed up for ≥ 1 year with ≥ 2 visits at two medical centers in Taiwan. Refractive errors by cycloplegic autorefractometry, best-corrected visual acuity, eye position, and atropine use were recorded. The children were divided into hyperopic, myopic, and antimetropic groups. The results showed that anisometropia decreased in children aged < 6 years (3.34-2.96 D; P = 0.038) and increased in older children (2.16-2.55 D; P = 0.005). In children aged 3, 4, 5, and 6 years, the mean anisometropia was higher in children with myopia and antimetropia than in those with hyperopia (P = 0.005, 0.002, 0.001, and 0.011, respectively). The differences were not significant in children aged > 6 years (all P > 0.05). The factors associated with changes in anisometropia were age, refractive group, amblyopia, and strabismus. Anisometropia decreased with age in children younger than 6 years, and the changes in anisometropia was found in children with myopia and antimetropia.
Topics: Child; Humans; Anisometropia; Hyperopia; Amblyopia; Myopia; Eye; Refractive Errors
PubMed: 37608064
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40831-0 -
European Journal of Ophthalmology Sep 2023Both the anterior chamber and posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs) implantation are acceptable refractive surgical approaches in keratoconus patients with... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Both the anterior chamber and posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs) implantation are acceptable refractive surgical approaches in keratoconus patients with high anisometropia, contact lens intolerance, or who prefer spectacle and contact lens independent. They are beneficial for correcting anisometropia in stable keratoconus cases or following corneal procedures such as intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS), collagen cross-linking (CXL), and keratoplasty. They are suitable for eyes without advanced keratoconus with acceptable best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA) or without highly irregular astigmatism, high comma, and higher-order aberrations (HOAs). Combined procedures for irregular astigmatism reduction and corneal regularization with either ICRS or topography/wavefront-guided transepithelial PRK (with or without CXL) can be associated in advance with pIOLs implantation to improve BCDVA in these cases.
AIM
To study and report the evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of pIOLs for KC patients' visual and refractive rehabilitation, we have analyzed the scientific evidence published within the last 10 years (from 2012 onwards).
RESULTS
No randomized controlled trials but only eleven retrospective case series and two prospective case series were identified. Satisfactory visual rehabilitation was achieved regarding uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) and predictability of the refractive correction. Both types of pIOL (iris claw and posterior chamber pIOLs) offer very good results in terms of safety and efficacy with indexes close to or even exceeding 1.
CONCLUSION
pIOLs implantation is a valid refractive therapeutic approach for correcting stable keratoconus with moderate-to-high refractive errors, especially anisometropia associated with regular or mildly irregular astigmatism, and good CDVA.
PubMed: 37661651
DOI: 10.1177/11206721231199780 -
Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular... 2024Persistent unilateral or bilateral visual deprivation at any age, particularly in children, can compromise sensory fusion and result in a type of strabismus known as... (Review)
Review
Persistent unilateral or bilateral visual deprivation at any age, particularly in children, can compromise sensory fusion and result in a type of strabismus known as sensory or secondary strabismus. There are several pathologies that can induce visual impairment, such as severe anisometropia, congenital unilateral cataract, corneal opacity, retinal diseases, and optic nerve anomalies. Sensory strabismus may be horizontal or vertical or a combination of them; however, most reports indicate the development of horizontal deviation as sensory strabismus. Regardless of the direction of the sensory strabismus, early diagnosis and management of the underlying pathology are important before strabismus treatment. The primary treatment approach for patients with sensory strabismus is surgery to correct ocular misalignment and straighten the eyes. This can help to improve the patients' symptoms and diminish the negative psychosocial impacts. In this article, we review the underlying etiologies and background pathologies associated with sensory strabismus. In addition, we investigate the determinant factors of the direction of sensory strabismus and its management strategies.
Topics: Child; Humans; Strabismus; Anisometropia; Retinal Diseases; Vision, Low
PubMed: 38421248
DOI: No ID Found -
Veterinary Ophthalmology Sep 2023Assess the refractive states of donkeys and goats.
PURPOSE
Assess the refractive states of donkeys and goats.
METHODS
Forty-two donkeys and 28 goats were enrolled. The mean ± SD ages were 7.68 ± 7.33 years for donkeys and 4.26 ± 2.33 years for goats. Seven donkeys and one goat were <6 months old. Retinoscopy was performed in alert animals, following cycloplegia in goats but not in donkeys. Normality was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The two primary meridians and two eyes were compared using Pearson's correlation and paired Student's t-tests. The association between refractive states and age was examined using one-way ANOVA in donkeys and a paired Student's t-test in goats. One-sample t-tests were conducted to assess if the refractive error distributions were significantly different from "0".
RESULTS
The mean ± SD spherical equivalent (SE) refractive errors of the right and left donkey eyes were -0.80 ± 1.03 D and -0.35 ± 0.95 D, respectively. The majority (86%) of the donkeys had an astigmatic refraction and eight (19%) had anisometropia. The mean SE refractive errors of the right and left goat eyes were -0.15 ± 1.1 D and -0.18 ± 1.2 D, respectively. The majority (54%) of the goat eyes had an astigmatic refraction and five (18%) had anisometropia. The right and left eye SE refractive errors were positively correlated in both species (both p = .9). Age was not correlated with refractive error in both donkeys (p = .09) and goats (p = .6).
CONCLUSIONS
Both goats and donkeys are emmetropic.
Topics: Animals; Retinoscopy; Anisometropia; Equidae; Goats; Refractive Errors; Refraction, Ocular; Prevalence; Goat Diseases
PubMed: 37386869
DOI: 10.1111/vop.13126 -
Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular... Jul 2023The year 2020 has been greatly anticipated by the entire ophthalmic community. This year's Scobee lecture will be a photographic look at our past with the orthoptists...
The year 2020 has been greatly anticipated by the entire ophthalmic community. This year's Scobee lecture will be a photographic look at our past with the orthoptists and pediatric ophthalmologists we have learned from, taught, and worked with. A sobering snapshot of our present will reveal a world with extreme medical access inequality. This creates a need for an inexpensive screening device for amblyogenic anisometropia. A technique for such a fast and inexpensive screening device will be shown using first retinoscopy; and then compare the effectiveness of the direct Heine streak ophthalmoscope, a common ophthalmic instrument, will be shown to be effective in screening for ≥1 diopter of spherical anisometropia. The challenges of the present hint at an optimistic future for orthoptists, expanding their role as physician extenders to help ease the medical access inequalities in the world. Finally, I introduce the patron saint of the blind and those with vision impairment.
Topics: Child; Humans; Anisometropia; Orthoptics; Retinoscopy
PubMed: 37057981
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Ophthalmology 2023To investigate the differences in retinal refraction difference values (RDVs) of adult patients with myopic anisometropia compared with those without myopic...
AIM
To investigate the differences in retinal refraction difference values (RDVs) of adult patients with myopic anisometropia compared with those without myopic anisometropia, and to investigate the relationship between ocular biometric measurements and relative peripheral refraction.
METHODS
This clinical observation study included 130 patients with myopia (-0.25 to -10.00 D) between October 2022 and January 2023 aged between 18 and 40y. The patients were divided into anisometropia (=63; difference in binocular anisometropia ≥1.00 D) and non-anisometropia (=67; difference in binocular anisometropia <1.00 D) groups accordingly. Ocular biometric measurements were performed by optical biometrics and corneal topography to assess the steep keratometry (Ks), flap keratometry (Kf), axial length (AL), corneal astigmatism (CYL; Ks-Kf), surface regularity index (SRI), surface asymmetry index (SAI), and central corneal thickness (CCT). The RDV was measured at five retinal areas from the fovea to 53 degrees (RDV-0-10, RDV-10-20, RDV-20-30, RDV-30-40, and RDV-40-53), the total RDV (TRDV) of 53 degrees, and four regions, including RDV-superior, RDV-inferior, RDV-temporal, and RDV-nasal. An analysis of Spearman correlation was carried out to examine the correlation between RDV and the spherical equivalent (SE) and ocular biological parameters.
RESULTS
Within RDV-20-53, both groups showed relative hyperopic defocus, and the increase in RDV corresponds to the increase in eccentricity. In the myopic anisometropia group, the TRDV, RDV-20-53, RDV-superior, and more myopic eyes had significantly higher RDV-temporal values than less myopic eyes. (<0.05). In the non-anisometropia group, there was no significant difference in the RDV between the more and less myopic eyes at different eccentricities (>0.05). There was a negative correlation between SE and TRDV (=-0.205, =0.001), RDV-20-53 (=-0.281, -0.183, -0.176, <0.05), RDV-superior (=-0.251, <0.001), and RDV-temporal (=-0.230, <0.001), a negative correlation between CYL and RDV-10-30 (=-0.147, -0.180, <0.05), and a negative correlation between SRI and RDV-0-20 (=-0.190, -0.170, <0.05). AL had a positive correlation with RDV-20-30 (=0.164, =0.008) and RDV-temporal (=0.160, =0.010).
CONCLUSION
More myopic eyes in patients with myopic anisometropia show more peripheral hyperopic defocus. Diopter and corneal morphology may affect peripheral retinal defocus.
PubMed: 38111932
DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.12.22 -
Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the... Nov 2023To investigate the incidence rate and risk factors for anisometropia among young schoolchildren.
PURPOSE
To investigate the incidence rate and risk factors for anisometropia among young schoolchildren.
METHODS
A population-based cohort study, the Myopia Investigation Study in Taipei, was conducted in primary schools in Taipei City. Children were recruited for biannual comprehensive eye examinations over 2 years. Cycloplegic autorefraction and slit lamp examinations were performed biannually. Data on demographic information, parental history, lifestyle and near-work activities were collected using parent-administered questionnaires at the first and final visits. Anisometropia was defined as ≥1 D difference in the spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error.
RESULTS
A total of 7035 8-year-old children completed the 2-year follow-up evaluations. The average annual incidence of anisometropia was 3.8%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that baseline SE (odds ratio [OR]: 0.87 95% CI: 0.80-0.95) and female sex (OR: 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.50) were significantly associated with incident anisometropia. Among lifestyle risk factors, spending <1 h per day in after-school outdoor activities on weekdays (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.08-1.76) and performing near work at a distance <30 cm (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.08-1.64) were significantly associated with an increased risk of incident anisometropia. In the multiple linear regression analysis, the inter-eye difference in SE increased significantly in children performing near work at distances <30 cm (adjusted β = 0.03; p = 0.02).
CONCLUSIONS
This study indicated the annual incidence of anisometropia in Taiwanese schoolchildren. Less time spent outdoors and shorter eye-to-object distances during near work increased the risk of incident anisometropia.
Topics: Child; Humans; Female; Anisometropia; Longitudinal Studies; Cohort Studies; Myopia; Risk Factors; Refraction, Ocular; Prevalence
PubMed: 37565301
DOI: 10.1111/opo.13215 -
Strabismus Mar 2024To determine the prevalence of anisometropia and the associated demographic and biometric risk factors in children.
PURPOSE
To determine the prevalence of anisometropia and the associated demographic and biometric risk factors in children.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study was conducted on the elementary school children of Shahroud, east of Iran, in 2015. All rural students were recruited, while multistage cluster sampling was used to select the students in urban areas. All children underwent optometric examinations including the measurement of uncorrected and corrected visual acuity, autorefraction, and subjective refraction with cycloplegia. Biometric components were measured using the Allegro Biograph. Myopia and hyperopia were defined as a spherical equivalent ≤-0.5 and ≥ +2.00 diopter, respectively. Students with a history of ocular trauma or lack of cycloplegic refraction at least in one eye were excluded from the study.
RESULTS
Of 6624 selected children, 5620 participated in the study. After applying the exclusion criteria, the data of 5357 students (boys: 52.8%, = 2834) were analyzed. The mean age of the subjects was 9.2 ± 1.7 years (range: 6-12 years). The prevalence of anisometropia ≥ 1 D was 1.1% (95% CI: 0.8 to 1.4) in all children, 1.0% (95% CI: 0.7-1.3) in boys, 1.3% (95% CI: 0.8-1.7) in girls, 1.1% (95% CI: 0.8-1.4) in urban children, and 1.4% (95% CI: 0.5-2.3) in rural children. The prevalence of anisometropia was 8.8% (95% CI: 5.3-12.2) in myopic and 5.7% (95% CI: 2.8-8.5) in hyperopic children. Axial length asymmetry (OR = 40.9; 95%CI: 10.2-164.1), myopia (OR = 17.9; 95% CI: 9.4-33.9), and hyperopia (OR = 10.1; 95% CI: (5.1-19.7) were associated with anisometropia in multiple logistic regression model. More anisometropia was associated with more severe amblyopia. The odds of amblyopia (OR = 82.3: 38.2-177-3) and strabismus (OR = 17.6: 5.5-56.4) were significantly higher in anisometropic children. The prevalence of amblyopia was 21.7% in children with myopic anisometropia ≥ 3D, 66.7% in children with hyperopic anisometropia ≥ 3D, and 100% in cases with antimetropia ≥ 3D.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of anisometropia was low in Iranian school children. However, a high percentage of anisometropic students had amblyopia and strabismus. Axial length was the most important biometric component associated with anisometropia.
Topics: Humans; Anisometropia; Child; Prevalence; Male; Female; Cross-Sectional Studies; Iran; Risk Factors; Refraction, Ocular; Visual Acuity; Rural Population; Urban Population; Myopia
PubMed: 38230509
DOI: 10.1080/09273972.2023.2293883