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PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Sep 2023Early childhood growth deficits have been shown to have lifelong health and economic impacts, yet their connection to one of their underlying causes, diarrheal diseases,... (Review)
Review
Early childhood growth deficits have been shown to have lifelong health and economic impacts, yet their connection to one of their underlying causes, diarrheal diseases, has remained difficult to characterize. Identifying the processes and mechanisms that underlie this link has remained a challenge due to the complexity of the relationship and limitations in access to more advanced laboratory methods. In recent years, however, several large-scale, multisite studies have extensively investigated and reported the prevalence, etiology, and impacts of diarrheal diseases in children under 5 years (CU5) in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs). These studies, in combination with several single-site studies, have applied more advanced laboratory methods to uncover the etiology, true prevalence, infection mechanisms, and inflammation biomarkers of diarrheal disease. Of the multiple pathogens that have been shown to be strongly associated with diarrheal disease in CU5, Shigella is one of the more prevalent and impactful of these pathogens. In this narrative review, we highlight key insights from these studies and identify knowledge gaps and directions for future research. According to these studies, Shigella is most commonly detected in toddlers and young children; however, it can cause more severe disease and has a greater impact on linear growth for infants. Shigella often has a stronger relationship to linear growth faltering (LGF) than other enteropathogens, with higher Shigella loads resulting in greater growth deficits. Future studies should employ more Shigella-specific molecular assays and identify diarrheal etiologies using standardized diagnostics to improve child anthropometric and Shigella surveillance. Also, they should focus on uncovering the mechanisms of the relationship underlying Shigella and growth faltering to better characterize the role of asymptomatic infections and intestinal inflammation in this relationship.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Child, Preschool; Anthropometry; Diarrhea; Growth Disorders; Inflammation; Shigella
PubMed: 37699032
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011475 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jan 2024Human milk (HM) contains macronutrients, micronutrients, and a multitude of other bioactive factors, which can have a long-term impact on infant growth and development.... (Review)
Review
Human milk (HM) contains macronutrients, micronutrients, and a multitude of other bioactive factors, which can have a long-term impact on infant growth and development. We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science to synthesize evidence published between 1980 and 2022 on HM components and anthropometry through 2 y of age among term-born infants. From 9992 abstracts screened, 141 articles were included and categorized based on their reporting of HM micronutrients, macronutrients, or bioactive components. Bioactives including hormones, HM oligosaccharides (HMOs), and immunomodulatory components are reported here, based on 75 articles from 69 unique studies reporting observations from 9980 dyads. Research designs, milk collection strategies, sampling times, geographic and socioeconomic settings, reporting practices, and outcomes varied considerably. Meta-analyses were not possible because data collection times and reporting were inconsistent among the studies included. Few measured infant HM intake, adjusted for confounders, precisely captured breastfeeding exclusivity, or adequately described HM collection protocols. Only 5 studies (6%) had high overall quality scores. Hormones were the most extensively examined bioactive with 46 articles (n = 6773 dyads), compared with 13 (n = 2640 dyads) for HMOs and 12 (n = 1422 dyads) for immunomodulatory components. Two studies conducted untargeted metabolomics. Leptin and adiponectin demonstrated inverse associations with infant growth, although several studies found no associations. No consistent associations were found between individual HMOs and infant growth outcomes. Among immunomodulatory components in HM, IL-6 demonstrated inverse relationships with infant growth. Current research on HM bioactives is largely inconclusive and is insufficient to address the complex composition of HM. Future research should ideally capture HM intake, use biologically relevant anthropometrics, and integrate components across categories, embracing a systems biology approach to better understand how HM components work independently and synergistically to influence infant growth.
Topics: Infant; Female; Child; Humans; Milk, Human; Breast Feeding; Body Composition; Anthropometry; Micronutrients
PubMed: 37802214
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.015 -
Journal of Nutritional Science 2023The considerable amount of original and generic types of skinfold calipers available is a source of systematic measurement error. This study is a brief report that...
The considerable amount of original and generic types of skinfold calipers available is a source of systematic measurement error. This study is a brief report that critically examines the original and illustrated structural configuration of the three main types of skinfold calipers. For more than half a century, the Harpenden®, Lange® and Slim Guide® skinfolds calipers have been widely used in clinical and research settings. It is well established that the physical, mechanical and functional specificity of each type of skinfold caliper makes its interchangeable use impossible. Our report suggests that commercially available technical specifications are insufficient to judiciously choose a skinfold caliper. The area of the jaws, the coefficient of spring and the static and dynamic downward pressure of each type of skinfold caliper must be determined in the metrological laboratory and added to the technical user manual. Choosing a type of skinfold caliper for regular use, without conflict of commercial interest, requires a critical understanding of the physical, mechanical and functional characteristics that configure it. Therefore, a new downward static calibration test and the first eligibility flowchart for a skinfold caliper have been proposed. Finally, the information gathered in this report may be useful for manufacturers of anthropometric instruments and health professionals who use the skinfold technique as a tool for diagnosis and nutritional control.
Topics: Skinfold Thickness; Anthropometry; Seasons
PubMed: 37528836
DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.58 -
American Journal of Human Biology : the... Aug 2023We compare demographic, socioeconomic, and anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure (BP), between rural and urban Peruvian indigenous women. These are...
INTRODUCTION
We compare demographic, socioeconomic, and anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure (BP), between rural and urban Peruvian indigenous women. These are preliminary results from a project on urbanization, migration, and health.
METHODS
Data were collected cross-sectionally (2019) and compared between a rural (n = 92) and an urban (n = 93) community.
RESULTS
Height: μ = 148.3 ± 5.0 cm (range = 137-162), weight: μ = 62.0 ± 11.5 (range = 37.5-108.7), median waist circumference = 89.0 (IQR = 15.8, range = 64.0-126.0), BMI = 28.3 (IQR = 6.2, range = 16.7-40.0), with no significant rural-urban differences. Systolic but not diastolic BP was significantly higher in urban versus rural women (median = 110, IQR = 18, range = 80-170 vs. median = 120, IQR = 10, range = 90-170, p = .002 and median = 70, IQR = 17, range = 50-100 vs. median = 70, IQR = 10, range = 60-100, p = .354), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite major lifestyle differences, there were no anthropometric differences between rural and urban women. Higher systolic BP in urban women may reflect social/economic stressors rather than dietary factors.
Topics: Humans; Female; Urbanization; Peru; Urban Population; Anthropometry; Rural Population
PubMed: 37157872
DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23904 -
International Journal of Hygiene and... Apr 2024Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic organic chemicals with potential endocrine-disrupting effects, and have been found to impair the...
BACKGROUND
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic organic chemicals with potential endocrine-disrupting effects, and have been found to impair the physical growth of offspring in both experimental and epidemiological studies. We aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal PFAS exposure on repeated measurements of multiple anthropometric indicators in infants.
METHOD
PFAS were measured in serum samples collected from pregnant women at 12-16 gestational weeks. We calculated z-scores for the weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-length (WLZ), head circumference-for-age (HCZ), arm circumference-for-age (ACZ), triceps skinfold-for-age (TSZ), and subscapular skinfold-for-age (SSZ) at birth, 6 months, and 12 months of age according to the child growth standards of the World Health Organization (WHO) for anthropometric indicators. A total of 964 mother-infant pairs were included. A multivariate linear regression was performed to examine the associations between prenatal PFAS concentrations and anthropometric indicators at each time point. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to examine the longitudinal effects of PFAS exposure on repeated measurements of anthropometric indicators. Ultimately, a Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model was used to assess the joint effects of the PFAS mixture on anthropometric indicators.
RESULTS
In GEE models, perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) in the high tertile group was associated with increased WAZ/WLZ, with β values (95% confidence intervals (CI)) of 0.12 (0.00, 0.23) and 0.18 (0.03, 0.32), respectively. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) was associated with increased ACZ in the middle and high tertile groups. The BKMR models also presented the associations of the PFAS mixture with increased WAZ/WLZ throughout infancy, with more profound effects in females. Meanwhile, a pattern of inverse associations was observed between the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentrations in the high tertile group and decreased WAZ, WLZ, and HCZ in males. In addition, the associations between PFAS and increased TSZ/SSZ at birth were identified by both linear regression and BKMR models.
CONCLUSION
Prenatal PFAS exposure (PFNA and PFDoA) was associated with increased infant anthropometry, especially in female infants, while prenatal PFOA exposure was associated with decreased weight, and head and arm circumference in male infants. The findings indicate that prenatal PFAS exposure may impair the growth trajectory of offspring.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Infant; Child; Humans; Male; Female; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Prospective Studies; Bayes Theorem; Environmental Pollutants; Anthropometry; Fluorocarbons; Alkanesulfonic Acids; Fatty Acids; Lauric Acids
PubMed: 38401404
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114339 -
Maturitas Oct 2023To investigate if abdominal adipose tissue volumes and ratios change after a 15-week structured resistance training intervention in postmenopausal women with vasomotor... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
To investigate if abdominal adipose tissue volumes and ratios change after a 15-week structured resistance training intervention in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms (VMS).
STUDY DESIGN
Sixty-five postmenopausal women with VMS and low physical activity were randomized to either three days/week supervised resistance training or unchanged physical activity for 15 weeks. Women underwent clinical anthropometric measurements and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline and after 15 weeks. MRI was done using a Philips Ingenia 3.0 T MR scanner (Philips, Best, The Netherlands). The per protocol principle was used in the analysis of data.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS
The absolute change from baseline to week 15 in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume and the relative ratio (VAT ratio) between VAT and total abdominal adipose tissue (TAAT), i.e. the sum of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) and VAT.
RESULTS
There were no significant differences between the groups in characteristics, anthropometry or MRI measures at baseline. Women who were compliant with the intervention (i.e. participated in at least two of the three scheduled training sessions per week) had significantly different reduction over time in ASAT (p = 0.006), VAT (p = 0.002), TAAT (p = 0.003) and fat ratio (p < 0.001) compared with women in the control group.
CONCLUSIONS
Implementation of a 15-week resistance training regimen in midlife may help women to counteract the abdominal fat redistribution associated with the menopausal transition.
CLINICAL TRIALS
gov registered ID: NCT01987778.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adiposity; Resistance Training; Postmenopause; Anthropometry; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37421844
DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107794 -
International Urology and Nephrology Mar 2024Currently, a growing number of research studies have shown a positive association between obesity and erectile dysfunction, while traditional anthropometric measures,...
BACKGROUND
Currently, a growing number of research studies have shown a positive association between obesity and erectile dysfunction, while traditional anthropometric measures, such as BMI, have limited ability to assess the risk of erectile dysfunction. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between the new anthropometric index and erectile dysfunction.
METHODS
A study involving 3594 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was conducted. The study calculated various anthropometric indices such as waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), body mass index (BMI), a body shape index (ABSI), conicity index (CI), and body roundness index (BRI). The relationship between anthropometric indices and erectile dysfunction (ED) was investigated using multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic splines (RCS). Interaction analysis was conducted on subgroups to confirm the findings. Additionally, the efficacy of various anthropometric indicators in predicting the risk of erectile dysfunction was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).
RESULTS
After adjusting for potential confounding factors, we identified a positive and independent correlation between erectile dysfunction (ED) and all other anthropometric measures except for BMI. Additionally, the risk of ED increased by 49% and 42% for each standard deviation increment in ABSI and CI, respectively. Dose-response curve analysis demonstrated that WC, BMI, WtHR, and CI displayed a non-linear correlation with the risk of ED. The subgroup analysis revealed that individuals classified as White, who had higher levels of WC, ABSI, and CI, were more susceptible to erectile dysfunction compared to people from other races. ROC analysis showed that ABSI was superior in detecting erectile dysfunction (area under the curve: 0.750; 95% CI 0.732-0.768; optimal cutoff value: 0.083) as compared to other indices. The combination of obesity defined by BMI and other anthropometric measures showed that higher ABSI and CI levels were positively associated with the prevalence of erectile dysfunction, independent of BMI (P < .001).
CONCLUSION
In this study, anthropometric indicators including ABSI, BRI, WtHR, CI, and WC were positively associated with erectile dysfunction. To improve the prevention and treatment of this condition, it is recommended that new anthropometric indicators receive greater consideration.
Topics: Male; Humans; Risk Factors; Cross-Sectional Studies; Erectile Dysfunction; Nutrition Surveys; Predictive Value of Tests; Anthropometry; Obesity; Body Mass Index; Waist Circumference; Waist-Height Ratio
PubMed: 37843775
DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03840-6 -
Indian Pediatrics Dec 2023Small for gestational age (SGA) neonates are prone to growth deficits in early life, which may be associated with later life metabolic abnormalities.
BACKGROUND
Small for gestational age (SGA) neonates are prone to growth deficits in early life, which may be associated with later life metabolic abnormalities.
OBJECTIVES
To compare anthropometry and body composition using air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) in term SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates, and assess if sexual dimorphism existed in estimates of body composition.
STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional analytical study.
PARTICIPANTS
413 term neonates (91 SGA and 322 AGA) at birth (≤7days).
METHODS
Neonatal anthropometry and body composition were measured using ADP. Length corrected fat mass index (FMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI) were calculated.
OUTCOME
Anthropometry and body composition estimates of SGA and AGA neonates, segregated by sex.
RESULTS
The mean (SD) birth weight of SGA and AGA neonates was 2.5 (0.2) kg and 3.1 (0.3) kg, respectively. SGA neonates had significantly lower % body fat (BF) (2.0%), fat mass (94.4 g), fat free mass (FFM) (349.7 g), FMI (0.34 kg/m2), and FFMI (0.76 kg/m2), but higher %FFM (2.0%) compared to AGA neonates (P<0.001). Males had significantly higher %FFM [91.2 (3.1) vs 90.2 (3.5); P=0.001], FFM [2604 (280) vs 2442 (233) g; P<0.001], and FFMI [11.1 (0.8) vs 10.8 (0.8) kg/m2; P=0.005], but lower % BF [8.8 (3.1) vs 9.8 (3.5); P=0.001] and FMI [1.1(0.4) vs 1.2 (0.5) kg/m2; P=0.008], compared to females.
CONCLUSIONS
Accurate estimates of body composition in neonates at birth suggest significantly lower body fat and fat free mass in SGA compared to AGA, with sexual dimorphism.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Male; Female; Humans; Gestational Age; Cross-Sectional Studies; Body Composition; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Anthropometry; Birth Weight; Plethysmography
PubMed: 37700583
DOI: No ID Found -
Experimental Gerontology Jan 2024This study aimed to explore the effects of 20 weeks of multicomponent or power training with elastic bands (EBs) on metabolic and inflammatory blood parameters, body... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Multicomponent and power training with elastic bands improve metabolic and inflammatory parameters, body composition and anthropometry, and physical function in older women with metabolic syndrome: A 20-week randomized, controlled trial.
PURPOSE
This study aimed to explore the effects of 20 weeks of multicomponent or power training with elastic bands (EBs) on metabolic and inflammatory blood parameters, body composition, anthropometry, and physical function in older women with metabolic syndrome (MS).
METHODS
Ninety participants were randomly assigned to a multicomponent (MCG; n = 30), power (PG; n = 30), or a control group (CG; n = 30). The MCG performed balance, slow-speed strength, and aerobic training, twice per week. The PG completed a high-speed resistance training program twice per week, composed of three to four sets of ten repetitions of six overall body exercises at a perceived rating of effort for the first repetition of 3-4 on the OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale EB. MS-related variables (glucose, triglycerides, and waist circumference) and cardiometabolic risk factors (high-density lipoprotein [HDL], glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL], C-reactive protein, and anthropometric profile) were assessed. Physical function was evaluated through balance, strength, and mobility tests.
RESULTS
An analysis of variance revealed that both training groups similarly improved most glycemic and lipidic profile parameters (p ≤ 0.006; d ≥ 0.46), body composition and anthropometry (p < 0.001; d ≥ 0.41), and physical function (p ≤ 0.005; d ≥ 0.69). Opposed to the PG, the MCG improved balance (p < 0.001; d = 0.96) and decreased the inflammatory status by downregulating C-reactive protein (p = 0.003; d = 0.47). On the other hand, the PG exhibited improvements in handgrip strength (p = 0.006; d = 0.48), while the MCG did not.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, multicomponent and power training with EBs are plausible strategies for improving the cardiometabolic health status and physical function in older women with MS.
Topics: Humans; Female; Aged; Metabolic Syndrome; C-Reactive Protein; Hand Strength; Body Composition; Anthropometry; Resistance Training; Cholesterol, LDL
PubMed: 38061437
DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112340 -
Nutrients Sep 2023We sought to examine body composition using bioimpedance analysis in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD, 2014 males and 949...
We sought to examine body composition using bioimpedance analysis in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD, 2014 males and 949 females). Factors linked to the fat-free mass index (FF index) were examined using univariate and multivariate analysis. An FF index < 18 kg/m in males and an FF index < 15 kg/m in females were defined as having decreased skeletal muscle mass. The median age and body mass index (BMI) were 55 years and 25.4 kg/m in males, and 57 years and 25.4 kg/m in females, respectively. The FF index strongly correlated with muscle mass index both in males ( = 0.999) and females ( = 0.999). The prevalence of patients with an FF index < 18 kg/m in males and an FF index < 15 kg/m in females was well stratified according to age, BMI, severity of FL, and FIB4 index. In the males, in the multivariate analysis, BMI ( < 0.0001), fat mass index ( < 0.0001), and waist circumference ( = 0.0050) were found to be significant factors linked to FF index. In the females, in the multivariate analysis, BMI ( < 0.0001) and fat mass index ( < 0.0001) were found to be significant. In conclusion, fat accumulation as reflected by BMI, which is an easily available marker, could be a useful indicator for the skeletal muscle mass in MAFLD.
Topics: Female; Male; Humans; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Multivariate Analysis; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Waist Circumference
PubMed: 37764663
DOI: 10.3390/nu15183878