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Survey of Ophthalmology 2024Polyvinyl pyrrolidone or povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is a water-soluble complex formed by the combination of iodine and a water-soluble polymer, polyvinyl pyrrolidone. This... (Review)
Review
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone or povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is a water-soluble complex formed by the combination of iodine and a water-soluble polymer, polyvinyl pyrrolidone. This complex exerts bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal action by gradually releasing free iodine at the site of application to react with pathogens. In ophthalmology, PVP-I is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic agent for preoperative preparation of the skin and mucous membranes and for treating contaminated wounds. PVP-I has been shown to reduce effectively the risk of endophthalmitis in various ocular procedures, including cataract surgery and intravitreal injections; however, it has also been used in the treatment of conjunctivitis, keratitis, and endophthalmitis, with promising results especially in low-resource situations. PVP-I has been associated with complications such as postoperative eye pain, persistent corneal epithelial defects, ocular inflammation, and an attendant risk of keratitis. In cases of poor PVP-I tolerance, applying PVP-I at lower concentrations or using alternative antiseptics such as chlorhexidine should be considered. We provide an update on the efficacy of PVP-I in the prophylaxis and treatment of conjunctivitis, keratitis, and endophthalmitis and a comprehensive analysis of the current literature regarding the use of PVP-I in the management of these ocular conditions. Also, PVP-I-related adverse effects and toxicities and its alternatives are discussed. The goal is to present a thorough evaluation of the available evidence and to offer practical recommendations for clinicians regarding the therapeutic usage of PVP-I in ophthalmology.
Topics: Humans; Povidone-Iodine; Ophthalmology; Polyvinyls; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Iodine; Cataract Extraction; Endophthalmitis; Povidone; Conjunctivitis; Keratitis; Water
PubMed: 37944600
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.11.002 -
Physiological Reports Jul 2023The World Health Organization stated that 1.6 million deaths worldwide were caused by contact with chemicals and toxins in 2019. In the same year, the Centers for... (Review)
Review
The World Health Organization stated that 1.6 million deaths worldwide were caused by contact with chemicals and toxins in 2019. In the same year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stated that natural toxins caused 3960 deaths. Myrtus communis, also known as common Myrtle, is a flowering plant native to the Mediterranean region. Myrtle has been traditionally used to treat diarrhea, inflammation, bleeding, headache, pulmonary and skin diseases. This review was performed to assess Myrtle's protective and therapeutic efficacy against various chemical, natural, and radiational noxious. Multiple databases such as PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Scopus were investigated without publication time limitation. Recent studies have demonstrated its potential as a protective agent against both natural and chemical toxins. One of Myrtle's most significant protective properties is its high antioxidant content. Studies have shown that the antioxidant properties of Myrtle can protect against harmful substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, and other environmental toxins. Additionally, Myrtle has anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce the damage caused by long-term exposure to toxins. The anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of Myrtle have also proven effective in alleviating gastrointestinal conditions such as gastric ulcers.
Topics: Antioxidants; Myrtus; Plant Extracts; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 37464095
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15770 -
International Dental Journal Nov 2023This narrative literature review is the first in a 6-section supplement on the role of mouthwashes in oral care. This introduction briefly summarises current knowledge... (Review)
Review
This narrative literature review is the first in a 6-section supplement on the role of mouthwashes in oral care. This introduction briefly summarises current knowledge on antimicrobial mechanisms, relating to some of the most common over-the-counter mouthwash products available worldwide: chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, cetylpyridinium chloride, povidone iodine, and essential oils. The aim of this first article is to describe how mouthwashes "kill" pathogenic microbes when used adjunctively and thus provide a basis for their widespread use to manage key oral diseases, namely caries, gingivitis, and periodontal disease. This article therefore sets the scene for subsequent, more detailed exploration of mouthwashes regarding their clinical effectiveness, impact on the oral microbiome, and possible effects on systemic health as well as natural alternatives and future directions. Other than the clinical effectiveness (for certain agents) of mouthwashes, on many topics there remains insufficient evidence for systematic review or formulation of robust national guidelines. The supplement, therefore, compiled by an international task team, is aimed at general dental practitioners across the globe, as an easy-to-read guide for helping to advise patients on mouthwash use based on the current best available evidence.
Topics: Humans; Mouthwashes; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Dentists; Professional Role; Chlorhexidine; Anti-Infective Agents; Gingivitis
PubMed: 37867063
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.08.009 -
Pharmacotherapy Aug 2023Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen and frequent cause of serious nosocomial infections. Patient populations at greatest risk for these infections... (Review)
Review
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen and frequent cause of serious nosocomial infections. Patient populations at greatest risk for these infections include the immunocompromised and those with chronic respiratory illnesses and prior antibiotic exposure, notably to carbapenems. Its complex virulence and resistance profile drastically limit available antibiotics, and incomplete breakpoint and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) data to inform dose optimization further complicates therapeutic approaches. Clinical comparison data of first-line agents, including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), quinolones, and minocycline, are limited to conflicting observational data with no clear benefit of a single agent or combination therapy. Newer antibiotic approaches, including cefiderocol and aztreonam- avibactam, are promising alternatives for extensively drug-resistant isolates; however, clinical outcomes data are needed. The potential clinical utility of bacteriophage for compassionate use in treating S. maltophilia infections remains to be determined since data is limited to in-vitro and sparse in-vivo work. This article provides a review of available literature for S. maltophilia infection management focused on related epidemiology, resistance mechanisms, identification, susceptibility testing, antimicrobial PK/PD, and emerging therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Humans; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Minocycline; Anti-Infective Agents; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37199104
DOI: 10.1002/phar.2828 -
Future Microbiology Jan 2024Tweetable abstract There is an urgent need to consider antiparasitic drugs in global efforts to achieve and implement equitable and sustainable antimicrobial stewardship...
Tweetable abstract There is an urgent need to consider antiparasitic drugs in global efforts to achieve and implement equitable and sustainable antimicrobial stewardship initiatives worldwide.
Topics: Antiparasitic Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antimicrobial Stewardship; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38348569
DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0218 -
Journal of Materials Chemistry. B May 2024The emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms has threatened global health, and microbial infections have severely limited the use of medical materials. For example,... (Review)
Review
The emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms has threatened global health, and microbial infections have severely limited the use of medical materials. For example, the attachment and colonization of pathogenic bacteria to medical implant materials can lead to wound infections, inflammation and complications, as well as implant failure, shortening their lifespan and even resulting in patient death. In the era of antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial drug discovery needs to prioritize unconventional therapies that act on new targets or adopt new mechanisms. In this regard, supramolecular antimicrobial peptides have emerged as attractive therapeutic platforms, both as bactericides for combination antibiotics and as delivery vehicles. By taking advantage of their programmable intermolecular and intramolecular interactions, peptides can be modified to form higher-order structures (including nanofibers and nanoparticles) with unique functionality. This paper begins with an analysis of the relationship between peptide self-assembly and antimicrobial activity, describes in detail the research and development of various self-assembled antimicrobial peptides in recent years, and finally explores different combinatorial strategies for self-assembling antimicrobial peptides.
Topics: Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antimicrobial Peptides; Bacteria; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Bacterial Infections
PubMed: 38726712
DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00260a -
Current Microbiology Dec 2023Drug efflux pumps contribute to bacterial multidrug resistance (MDR), reducing antibiotic effectiveness and causing treatment failures. Besides their role in MDR, efflux...
Drug efflux pumps contribute to bacterial multidrug resistance (MDR), reducing antibiotic effectiveness and causing treatment failures. Besides their role in MDR, efflux pumps also assist in the transportation of quorum sensing (QS) signal molecules and increased the tolerance of biofilms. Recently, the search for efflux pump inhibitors from natural sources, including anti-infective plants, has gained attention as a potential therapy against drug-resistant bacteria. In this study, 19 traditional Indian medicinal plants were screened for their efflux pump inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli TGI. The promising extract, i.e., Punica granatum was subsequently fractioned in the solvents of increasing polarity. Among them, at sub-MIC active EPI fraction was PGEF (P. granatum ethyl acetate fraction), further investigated for anti-infective potential against Chromobacterium violaceum 12,472, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, and Serratia marcescens MTCC 97. PGEF was also evaluated for in vivo efficacy in Caenorhabditis elegans model. Major phytocompounds were analyzed by mass spectroscopic techniques. At respective Sub-MIC, PGEF reduced violacein production by 71.14% in C. violaceum 12,472. Moreover, PGEF inhibited pyocyanin (64.72%), pyoverdine (48.17%), protease (51.35%), and swarming motility (44.82%) of P. aeruginosa PAO1. Furthermore, PGEF reduced the production of prodigiosin and exoprotease by 64.73% and 61.80%, respectively. Similarly, at sub-MIC, PGEF inhibited (≥ 50%) biofilm development in all test pathogens. The key phytocompounds detected in active fraction include 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, trans-p-coumaric acid 4- glucoside, (-)-Epicatechin 3'-O-glucuronide, and ellagic acid. Interestingly, PGEF also demonstrated anti-infective efficacy against the PAO1-infected C. elegans test model and highlighting its therapeutic potential as an anti-infective agent to combat drug-resistant problems.
Topics: Animals; Pomegranate; Plant Extracts; Caenorhabditis elegans; Quorum Sensing; Biofilms; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Chromobacterium; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 38151670
DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03572-x -
Archiv Der Pharmazie Dec 2023Asia is a hotspot for infectious diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, tuberculosis, and the pandemic COVID-19. Emerging infectious diseases have taken a heavy toll... (Review)
Review
Asia is a hotspot for infectious diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, tuberculosis, and the pandemic COVID-19. Emerging infectious diseases have taken a heavy toll on public health and the economy and have been recognized as a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in Southeast Asia. Infectious disease control is a major challenge, but many surveillance systems and control strategies have been developed and implemented. These include vector control, combination therapies, vaccine development, and the development of new anti-infectives. Numerous newly discovered agents with pharmacological anti-infective potential are being actively and extensively studied for their bioactivity, toxicity, selectivity, and mode of action, but many molecules lose their efficacy over time due to resistance developments. These facts justify the great importance of the search for new, effective, and safe anti-infectives. Diarylpentanoids, a curcumin derivative, have been developed as an alternative with better bioavailability and metabolism as a therapeutic agent. In this review, the mechanisms of action and potential targets of antimalarial drugs as well as the classes of antimalarial drugs are presented. The bioactivity of diarylpentanoids as a potential scaffold for a new class of anti-infectives and their structure-activity relationships are also discussed in detail.
Topics: Humans; Antimalarials; Structure-Activity Relationship; Malaria; Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Discovery; Drug Resistance
PubMed: 37806761
DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300391 -
Pharmacological Reviews Dec 2023Antimicrobial resistance presents us with a potential global crisis as it undermines the abilities of conventional antibiotics to combat pathogenic microbes. The history... (Review)
Review
Antimicrobial resistance presents us with a potential global crisis as it undermines the abilities of conventional antibiotics to combat pathogenic microbes. The history of antimicrobial agents is replete with examples of scaffolds containing halogens. In this review, we discuss the impacts of halogen atoms in various antibiotic types and antimicrobial scaffolds and their modes of action, structure-activity relationships, and the contributions of halogen atoms in antimicrobial activity and drug resistance. Other halogenated molecules, including carbohydrates, peptides, lipids, and polymeric complexes, are also reviewed, and the effects of halogenated scaffolds on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and factors affecting antimicrobial and antivirulence activities are presented. Furthermore, the potential of halogenation to circumvent antimicrobial resistance and rejuvenate impotent antibiotics is addressed. This review provides an overview of the significance of halogenation, the abilities of halogens to interact in biomolecular settings and enhance pharmacological properties, and their potential therapeutic usages in preventing a postantibiotic era. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Antimicrobial resistance and the increasing impotence of antibiotics are critical threats to global health. The roles and importance of halogen atoms in antimicrobial drug scaffolds have been established, but comparatively little is known of their pharmacological impacts on drug resistance and antivirulence activities. This review is the first to extensively evaluate the roles of halogen atoms in various antibiotic classes and pharmacological scaffolds and to provide an overview of their ability to overcome antimicrobial resistance.
Topics: Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Halogens; Halogenation; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 37845080
DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000863 -
Drug Discovery Today Sep 2023Chronic wounds are ubiquitously inhabited by bacteria, and they remain a challenge as they cause significant discomfort and because their treatment consumes huge... (Review)
Review
Chronic wounds are ubiquitously inhabited by bacteria, and they remain a challenge as they cause significant discomfort and because their treatment consumes huge clinical resources. To reduce the burden that chronic wounds place upon both patients and health services, a wide variety of approaches have been devised and investigated. Bioinspired nanomaterials have shown great success in wound healing when compared to existing approaches, showing better ability to mimic natural extracellular matrix (ECM) components and thus to promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Wound dressings that are based on bioinspired nanomaterials can be engineered to promote anti-inflammatory mechanisms and to inhibit the formation of microbial biofilms. We consider the extensive potential of bioinspired nanomaterials in wound healing, revealing a scope beyond that covered previously.
Topics: Humans; Wound Healing; Anti-Infective Agents; Nanostructures
PubMed: 37331691
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103673