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Frontiers in Neuroscience 2023Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are two phenotypes of the same neurodegenerative disease, the FTD-ALS spectrum. What determines the...
INTRODUCTION
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are two phenotypes of the same neurodegenerative disease, the FTD-ALS spectrum. What determines the development of one rather than the other phenotype is still unknown. Based on the clinical observation that patients' personality seems to differ between the two phenotypes, i.e., ALS patients tend to display kind, prosocial behaviors whereas FTD patients tend to present anti-social behaviors, and that these traits are often reported as pre-existing the disease onset by caregivers, we set up to study experimentally patients' personality in their premorbid life.
METHODS
We first tested for differences between groups, then tested the association between premorbid personality and current functional organization of the brain. Premorbid personality of a cohort of forty patients, 27 FTD and 13 ALS, was explored through the NEO Personality Inventory 3 (NEO-PI-3), which analyses the five main personality factors, completed by the caregiver with reference to patient's personality 20 years before symptoms onset (premorbid). A subgroup of patients underwent a brain MRI including structural and resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI).
RESULTS
A significant difference between FTD and ALS in premorbid personality emerged in the Openness (133.92 FTD vs. 149.84 ALS, = 0.01) and Extraversion (136.55 FTD vs. 150.53 ALS, = 0.04) factors. This suggests that ALS patients had been, in their premorbid life, more open to new experiences, more sociable and optimistic than FTD patients. They also showed greater functional connectivity than both FTD and a control group in the Salience resting state network, over and above differences in gray matter atrophy. Finally, there was a positive correlation between premorbid Openness and functional connectivity in the Salience network across all patients, suggesting a possible association between premorbid personality and current functional organization of the brain, irrespective of the degree of atrophy.
DISCUSSION
Our proof-of-concept results suggest that premorbid personality may eventually predispose to the development of one, rather than the other, phenotype in the FTD-ALS spectrum.
PubMed: 37859765
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1248622 -
The Journal of Nervous and Mental... Jan 2024The research relevance is predefined by the fact that, in modern psychology and psychiatry, the concepts of psychopathy and sociopathy are combined and interchanged....
The research relevance is predefined by the fact that, in modern psychology and psychiatry, the concepts of psychopathy and sociopathy are combined and interchanged. These are two concepts that describe different etiologies of the same mental health condition. The research aims to describe in detail the main manifestations and characteristics of personality disorders (psychopathy and sociopathy) in psychiatry and psychology. The research analyzes the main features and manifestations of sociopathy and psychopathy. It examines the work of psychologists, psychiatrists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons in helping sociopaths and psychopaths. The study also explores the challenges of treating antisocial personality disorders and identifies internal and external factors that influence the development of these conditions. In addition, the article emphasizes the behavioral differences between sociopaths and psychopaths, proposes various methods for integrated therapy, diagnoses the main aspects of these disorders, and highlights the importance of psychiatric care and psychotherapeutic interventions. The research is of theoretical and practical value for psychologists, psychoanalysts, and physicians who can help people with these pathologies of personal development.
Topics: Humans; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Psychiatry; Psychotherapy
PubMed: 38166182
DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000001728 -
Journal of Behavior Therapy and... Jun 2024Psychopathic traits - and especially callous affective features - have been linked to altered processing of others' emotional expressions, and to reduced attention to...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Psychopathic traits - and especially callous affective features - have been linked to altered processing of others' emotional expressions, and to reduced attention to the eyes. Despite the importance of gaze cueing (i.e., the tendency to orient attention toward where someone else is looking) for social functioning, few studies have investigated relationships between psychopathic traits and gaze cueing, and whether facial emotional expression influence these relationships, obtaining mixed results. To address this gap, the present study aimed to evaluate associations between psychopathic traits and gaze cueing for emotional and neutral expressions.
METHODS
65 non-clinical male participants (M = 27.3 years) completed two self-report measures of psychopathy and performed laboratory tasks to assess gaze-cueing for emotional vs. neutral faces and an arrow-cueing task as a comparison.
RESULTS
Linear mixed models showed no significant associations of emotional (versus neutral) expressions, or psychopathy trait dimensions, with either gaze cueing or arrow cueing.
LIMITATIONS
Reliance on a convenience sample of non-clinical men, assessed with self-reports measures of psychopathy, and using static emotional stimuli limit the generalizability of our findings.
CONCLUSIONS
Findings suggest that psychopathic traits are not associated with individual differences in following others' gaze to direct attention, and that there was no advantage for affective relative to neutral expressions.
Topics: Humans; Male; Adult; Emotions; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Cues; Eye; Facial Expression
PubMed: 38128274
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101936 -
International Journal of Offender... Feb 2024The current investigation asseses the relationship between DSM personality disorders (PDs) and PCL psychopathy in a community study: the Cambridge Study in Delinquent...
The current investigation asseses the relationship between DSM personality disorders (PDs) and PCL psychopathy in a community study: the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (CSDD). The children (Generation 3) of the original CSDD males (Generation 2) were assessed for PDs and psychopathy in early adulthood. Generation 3 consisted of both males ( = 291) and females ( = 260) and allowed for analyses separately for each gender. Cluster B PDs showed the strongest relationships with psychopathy, especially Borderline and Antisocial PD. Histrionic PD did not appear to have strong relationships with psychopathy, and there were no indications that histrionic PD overlaps with psychopathy in females as past research has hypothesized. There were however some other gender-specific relationships in the analyses, most notably between psychopathy and schizoid and schizotypal PDs for females, and between psychopathy and paranoid PD in males. Implications for the understanding of psychopathy in males and females are discussed.
Topics: Male; Child; Humans; Female; Adult; Personality Disorders; Antisocial Personality Disorder
PubMed: 35574634
DOI: 10.1177/0306624X221094993 -
International Journal of Offender... Apr 2024Since the publication of the fifth edition of the , identity impairment has become a diagnostic criterion for all personality disorders. The current study examined the...
Since the publication of the fifth edition of the , identity impairment has become a diagnostic criterion for all personality disorders. The current study examined the occurrence of identity dimensions, clinically relevant identity impairments and personality pathology, and associations between these constructs in 92 forensic patients and 139 healthy controls. Patients showed higher levels of almost all identity dimensions, identity impairments, personality disorders, and almost all maladaptive personality traits than controls. Various identity dimensions were associated with consolidated identity as well as identity impairments in both groups. Both patients and controls with high ruminative exploration and identity malfunctioning showed more personality pathology. Different associations between identity functioning and particularly antisocial and borderline personality disorder showed to be stronger in patients than in controls. Our results highlight the importance of identity impairment as a crucial criterion to assess and treat personality pathology in forensic patients.
PubMed: 38651623
DOI: 10.1177/0306624X241248364 -
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Mar 2024Previous studies have indicated that smoking is linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, and that individuals with schizophrenia are more prone to...
AIMS
Previous studies have indicated that smoking is linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, and that individuals with schizophrenia are more prone to engaging in antisocial behavior. However, the causal effects of smoking behaviors on antisocial behavior and the potential mediating role of schizophrenia remains largely unclear.
METHODS
In the present study, using the summary data from genome wide association studies of smoking phenotypes (N = 323,386-805,431), schizophrenia (Ncases = 53,386, Ncontrols = 77,258), and antisocial behavior (N = 85,359), we assessed bidirectional causality between smoking phenotypes and schizophrenia by the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Using a two-step MR approach, we further examined whether causal effects of smoking phenotypes/schizophrenia on antisocial behavior were mediated by schizophrenia/smoking phenotypes.
RESULTS
The results showed that smoking initiation (SmkInit) and age of smoking initiation (AgeSmk) causally increase the risk of schizophrenia (SmkInit: OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.77-2.39, p = 4.36 × 10 ; AgeSmk: OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.16-0.62, p = 8.11 × 10 , Bonferroni corrected). However, there was no causal effect that liability to schizophrenia leads to smoking phenotypes. MR evidence also revealed causal influences of SmkInit and the amount smoked (CigDay) on antisocial behavior (SmkInit: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.17-1.41, p = 2.53 × 10 ; CigDay: OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.06-1.27, p = 1.60 × 10 , Bonferroni corrected). Furthermore, the mediation analysis indicated that the relationship between SmkInit and antisocial behavior was partly mediated by schizophrenia (mediated proportion = 6.92%, 95% CI = 0.004-0.03, p = 9.66 × 10 ).
CONCLUSIONS
These results provide compelling evidence for taking smoking interventions as a prevention strategy for schizophrenia and its related antisocial behavior.
Topics: Humans; Smoking; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Genome-Wide Association Study; Schizophrenia; Phenotype; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 37650156
DOI: 10.1111/cns.14430 -
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2023It remains unclear which functional and neurobiological mechanisms are associated with persistent and desistant antisocial behavior in early adulthood. We reviewed the... (Review)
Review
It remains unclear which functional and neurobiological mechanisms are associated with persistent and desistant antisocial behavior in early adulthood. We reviewed the empirical literature and propose a neurocognitive social information processing model for early onset persistent and desistant antisocial behavior in early adulthood, focusing on how young adults evaluate, act upon, monitor, and learn about their goals and self traits. Based on the reviewed literature, we propose that persistent antisocial behavior is characterized by domain-general impairments in self-relevant and goal-related information processing, regulation, and learning, which is accompanied by altered activity in fronto-limbic brain areas. We propose that desistant antisocial development is associated with more effortful information processing, regulation and learning, that possibly balances self-relevant goals and specific situational characteristics. The proposed framework advances insights by considering individual differences such as psychopathic personality traits, and specific emotional characteristics (e.g., valence of social cues), to further illuminate functional and neural mechanisms underlying heterogenous developmental pathways. Finally, we address important open questions and offer suggestions for future research to improve scientific knowledge on general and context-specific expression and development of antisocial behavior in early adulthood.
PubMed: 37533586
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1100277 -
Frontiers in Psychiatry 2023Pathological personality traits have repeatedly been identified as important risk factors for suicidal ideation and behaviors. Moreover, impulsive-aggressive traits,...
INTRODUCTION
Pathological personality traits have repeatedly been identified as important risk factors for suicidal ideation and behaviors. Moreover, impulsive-aggressive traits, have shown a consistent association with suicidal behaviors across the lifespan. Adolescence represents a critical period for the emergence of different personality traits, mood disorders, and suicidal behaviors, but the relationship between these variables remain poorly understood.
METHODS
These variables were examined in a cross-sectional case-control design involving three groups: 30 adolescents with a depressive disorder and past suicide attempt (Mean Age = 16.2, Females = 26), 38 adolescents with a depressive disorder but without past suicide attempt (Mean age = 16.0, Females = 29), and 34 healthy adolescent controls (Mean age = 15.2, Females = 22). Suicidal ideations were indexed using Suicidal Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ-R), psychiatric disorder assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire (K-SADS-PL), depressive symptoms with the Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI), symptoms characteristics of personality disorders with the Scheduled Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID-II) screening questionnaire, and impulsivity with the Barratt Impulsivesness Scale (BIS).
RESULTS
Findings showed that impulsivity ( = 11.0, < 0.0001) and antisocial symptoms characteristics of personality disorders ( < 0.001, d = 0.70) displayed the most robust association with adolescent suicide attempts. Borderline symptoms characteristics of personality disorders did not discriminate attempters from non-attempters but presented high correlations with suicidal ideation and depression severity. In an item-wise analysis, suicide attempt status was uniquely correlated with symptoms characteristics of an antisocial personality disorder. Suicide attempt status also correlated with non-suicidal self-injury and a chronic feeling of emptiness.
DISCUSSION
The caveats of this cross-sectional study include the stability of symptoms characteristics of personality disorders in adolescence and the limited sample size. In sum, suicidal behaviors were characteristically correlated with increased impulsivity and antisocial symptoms characteristics of personality disorders, but other symptoms characteristics of personality disorders were relevant to adolescent depression and suicidal ideation. Understanding the emergence of symptoms characteristics of personality disorders and suicidal behaviors in a developmental context can ultimately inform not only the neurobiological origin of suicidal behaviors, but also provide new avenues for early detection and intervention.
PubMed: 38146283
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1269744 -
Psychological Reports Aug 2023Phubbing among undergraduate has become an area of increasing research interest in recent years. In recent years, studies on phubbing have increased. However, no...
Phubbing among undergraduate has become an area of increasing research interest in recent years. In recent years, studies on phubbing have increased. However, no empirical study has deal with the mediating effect of fear of missing out (FoMO) on the relationship between dark triad and phubbing. The dark triad refers to three personality traits: Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism. Machiavellianism is characterized by prioritizing one's own wishes and desires. Psychopathy, is a personality trait where lack of emotion and self-control is seen. Narcissism is characterized by low empathy and egocentrism. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine whether FoMO mediator between dark triad and phubbing among undergraduates. For this purpose, structural equation modeling and bootstrapping method was used. Mediation analyses were performed using AMOS 22.00. The present study comprised 506 undergraduate (%70.7 female; %29.3 male). The age of the participants ranged between 18 and 29 (x = 22.41).The measures used included the General Scale of Phubbing, Fear of Missing Out Scale, and Dirty Dozen Scale. The results showed that FoMO mediated the relationship between dark triad and phubbing. The results of bootstrapping procedure indicated that the indirect effect of FoMO on the relationship between dark triad and phubbing was significant. In conclusion, the study suggests that FoMO is a meaningful mediator in the relationship between dark triad and phubbing. Research results are discussed in the light of the related literature and suggestions are presented for future researchers.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Personality; Machiavellianism; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Emotions; Fear; Narcissism
PubMed: 35713369
DOI: 10.1177/00332941221109119 -
MedRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Sep 2023There is a high prevalence of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in individuals affected by substance use disorders (SUD). However, there is limited information on...
There is a high prevalence of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in individuals affected by substance use disorders (SUD). However, there is limited information on the specific patterns of association of ASPD with SUD severity and specific SUD diagnostic criteria. We investigated the association of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, opioid, and tobacco use disorders (AUD, CanUD, CocUD, OUD, and TUD, respectively) in 1,660 individuals with ASPD and 6,640 controls matched by sex (24% female), age, and racial/ethnic background in a sample ascertained for addiction-related traits. Generalized linear regressions were used to test the association of ASPD with the five DSM-5 SUD diagnoses, their severity (i.e., mild, moderate, severe), and their individual diagnostic criteria. We found that ASPD is associated with the diagnosis and severity of AUD (Odds Ratio, ORs=1.89 and 1.25), CanUD (ORs=2.13 and 1.32), and TUD (ORs=1.50 and 1.21) ( <.003). Of the specific diagnostic criteria, the "hazardous use" criterion showed the strongest association with ASPD across the five SUDs investigated (from OR =1.88 to OR =1.37). However, when criteria of different SUDs were included in the same model, ASPD was independently associated only with TUD "hazardous use" and CocUD "attempts to quit". Attempting to quit cocaine was inversely related to the presence of ASPD and remained significant (OR=0.57, 95% confidence interval = 0.36-0.89) after controlling for interactive effects with sex. The current work provides novel insights into how different SUDs, their severity, and their diagnostic criteria associate with ASPD, potentially furthering our understanding of the impact of polysubstance addiction on mental health.
PubMed: 37745497
DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.15.23295625