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Aesthetic Surgery Journal Sep 2023For decades, a wide variety of natural and synthetic materials have been used to augment human tissue to improve aesthetic outcomes. Dermal fillers are some of the most... (Review)
Review
For decades, a wide variety of natural and synthetic materials have been used to augment human tissue to improve aesthetic outcomes. Dermal fillers are some of the most widely used aesthetic treatments throughout the body. Initially, the primary function of dermal fillers was to restore depleted volume. As biomaterial research has advanced, however, a variety of biostimulatory fillers have become staples in aesthetic medicine. Such fillers often contain a carrying vehicle and a biostimulatory material that induces de novo synthesis of major structural components of the extracellular matrix. One such filler, Radiesse (Merz Aesthetics, Raleigh, NC), is composed of calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres suspended in a carboxymethylcellulose gel. In addition to immediate volumization, Radiesse treatment results in increases of collagen, elastin, vasculature, proteoglycans, and fibroblast populations via a cell-biomaterial-mediated interaction. When injected, Radiesse acts as a cell scaffold and clinically manifests as immediate restoration of depleted volume, improvements in skin quality and appearance, and regeneration of endogenous extracellular matrices. This narrative review contextualizes Radiesse as a regenerative aesthetic treatment, summarizes its unique use cases, reviews its rheological, material, and regenerative properties, and hypothesizes future combination treatments in the age of regenerative aesthetics.
Topics: Humans; Calcium; Durapatite; Dermal Fillers; Biocompatible Materials; Esthetics
PubMed: 37635437
DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjad173 -
Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD Sep 2023Dermal fillers containing calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) are categorized as biostimulatory. However, differences in CaHA biomaterial likely affect the resultant...
BACKGROUND
Dermal fillers containing calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) are categorized as biostimulatory. However, differences in CaHA biomaterial likely affect the resultant induction of collagen synthesis, and variability in microsphere shape and size likely influences a patient’s immune response. This study compares 2 CaHA based fillers: one suspended in carboxymethylcellulose (denoted "CaHA/CMC"), and one crosslinked with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether to hyaluronic acid (denoted "CaHA/HA").
OBJECTIVE
To characterize CaHA/CMC and CaHA/HA fillers to stimulate in vitro collagen biosynthesis.
METHODS
Physicochemical evaluations included G′ and extrusion force. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize isolated CaHA microspheres and freeze-dried formulations. Collagen I and III expression were evaluated using immunofluorescence.
RESULTS
CaHA/CMC showed higher G′ (P<0.001) and lower extrusion force (P=0.0003), with uniform polymeric-matrix interactions, compared with CaHA/HA. On SEM, isolated microspheres and freeze-dried CaHA/CMC showed round and smooth surfaced microspheres of similar size. Isolated microspheres and freeze-dried CaHA/HA showed nonhomogeneous, broken microspheres, of various sizes, with fragments embedded in the polymer matrix. Although both fillers induced collagen III expression, only CaHA/CMC induced longer-lasting collagen I expression, with increases of 123% (P=0.007) and 164% (P<0.0001) at 2 and 5 mg/mL, respectively, compared with control. CaHA/CMC also increased collagen I expression at equivalent CaHA microsphere concentrations at 2 (P=0.0052) and 5 mg/mL (P<0.0001), compared with CaHA/HA.
CONCLUSION
The physicochemical characteristics selected for evaluation were more favorable for CaHA/CMC than CaHA/HA. When compared with CaHA/HA, the smooth, homogeneous microsphere composition of CaHA/CMC promoted significantly more collagen I biosynthesis, an essential process for tissue augmentation and long-lasting aesthetic improvement. Citation: Kunzler C, Hartmann C, Nowag B, et al. Comparison of physicochemical characteristics and biostimulatory functions in two calcium hydroxyapatite-based dermal fillers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(9):910-916. doi:10.36849/JDD.7684.
Topics: Humans; Durapatite; Dermal Fillers; Biocompatible Materials; Butylene Glycols; Esthetics
PubMed: 37683069
DOI: 10.36849/JDD.7684 -
Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD Sep 2023Regenerative aesthetics aims to restore the structure and function of aging skin. Two products, Radiesse (CaHA) and NCTF 135 HA (micronutrient mesotherapy) have been...
Regenerative aesthetics aims to restore the structure and function of aging skin. Two products, Radiesse (CaHA) and NCTF 135 HA (micronutrient mesotherapy) have been established as minimally invasive treatments that restore the structure and function of various skin components. It has been anecdotally observed by the authors, however, that some patients respond suboptimally to regenerative treatments without a clear indication as to why. It was hypothesized that micronutrient deficiencies in some patients may contribute to their lack of responsiveness and that a concurrent delivery of amino acids and co-enzymes may create a nutritional reservoir necessary for optimal protein synthesis. Noting that CaHA is known to drive the regeneration of extracellular matrix proteins, the aim of this case series was to investigate if “priming” the skin with NCTF 135 HA could lead to enhanced clinical effects of CaHA. The combination treatment resulted in improvements in panfacial aesthetics, skin laxity, wrinkle severity, skin luminosity, hyperpigmentation, and in skin and subcutis thicknesses in 100% of patients following a single treatment. This study is the first to introduce skin priming via diluting a regenerative biostimulator treatment with an amino acid-based diluent. Citation: Theodorakopoulou E, McCarthy A, Perico V, et al. Optimizing skin regenerative response to calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres via poly-micronutrient priming. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(9):925-934. doi:10.36849/JDD.7405.
Topics: Humans; Micronutrients; Calcium; Durapatite; Microspheres; Skin
PubMed: 37683067
DOI: 10.36849/JDD.7405 -
International Journal of Dermatology Feb 2024Radiesse is a filler composed of calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres suspended in a carboxymethylcellulose gel (CaHA/CMC). It has robust rheological properties that... (Review)
Review
Radiesse is a filler composed of calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres suspended in a carboxymethylcellulose gel (CaHA/CMC). It has robust rheological properties that have been associated with its versatility. CaHA/CMC is employed for both on-label indications of filling wrinkles or lines, volumizing, and contouring of areas as well as off-label indications aiming at biostimulation and skin tightening. However, despite the expanding use of CaHA/CMC, overall evidence and recommendations for treatment are currently lacking. This paper aims to provide an up-to-date overview of CaHA/CMC clinical applications, together with a level of evidence of supporting literature, focusing on the face. Based on the data, CaHA/CMC may be considered a safe and effective treatment option for cheeks, jawline, HIV-related facial lipoatrophy, and nasolabial folds. Treatment of marionette lines, chin, pre-jowl, and corner of the mouth also tends to respond with a high degree of efficacy. Despite the recent trend, guidelines, and safety profile of diluted and hyperdiluted Radiesse , no randomized controlled trials have been published.
Topics: Humans; Biocompatible Materials; Calcium; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Cheek; Cosmetic Techniques; Durapatite; Face; Lipodystrophy; Skin Aging
PubMed: 37897174
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16888 -
Journal of Materials Chemistry. B Jul 2023Nanomaterial composition, morphology, and mechanical performance are critical parameters for tissue engineering. Within this rapidly expanding space, tubular... (Review)
Review
Nanomaterial composition, morphology, and mechanical performance are critical parameters for tissue engineering. Within this rapidly expanding space, tubular nanomaterials (TNs), including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), titanium oxide nanotubes (TNTs), halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), silica nanotubes (SiNTs), and hydroxyapatite nanotubes (HANTs) have shown significant potential across a broad range of applications due to their high surface area, versatile surface chemistry, well-defined mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and monodispersity. These include drug delivery vectors, imaging contrast agents, and scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. This review is centered on the recent developments in TN-based biomaterials for structural tissue engineering, with a strong focus on bone tissue regeneration. It includes a detailed literature review on TN-based orthopedic coatings for metallic implants and composite scaffolds to enhance bone regeneration.
Topics: Tissue Engineering; Nanotubes, Carbon; Bone and Bones; Biocompatible Materials; Durapatite
PubMed: 37309580
DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00905j -
Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews Feb 2024Polyurethane (PU) and PU ceramic scaffolds are the principal materials investigated for developing synthetic bone materials due to their excellent biocompatibility and... (Review)
Review
Polyurethane (PU) and PU ceramic scaffolds are the principal materials investigated for developing synthetic bone materials due to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. PU has been combined with calcium phosphate (such as hydroxyapatite [HA] and tricalcium phosphate) to prepare scaffolds with enhanced mechanical properties and biocompatibility. This article reviews the latest progress in the design, synthesis, modification, and biological attributes of HA/PU scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Diverse HA/PU scaffolds have been proposed and discussed in terms of their osteogenic, antimicrobial, biocompatibility, and bioactivities. The application progress of HA/PU scaffolds in bone tissue engineering is predominantly introduced, including bone repair, bone defect filling, drug delivery, and long-term implants.
Topics: Humans; Durapatite; Tissue Engineering; Polyurethanes; Bone and Bones; Osteogenesis; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 37440330
DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2023.0073 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2023According to the previous studies of sialolithiasis reported so far, this study is aimed to identify the biological components of sialolith, which show different...
According to the previous studies of sialolithiasis reported so far, this study is aimed to identify the biological components of sialolith, which show different ultrastructures and chemical compositions from other stones, cholelith and urolith. Twenty-two specimens obtained from 20 patients were examined histologically, and analyzed with micro-CT, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All sialoliths (n = 22) observed in this study showed a central nidus, which was filled with organoid matrix admixed with exosome vesicles, loose calcium apatite crystals, and many bacteria. The micro-CT and SEM observation clearly defined a single or multiple central nidus(es) encircled by highly calcified compact zone. The circular compact zone showed a band-like calcification, about 1-3 mm in thickness, and usually located between the central nidus and the peripheral multilayer zone. But some sialoliths (n = 5) showed severe erosion of compact zone by expanding multilayered zone depending on the level of calcification and inflammation in sialolith. By observing TEM images, many exosome vesicles and degraded cytoplasmic organelles were found in the central nidus, and some epithelial cells were also found in the calcified matrix of peripheral multilayer zone. Particularly, EDS analysis indicated the highest Ca/P ratio in the intermediate compact zone (1.77), and followed by the central nidus area (1.39) and the peripheral multilayer zone (0.87). Taken together, these data suggest that the central nidus containing many inflammatory exosomes and degraded cytoplasmic organelles has a potential to induce a band-like calcification of compact zone, and followed by the additional multilayer deposition of exfoliated salivary epithelial cells as well as salivary materials. Thereby, the calcium apatite-based sialolith is gradually growing in its volume size, and eventually obstructs the salivary flow and provides a site for the bacterial infection.
Topics: Humans; Salivary Gland Calculi; Calcium; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Calcinosis; Apatites
PubMed: 37507401
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37462-w -
The Journal of Craniofacial SurgeryThe aim of this paper is to review the fillers around the nose.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this paper is to review the fillers around the nose.
METHODS
The literature search was performed at the PubMed and Proquest Central database of the Kirikkale University Library.
RESULTS
Characteristics of an ideal dermal filling material would be low cost, high safety, not causing pain during filling, provoking few sensitivity reactions and being durable. The material should allow reproducible results that are in line with expectation and produce a natural texture, be quick to use, be operation-ready, not cause the patient to need to convalesce and rarely cause complications. Nasal contour remodeling using fillers has several advantages: there is a brief recovery period, a general anesthetic is not needed and ecchymosis does not occur. There are a lot of filler materials, such as collagen, hyaluronic acid, Polymethylmethacrylate with Bovine Collagen, Poly-L-Lactic Acid, calcium hydroxylapatite and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.
CONCLUSION
It is absolutely essential to choose carefully appropriate material and procedure for patients to obtain optimum results.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Cattle; Biocompatible Materials; Cosmetic Techniques; Durapatite; Hyaluronic Acid; Collagen; Dermal Fillers
PubMed: 37943048
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000009849 -
Hand Clinics Feb 2024We examine the range of available bone graft substitutes often used in nonunion and malunion surgery of the upper extremity. Synthetic materials such as calcium sulfate,... (Review)
Review
We examine the range of available bone graft substitutes often used in nonunion and malunion surgery of the upper extremity. Synthetic materials such as calcium sulfate, beta-calcium phosphate ceramics, hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, and 3D printed materials are discussed. We delve into the advantages, disadvantages, and clinical applications for each, considering factors such as biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, mechanical strength, and resorption rates. This review provides upper extremity surgeons with insights into the available array of bone graft substitutes. We hope that the reviews helps in the decision-making process to achieve optimal outcomes when treating nonunion and malunion of the upper extremity.
Topics: Humans; Bone Substitutes; Durapatite; Bone Transplantation; Glass
PubMed: 37979985
DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2023.09.001 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023The need for bioactive and non-toxic biomaterials is on a high demand in tissue engineering applications nowadays. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the chief constituent of teeth...
The need for bioactive and non-toxic biomaterials is on a high demand in tissue engineering applications nowadays. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the chief constituent of teeth and bones in mammas. One of the major challenges with the use of HAp in engineering application is its brittleness and to overcome this, it's important to react it with a material that can enhanced it's fragility. To this end, HAp and HAp/clay nanocomposites were developed via wet chemical process to mimic natural HAp and to equally confer special properties such as mechanical properties, high surface area, crystallinity, high porosity, and biocompatibility on the biomaterial. The functional groups properties of the as-prepared nanocomposites analyzed by FT-IR showed that the HAp and clay posed reactive centers such as Al-Al-OH, Si-Si-OH, Si-O, PO, -OH, and Si-O-Al. The XRD results confirmed the formation of HAp/clay nanocomposite, while SEM and TEM images showed the morphologies of the prepared nanocomposites to be round shape particles. Besides, EDX result revealed the Ca/P ratio of HAp and HAp-C to be lower than that of stoichiometric ratio (1.67) which implies the presence of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Si and Al in the HAp/clay nanocomposite. The mechanical properties of the apatite were greatly enhanced by the addition of clay. The physiological behaviour of the fabricated apatite composites in saline solution showed steady increase in the values of the saline pH of the various biomolecules until day 5 and became fairly constant at day 7 with pH range of 7.30-7.38. Though the saline solution was acidic at the beginning due to dissolved carbon dioxide, the pH of the saline solution containing the nanocomposites gradually became neutral and fairly alkaline over time as a result of the presence of Lewis basis structures in the composites which helps in neutralizing the acidic solution. Furthermore, proliferation of apatites particles onto the surface of the nanocomposites was observed after treatment with simulated body fluids (SBF) media for 7 days. Thus, HAp/clay nanocomposites can be useful biomaterials in bone tissue engineering.
Topics: Durapatite; Clay; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Saline Solution; Biocompatible Materials; Nanocomposites; Apatites
PubMed: 37963905
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45646-7