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International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2024This review focuses on the latest advancements in magnetic hydroxyapatite (mHA) nanoparticles and their potential applications in nanomedicine and regenerative medicine.... (Review)
Review
This review focuses on the latest advancements in magnetic hydroxyapatite (mHA) nanoparticles and their potential applications in nanomedicine and regenerative medicine. mHA nanoparticles have gained significant interest over the last few years for their great potential, offering advanced multi-therapeutic strategies because of their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and unique physicochemical features, enabling on-demand activation and control. The most relevant synthetic methods to obtain magnetic apatite-based materials, either in the form of iron-doped HA nanoparticles showing intrinsic magnetic properties or composite/hybrid compounds between HA and superparamagnetic metal oxide nanoparticles, are described as highlighting structure-property correlations. Following this, this review discusses the application of various magnetic hydroxyapatite nanomaterials in bone regeneration and nanomedicine. Finally, novel perspectives are investigated with respect to the ability of mHA nanoparticles to improve nanocarriers with homogeneous structures to promote multifunctional biological applications, such as cell stimulation and instruction, antimicrobial activity, and drug release with on-demand triggering.
Topics: Nanomedicine; Durapatite; Regenerative Medicine; Nanoparticles; Magnetic Phenomena
PubMed: 38474056
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052809 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023Bone tissue engineering has attracted great interest in the last few years, as the frequency of tissue-damaging or degenerative diseases has increased exponentially. To... (Review)
Review
Bone tissue engineering has attracted great interest in the last few years, as the frequency of tissue-damaging or degenerative diseases has increased exponentially. To obtain an ideal treatment solution, researchers have focused on the development of optimum biomaterials to be applied for the enhancement of bioactivity and the regeneration process, which are necessary to support the proper healing process of osseous tissues. In this regard, hydroxyapatite (HA) has been the most widely used material in the biomedical field due to its great biocompatibility and similarity with the native apatite from the human bone. However, HA still presents some deficiencies related to its mechanical properties, which are essential for HA to be applied in load-bearing applications. Bioactivity is another vital property of HA and is necessary to further improve regeneration and antibacterial activity. These drawbacks can be solved by doping the material with trace elements, adapting the properties of the material, and, finally, sustaining bone regeneration without the occurrence of implant failure. Considering these aspects, in this review, we have presented some general information about HA properties, synthesis methods, applications, and the necessity for the addition of doping ions into its structure. Also, we have presented their influence on the properties of HA, as well as the latest applications of doped materials in the biomedical field.
Topics: Humans; Durapatite; Tissue Engineering; Bone and Bones; Apatites; Biocompatible Materials
PubMed: 37685968
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713157 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2023This study aimed to assess the effect of addition of fluorohydroxyapatite (FHI) on biological and physical properties of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to assess the effect of addition of fluorohydroxyapatite (FHI) on biological and physical properties of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this in vitro, experimental study, nano-FHI powder was first synthesized, and the morphology and chemical structure of particles were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Three groups were evaluated in this study: MTA Angelus, MTA modified with 10% FHA, and MTA modified with 15% FHA. After mixing, the materials were applied to ring molds (10 mm diameter, 1 mm height), and the setting time of the three groups was evaluated according to ISO6876 and ASTMC266-03 with a Gillmore needle. The pH was measured using a pH meter at 24 and 48 hours and 7 days after mixing. The cytotoxicity of the materials was assessed in freshly mixed form and after 1 and 7 days using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay according to ISO10993-5. Data were analyzed by one-way and repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha = 0.05).
RESULTS
The addition of FHA to MTA significantly decreased the initial setting time ( < 0.05) and had no significant effect on cell viability (compared with pure MTA Angelus) at 1 and 7 days. However, modified MTA groups in freshly mixed form showed significantly lower cell viability ( < 0.05). The pH remained alkaline at all time points.
CONCLUSION
Addition of 15% FHA to MTA Angelus decreased its setting time with no adverse effect on cell viability (except for fresh form) or pH.
Topics: Calcium Compounds; Aluminum Compounds; Oxides; Silicates; Drug Combinations; Materials Testing; Root Canal Filling Materials; Bismuth; Hydroxyapatites
PubMed: 37964892
DOI: 10.1155/2023/7532898 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Jan 2024A major pathological basis for low back pain is intervertebral disk degeneration, which is primarily caused by the degeneration of nucleus pulposus cells due to...
A major pathological basis for low back pain is intervertebral disk degeneration, which is primarily caused by the degeneration of nucleus pulposus cells due to imbalances in extracellular matrix (ECM) anabolism and catabolism. The phenotype of macrophages in the local immune microenvironment greatly influences the balance of ECM metabolism. Therefore, the control over the macrophage phenotype of the ECM is promising to repair intervertebral disk degeneration. Herein, the preparation of an injectable nanocomposite hydrogel is reported by embedding epigallocatechin-3-gallate-coated hydroxyapatite nanorods in O-carboxymethyl chitosan cross-linked with aldehyde hyaluronic acid that is capable of modulating the phenotype of macrophages. The bioactive components play a primary role in repairing the nucleus pulposus, where the hydroxyapatite nanorods can promote anabolism in the ECM through the nucleopulpogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, epigallocatechin-3-gallate can decrease catabolism in the ECM in nucleus pulposus by inducing M2 macrophage polarization, which exists in normal intervertebral disks and can alleviate degeneration. The nanocomposite hydrogel system shows promise for the minimally invasive and effective treatment of intervertebral disk degeneration by controlling anabolism and catabolism in the ECM and inhibiting the IL17 signaling pathway (M1-related pathway) in vitro and in vivo.
Topics: Humans; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration; Hydrogels; Nanogels; Intervertebral Disc; Hydroxyapatites
PubMed: 37939288
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304480 -
Biomaterials Science Dec 2023Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely used in clinical practice. As they are not bioactive, hydroxyapatite (HA) is commonly used to modify them. This study offered a... (Review)
Review
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely used in clinical practice. As they are not bioactive, hydroxyapatite (HA) is commonly used to modify them. This study offered a review of microwave-assisted synthesis of composites based on Ti and HA for dental implantation by exploring their interaction mechanisms with microwave and features of two main techniques, namely microwave coating and sintering, along with current challenges and potential solutions in the field. It was shown that microwave coating enables rapid deposition of HA, but suffers from problems such as uneven coating thickness, poor integrity and unstable composition of the products. They can be solved by creating interlayers, combining the spin coating technique, . Unlike microwave coating, microwave sintering can effectively modify the mechanical properties of the composites, despite the shortcomings of excessive elastic moduli and potential HA decomposition. These issues are expected to be addressed by adding alloying elements and employing appropriate materials as space holders and ion-doped HA for sintering.
Topics: Durapatite; Titanium; Microwaves; Surface Properties; Materials Testing; Alloys; Dental Implantation; Coated Materials, Biocompatible
PubMed: 37965798
DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01151h -
Journal of Biomedical Materials... Sep 2023In this work, three different modified cements, control apatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate cement (CPC), polymeric CPC (p-CPC), and bioactive glass added polymeric cement...
In this work, three different modified cements, control apatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate cement (CPC), polymeric CPC (p-CPC), and bioactive glass added polymeric cement (p-CPC/BG) were evaluated regarding their physical properties and the responses of primary human osteoblast cells (HObs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Although polyacrylic acid (PAA) increased compressive strength and Young's modulus of the cement, it could cause poor apatite phase formation, a prolonged setting time, and a lower degradation rate. Consequently, bioactive glass (BG) was added to PAA/cement to improve its physical properties, such as compressive strength, Young's modulus, setting time, and degradation. For in vitro testing, HObs viability was assessed under two culture systems with cement-preconditioned medium (indirect) and with cement (direct). HObs viability was examined in direct contact with cements treated by different prewashing conditions. HObs presented a more well spread morphology on cement soaked in medium overnight, as compared to other cements with no treatment and washing in PBS. In addition, the proliferation, differentiation, and total collagen production of both HObs and MSCs adhered to the cement were detected. Cells showed excellent proliferation on PAA/cement and PAA/BG/cement. Furthermore, the higher released Si ion and lower acidosis of PAA/BG/cement-conditioned medium resulted in an increase in osteogenic differentiation (HObs and MSCs) and enhanced collagen production (HObs in osteogenic medium and MSCs in control medium). Therefore, our findings suggest that BG incorporated PAA/apatite/β-TCP cement could be a promising formula for bone repair applications.
Topics: Humans; Apatites; Bone Cements; Osteogenesis; Calcium Phosphates; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Collagen; Osteoblasts
PubMed: 37009913
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37542 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023Dental caries is a worldwide challenge for public health. The aim of this 18-month double-blinded, randomized, clinical trial was to compare the caries-preventing effect... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Dental caries is a worldwide challenge for public health. The aim of this 18-month double-blinded, randomized, clinical trial was to compare the caries-preventing effect of a fluoride-free, hydroxyapatite toothpaste (test) and a toothpaste with sodium fluoride (1450 ppm fluoride; positive control) in adults.
METHODS
The primary endpoint was the percentage of subjects showing no increase in overall Decayed Missing Filled Surfaces (DMFS) index. The study was designed as non-inferiority trial. Non-inferiority was claimed if the upper limit of the exact one-sided 95% confidence interval for the difference of the primary endpoint DMFS between test and control toothpaste was less than the predefined margin of non-inferiority (Δ ≤ 20%).
RESULTS
In total, 189 adults were included in the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis; 171 subjects finished the study per protocol (PP). According to the PP analysis, no increase in DMFS index was observed in 89.3% of subjects of the hydroxyapatite group and 87.4% of the subjects of the fluoride group. The hydroxyapatite toothpaste was not statistically inferior to a fluoride toothpaste with regard to the primary endpoint.
CONCLUSION
Hydroxyapatite was proven to be a safe and efficient anticaries agent in oral care.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
NCT04756557.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Toothpastes; Cariostatic Agents; Durapatite; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Fluorides
PubMed: 37533523
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1199728 -
Journal of Nanobiotechnology Aug 2023Autogenous bone grafting has long been considered the gold standard for treating critical bone defects. However, its use is plagued by numerous drawbacks, such as...
Autogenous bone grafting has long been considered the gold standard for treating critical bone defects. However, its use is plagued by numerous drawbacks, such as limited supply, donor site morbidity, and restricted use for giant-sized defects. For this reason, there is an increasing need for effective bone substitutes to treat these defects. Mollusk nacre is a natural structure with outstanding mechanical property due to its notable "brick-and-mortar" architecture. Inspired by the nacre architecture, our team designed and fabricated a nacre-mimetic cerium-doped layered nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan layered composite scaffold (CeHA/CS). Hydroxyapatite can provide a certain strength to the material like a brick. And as a polymer material, chitosan can slow down the force when the material is impacted, like an adhesive. As seen in natural nacre, the combination of these inorganic and organic components results in remarkable tensile strength and fracture toughness. Cerium ions have been demonstrated exceptional anti-osteoclastogenesis capabilities. Our scaffold featured a distinct layered HA/CS composite structure with intervals ranging from 50 to 200 μm, which provided a conducive environment for human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC) adhesion and proliferation, allowing for in situ growth of newly formed bone tissue. In vitro, Western-blot and qPCR analyses showed that the CeHA/CS layered composite scaffolds significantly promoted the osteogenic process by upregulating the expressions of osteogenic-related genes such as RUNX2, OCN, and COL1, while inhibiting osteoclast differentiation, as indicated by reduced TRAP-positive osteoclasts and decreased bone resorption. In vivo, calvarial defects in rats demonstrated that the layered CeHA/CS scaffolds significantly accelerated bone regeneration at the defect site, and immunofluorescence indicated a lowered RANKL/OPG ratio. Overall, our results demonstrate that CeHA/CS scaffolds offer a promising platform for bone regeneration in critical defect management, as they promote osteogenesis and inhibit osteoclast activation.
Topics: Rats; Humans; Animals; Chitosan; Durapatite; Tissue Scaffolds; Nacre; Bone Regeneration; Osteogenesis; Signal Transduction; Cell Differentiation; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 37550715
DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01988-y -
Journal of Biomaterials Applications Oct 2023Novel drug delivery system was prepared and evaluated as for application in cancerous bone treatment. It had three stacked layers, including a drug-free layer, a...
Novel drug delivery system was prepared and evaluated as for application in cancerous bone treatment. It had three stacked layers, including a drug-free layer, a cisplatin-loaded layer, and a curcumin-containing layer. Our previously characterized biomaterials, namely Zr-hydroxyapatite (Zr-HA) and alkaline-treated polycaprolactone (modified-PCL), were used as major components of the drug carrier. Polar-polar interactions between cisplatin and Zr-HA were modulated by the modified-PCL included, leading to increase of cisplatin release. Using β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to entrap curcumin caused improvement of curcumin solubility and release. The 3D-construct was porous with internal interconnected pores according to SEM micrographs. Large amount of apatite was formed and proteins adsorbed on the scaffolds after immersed in physiologic buffer solution and in medium containing fetal bovine serum, respectively. Optimal concentrations of ascorbic acid and triamcinolone were used for induction of bone marrow stromal cells to become osteoblasts by expressing an enzyme marker, e.g., alkaline phosphatase. The prepared scaffolds were considered osteo-conductive and osteo-inductive. The concentrations of cisplatin and curcumin reached the IC of SK-ES-1 cells of osteosarcoma and MCF-7 cells of breast adenocarcinoma after 24 h and 3 days of release, respectively. These cancer cells were more sensitive to the combined cisplatin and curcumin than each of the drugs. Regeneration of new bone and execution of residential cancer cells in defected bone were proposed after replacing the lost bone by this established drug carrier. The assumption needs to be verified in the future using animal models.
Topics: Animals; Tissue Scaffolds; Curcumin; Cisplatin; Polyesters; Bone Regeneration; Durapatite; Drug Carriers; Bone Neoplasms
PubMed: 37620997
DOI: 10.1177/08853282231199313 -
The Analyst Sep 2023Rapid advancement of novel optical spectroscopy and imaging systems relies on the availability of well-characterised and reproducible protocols for phantoms as a...
Rapid advancement of novel optical spectroscopy and imaging systems relies on the availability of well-characterised and reproducible protocols for phantoms as a standard for the validation of the technique. The tissue-mimicking phantoms are also used to investigate photon transport in biological samples before clinical trials that require well-characterized phantoms with known optical properties (reduced scattering (') and absorption () coefficients). However, at present, there is limited literature available providing well-characterized phantom recipes considering various biomarkers and tested over a wide range of optical properties covering most of the human organs and applicable to multimodal optical spectroscopy. In this study, gelatin-based phantoms were designed to simulate tissue optical properties where India ink and Intralipid were used as absorbing and scattering agents, respectively. Multiple biomarkers were simulated by varying the gelatin concentration to mimic the change in tissue hydration and hydroxyapatite concentration to mimic bone signature. The recipe along with biomarkers were optimized and characterised over a wide range of optical properties ( from 0.1 to 0.5 cm; ' from 5 to 15 cm) relevant to human tissue using a broadband time-domain diffuse optical spectrometer. The data collected showed a linear relationship between the concentration of ink/lipids and /' values with negligible coupling between and ' values. While being stored in a refrigerator post-fabrication, the and ' did not change significantly (<4% coefficient of variation, 'CV') over three weeks. The reproducibility in three different sets was validated experimentally and found to be strong with a variation of ≤6% CV in and ≤9% CV in '. From the 3 × 3 data of and ' matrices, one can deduce the recipe for any target absorption or reduced scattering coefficient. The applicability of the phantoms was tested using diffuse reflectance and Raman spectrometers. A use case application was demonstrated for Raman spectroscopy where hydration and hydroxyapatite phantoms were designed to characterize the Raman instrument. The Raman instrument could detect the change in 1% of HA and 5% of hydration. This study presents a first-of-its-kind robust, well-characterized, multi-biomarker phantom recipe for calibration and benchmarking of multimodal spectroscopy devices assisting in their clinical translation.
Topics: Humans; Gelatin; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Biomarkers; Durapatite
PubMed: 37665320
DOI: 10.1039/d3an00680h