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Biomaterials Science Feb 2024Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicles with lipid bilayer structures shed from the plasma membrane of cells. Microvesicles (MVs) are a subset of EVs containing... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicles with lipid bilayer structures shed from the plasma membrane of cells. Microvesicles (MVs) are a subset of EVs containing proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other metabolites. MVs can be produced under specific cell stimulation conditions and isolated by modern separation technology. Due to their tumor homing and large volume, tumor cell-derived microvesicles (TMVs) have attracted interest recently and become excellent delivery carriers for therapeutic vaccines, imaging agents or antitumor drugs. However, preparing sufficient and high-purity TMVs and conducting clinical transformation has become a challenge in this field. In this review, the recent research achievements in the generation, isolation, characterization, modification, and application of TMVs in cancer therapy are reviewed, and the challenges facing therapeutic applications are also highlighted.
Topics: Humans; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Extracellular Vesicles; Neoplasms; Cell Membrane
PubMed: 38284828
DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01980b -
Trends in Cancer Nov 2023Recent studies have revealed that cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) modulate immunological responses. Lipids have diverse biological functions, and are...
Recent studies have revealed that cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) modulate immunological responses. Lipids have diverse biological functions, and are known to promote tumor malignancy. However, the immunoevasive roles of EV lipids in cancer progression remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, the study of cancer cell-derived EV lipids holds great promise for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Topics: Humans; Extracellular Vesicles; Neoplasms; Lipids
PubMed: 37666676
DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.08.006 -
EMBO Reports Sep 2023Over the recent years, it has become apparent that a deeper understanding of cell-to-cell and organ-to-organ communication is necessary to fully comprehend both... (Review)
Review
Over the recent years, it has become apparent that a deeper understanding of cell-to-cell and organ-to-organ communication is necessary to fully comprehend both homeostatic and pathological states. Autophagy is indispensable for cellular development, function, and homeostasis. A crucial aspect is that autophagy can also mediate these processes through its secretory role. The autophagy-derived secretome relays its extracellular signals in the form of nutrients, proteins, mitochondria, and extracellular vesicles. These crosstalk mediators functionally shape cell fate decisions, tissue microenvironment and systemic physiology. The diversity of the secreted cargo elicits an equally diverse type of responses, which span over metabolic, inflammatory, and structural adaptations in disease and homeostasis. We review here the emerging role of the autophagy-derived secretome in the communication between different cell types and organs and discuss the mechanisms involved.
Topics: Cell Communication; Autophagy; Extracellular Vesicles; Biological Transport; Proteins
PubMed: 37465980
DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357289 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2023Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-including apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes-are released by almost all cell types and contain molecular footprints from their... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-including apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes-are released by almost all cell types and contain molecular footprints from their cell of origin, including lipids, proteins, metabolites, RNA, and DNA. They have been successfully isolated from blood, urine, semen, and other body fluids. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the predictive value of EVs in prostate and renal cancer. We also describe the findings supporting the use of EVs from liquid biopsies in stratifying high-risk prostate/kidney cancer and advanced disease, such as castration-resistant (CRPC) and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) as well as metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Assays based on EVs isolated from urine and blood have the potential to serve as highly sensitive diagnostic studies as well as predictive measures of tumor recurrence in patients with prostate and renal cancers. Overall, we discuss the biogenesis, isolation, liquid-biopsy, and therapeutic applications of EVs in CRPC, NEPC, and RCC.
Topics: Male; Humans; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; Clinical Relevance; Kidney Neoplasms; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Extracellular Vesicles; Exosomes
PubMed: 37834162
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914713 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023There is growing evidence that mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles and exosomes can significantly improve the curative effect of oxidative... (Review)
Review
There is growing evidence that mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles and exosomes can significantly improve the curative effect of oxidative stress-related diseases. Mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles and exosomes (MSC-EVs and MSC-Exos) are rich in bioactive molecules and have many biological regulatory functions. In this review, we describe how MSC-EVs and MSC-Exos reduce the related markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in various systemic diseases, and the molecular mechanism of MSC-EVs and MSC-Exos in treating apoptosis and vascular injury induced by oxidative stress. The results of a large number of experimental studies have shown that both local and systemic administration can effectively inhibit the oxidative stress response in diseases and promote the survival and regeneration of damaged parenchymal cells. The mRNA and miRNAs in MSC-EVs and MSC-Exos are the most important bioactive molecules in disease treatment, which can inhibit the apoptosis, necrosis and oxidative stress of lung, heart, kidney, liver, bone, skin and other cells, and promote their survive and regenerate.
Topics: Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; Administration, Cutaneous; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 37646039
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238789 -
Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Dec 2023Extracellular vesicles (EVs), encompassing exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies (ABs), are cell-derived heterogeneous nanoparticles with a pivotal role in... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), encompassing exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies (ABs), are cell-derived heterogeneous nanoparticles with a pivotal role in intercellular communication. EVs are enclosed by a lipid-bilayer membrane to escape enzymatic degradation. EVs contain various functional molecules (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and metabolites) which can be transferred from donor cells to recipient cells. EVs provide many advantages including accessibility, modifiability and easy storage, stability, biocompatibility, heterogeneity and they readily penetrate through biological barriers, making EVs ideal and promising candidates for diagnosis/prognosis biomarkers and therapeutic tools. Recently, EVs were implicated in both physiological and pathophysiological settings of cardiovascular system through regulation of cell-cell communication. Numerous studies have reported a role for EVs in the pathophysiological progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and have evaluated the utility of EVs for the diagnosis/prognosis and therapeutics of CVDs. In this review, we summarize the biology of EVs, evaluate the perceived biological function of EVs in different CVDs along with a consideration of recent progress for the application of EVs in diagnosis/prognosis and therapies of CVDs.
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Extracellular Vesicles; Exosomes; Cell Communication
PubMed: 37798169
DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.09.006 -
Addiction Biology Dec 2023Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a growing health emergency in the United States leading to an epidemic of overdose deaths. OUD is recognized as an addictive brain disorder... (Review)
Review
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a growing health emergency in the United States leading to an epidemic of overdose deaths. OUD is recognized as an addictive brain disorder resulting in psychological, cognitive and behavioural dysfunction. These observed clinical dysfunctions are a result of cellular changes that occur in the brain. Derangements in inflammation, neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity are observed in the brains of OUD patients. The mechanisms of these derangements are unclear; however, extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane bound particles containing protein, nucleotides and lipids are currently being investigated as agents that invoke these cellular changes. The primary function of EVs is to facilitate intercellular communication by transfer of cargo (protein, nucleotides and lipids) between cells; however, changes in this cargo have been observed in models of OUD suggesting that EVs may be agents promoting the observed cellular derangements. This review summarizes evidence that altered cargo of EVs, specifically protein and miRNA, in models of OUD promote impairments in neurons, astrocytes and microglial cells. These findings support the premise that opioids alter EVs to detrimentally affect neuro-cellular function resulting in the observed addictive, psychological and neurocognitive deficits in OUD patients.
Topics: Humans; United States; MicroRNAs; Opioid-Related Disorders; Extracellular Vesicles; Nucleotides; Lipids
PubMed: 38017641
DOI: 10.1111/adb.13353 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2023Skin photoaging is a complex biological process characterized by the accumulation of oxidative damage and structural changes in the skin, resulting from chronic exposure... (Review)
Review
Skin photoaging is a complex biological process characterized by the accumulation of oxidative damage and structural changes in the skin, resulting from chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Despite the growing demand for effective treatments, current therapeutic options for skin photoaging remain limited. However, emerging research has highlighted the potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, micro-vesicles, apoptotic bodies and liposomes, as promising therapeutic agents in skin rejuvenation. EVs are involved in intercellular communication and can deliver bioactive molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, to recipient cells, thereby influencing various cellular processes. This comprehensive review aims to summarize the current research progress in the application of EVs for the treatment of skin photoaging, including their isolation and characterization methods, roles in skin homeostasis, therapeutic potential and clinical applications for skin photoaging. Additionally, challenges and future directions in EVs-based therapies for skin rejuvenation are discussed.
Topics: Skin Aging; Extracellular Vesicles; Exosomes; Skin; Cell Communication
PubMed: 37954453
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S433611 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) secreted by cells. With advances in the study of sEVs, they have shown great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of... (Review)
Review
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) secreted by cells. With advances in the study of sEVs, they have shown great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. However, sEV therapy usually requires a certain dose and purity of sEVs to achieve the therapeutic effect, but the existing sEV purification technology exists in the form of low yield, low purity, time-consuming, complex operation and many other problems, which greatly limits the application of sEVs. Therefore, how to obtain high-purity and high-quality sEVs quickly and efficiently, and make them realize large-scale production is a major problem in current sEV research. This paper discusses how to improve the purity and yield of sEVs from the whole production process of sEVs, including the upstream cell line selection and cell culture process, to the downstream isolation and purification, quality testing and the final storage technology.
Topics: Extracellular Vesicles; Exosomes; Biological Transport; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Line
PubMed: 38469310
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1344681 -
Cells Apr 2024The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the process of tumorigenesis, regulating the growth, metabolism, proliferation, and invasion of cancer cells,... (Review)
Review
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the process of tumorigenesis, regulating the growth, metabolism, proliferation, and invasion of cancer cells, as well as contributing to tumor resistance to the conventional chemoradiotherapies. Several types of cells with relatively stable phenotypes have been identified within the TME, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells, which have been shown to modulate cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and interaction with the immune system, thus promoting tumor heterogeneity. Growing evidence suggests that tumor-cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), via the transfer of various molecules (e.g., RNA, proteins, peptides, and lipids), play a pivotal role in the transformation of normal cells in the TME into their tumor-associated protumorigenic counterparts. This review article focuses on the functions of EVs in the modulation of the TME with a view to how exosomes contribute to the transformation of normal cells, as well as their importance for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Topics: Humans; Tumor Microenvironment; Extracellular Vesicles; Neoplasms; Animals; Exosomes
PubMed: 38667297
DOI: 10.3390/cells13080682