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Vaccine Jul 2023The most common source of foodborne Salmonella infection in humans is poultry eggs and meat, such that prevention of human infection is mostly achieved by vaccination of...
The most common source of foodborne Salmonella infection in humans is poultry eggs and meat, such that prevention of human infection is mostly achieved by vaccination of farm animals. While inactivated and attenuated vaccines are available, both present drawbacks. This study aimed to develop a novel vaccination strategy, which combines the effectiveness of live-attenuated and safety of inactivated vaccines by construction of inducible self-destructing bacteria utilizing toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems. Hok-Sok and CeaB-CeiB toxin-antitoxin systems were coupled with three induction systems aimed for activating cell killing upon lack of arabinose, anaerobic conditions or low concentration of metallic di-cations. The constructs were transformed into a pathogenic Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis strain and bacteria elimination was evaluated in vitro under specific activating conditions and in vivo following administration to chickens. Four constructs induced bacterial killing under the specified conditions, both in growth media and within macrophages. Cloacal swabs of all chicks orally administered transformed bacteria had no detectable levels of bacteria within 9 days of inoculation. By day ten, no bacteria were identified in the spleen and liver of most birds. Antibody immune response was raised toward TA carrying Salmonella which resembled response toward the wildtype bacteria. The constructs described in this study led to self-destruction of virulent Salmonella enteritidis both in vitro and in inoculated animals within a period which is sufficient for the induction of a protective immune response. This system may serve as a safe and effective live vaccine platform against Salmonella as well as other pathogenic bacteria.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Antitoxins; Chickens; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enteritidis; Toxins, Biological; Vaccination; Salmonella Vaccines; Poultry Diseases; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 37400285
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.074 -
Food Chemistry Dec 2023The structure characteristics, functional properties, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of pectins extracted from feijoa peel with water (FP-W), acid (FP-A) and...
The structure characteristics, functional properties, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of pectins extracted from feijoa peel with water (FP-W), acid (FP-A) and alkali (FP-B) were investigated. Results showed that the feijoa peel pectins (FPs) were mainly composed of galacturonic acid, arabinose, galactose and rhamnose. FP-W and FP-A had higher proportion of homogalacturonan domain, degree of esterification and molecular weight (for main component) than FP-B; FP-B owned the highest yield, protein and polyphenol contents. FP-W had a compact and smooth surface morphology unlike FP-A and FP-B. FP-W and FP-A had better thermal stability than FP-B. The rheological analysis suggested that the FPs exhibited pseudoplastic fluid behavior, and the elastic characteristics were dominant. Results showed that FP-W and FP-B had superior antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities than FP-A. According to correlation analysis, monosaccharide composition, sugar ratios and degree of acetylation were chief factors affecting the functional properties, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of the FPs.
Topics: Antioxidants; Feijoa; Pectins; Molecular Weight; Galactose
PubMed: 37437357
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136819 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Aug 2023Strains USC-21046 and USC-21048 were isolated from foaming coastal marine waters on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. Both strains displayed growth and...
Strains USC-21046 and USC-21048 were isolated from foaming coastal marine waters on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. Both strains displayed growth and morphological characteristics typical for members belonging to the genus . The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the major fatty acids were C, C ω9, C and C 10-methyl. The mycolic acids of strains USC-21046 and USC-21048 consisted of chain lengths between 50-64 and 56-68, respectively. Moreover, both of those strains contained -diaminopimelic acid and ribose, arabinose, glucose and galactose as whole cell sugars. Based on the phylogenomic results, both strains belonged to the genus with strain USC-21046 showing an 80.4 % genome similarity to NBRC 16497 and NBRC 100343, whereas USC-21048 strain showed an 83.6 % genome similarity to NBRC 100429. Both strains were delineated from their closely related relatives based on physiological (e.g. growth on sole carbon source) and chemotaxonomic (e.g. cellular fatty composition) differences. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between USC-21046 and USC-21048 and their closely related relatives were below the dDDH threshold value of ≤70 % used for the taxonomic classification of novel species status. The genome length of strains USC-21046 and USC-21048 were 6 878 863 and 7 066 978 bp, with G+C contents of 65.2 and 67.8 mol%, respectively. For the novel isolates, we propose the names sp. nov. with the type strain USC-21046 (=DSM 111727=NCCB 100867) and sp. nov. with the type strain USC-21048 (=DSM 111726=NCCB 100868).
Topics: Fatty Acids; Nocardia; Phospholipids; Queensland; Phylogeny; Base Composition; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Soil Microbiology; Vitamin K 2; Bacterial Typing Techniques; DNA, Bacterial; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Australia
PubMed: 37540199
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005952 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024Schisandra chinensis (SC), a plant of the Magnoliaceae family, commonly known as "North Schisandra chinensis", has been listed as a top-grade Chinese medicine in the... (Review)
Review
Schisandra chinensis (SC), a plant of the Magnoliaceae family, commonly known as "North Schisandra chinensis", has been listed as a top-grade Chinese medicine in the Shennong Materia Medica Classic for its high medicinal value since ancient times. Polysaccharides from S. chinensis fruits (SCPs) are an active component in SC, which have various biological activity, including immune regulation, anti-tumor, antioxidant, liver protective, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic activity. Research has shown that the extraction methods of SCPs include hot water extraction, water extraction and alcohol precipitation, ultrasonic-assisted, microwave-assisted and so on. Different extraction methods can affect the yield and purity of polysaccharides, and to improve the extraction yield of SCPs, two or more extraction methods can be combined. SCPs are mainly composed of glucose, mannose, rhamnose, galactose, galacturonic acid and arabinose. This article aims to provide a systematic review of the research progress in the extraction and separation methods, structural characterization, and biological activity of SCPs both domestically and internationally in recent years. This deeply explores the pharmacological activity and action mechanism of SCPs, and provides a certain point of reference for the research and clinical application of SC.
Topics: Schisandra; Polysaccharides; Humans; Chemical Fractionation; Fruit; Antioxidants; Plant Extracts; Animals
PubMed: 38788881
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132590 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Jun 2024Gleditsia fruits have been known as a valuable traditional Chinese herb for tens of centuries. Previous studies showed that the galactomannans are considered as one of... (Review)
Review
Gleditsia fruits have been known as a valuable traditional Chinese herb for tens of centuries. Previous studies showed that the galactomannans are considered as one of the major bioactive components in Gleditsia fruits seeds (GSGs). Here, we systematically review the major studies of GSGs in recent years to promote their better understanding. The extraction methods of GSGs mainly include hot water extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic extraction, acid extraction, and alkali extraction. The analysis revealed that GGSs exhibited in the form of semi-flexible coils, and its molecular weight ranged from 0.018 × 10 to 2.778 × 10 KDa. GSGs are composed of various monosaccharide constituents such as mannose, galactose, glucose, and arabinose. In terms of pharmacological effects, GSGs exhibit excellent activity in antioxidation, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammation. Moreover, GSGs have excellent bioavailability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, which make them used in food additives, food packaging, pharmaceutical field, industry and agriculture. Of cause, the shortcomings of the current research and the potential development and future research are also highlighted. We believe our work provides comprehensive knowledge and underpinnings for further research and development of GSGs.
Topics: Gleditsia; Mannans; Seeds; Fruit; Polysaccharides; Galactose
PubMed: 38553218
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122019 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Quinoa, known as the "golden grain" for its high nutritional value, has polysaccharides as one of its sources of important nutrients. However, the biological functions...
Quinoa, known as the "golden grain" for its high nutritional value, has polysaccharides as one of its sources of important nutrients. However, the biological functions of quinoa polysaccharides remain understudied. In this study, two crude polysaccharide extracts of quinoa (Q-40 and Q-60) were obtained through sequential precipitation with 40% and 60% ethanol, with purities of 58.29% (HPLC) and 62.15% (HPLC) and a protein content of 8.27% and 9.60%, respectively. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that Q-40 contained glucose (Glc), galacturonic acid (GalA), and arabinose (Ara) in a molar ratio of 0.967:0.027:0.006. Q-60 was composed of xylose (xyl), arabinose (Ara), galactose, and galacturonic acid (GalA) with a molar ratio of 0.889:0.036:0.034:0.020. The average molecular weight of Q-40 ranged from 47,484 to 626,488 Da, while Q-60 showed a range of 10,025 to 47,990 Da. Rheological experiments showed that Q-40 exhibited higher viscosity, while Q-60 demonstrated more elastic properties. Remarkably, Q-60 showed potent antioxidant abilities, with scavenging rates of 98.49% for DPPH and 57.5% for ABTS. Antibacterial experiments using the microdilution method revealed that Q-40 inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus () and (), while Q-60 specifically inhibited MRSA. At lower concentrations, both polysaccharides inhibited MDA (MD Anderson Cancer Center) cell proliferation, but at higher concentrations, they promoted proliferation. Similar proliferation-promoting effects were observed in HepG2 cells. The research provides important information in the application of quinoa in the food and functional food industries.
Topics: Arabinose; Chenopodium quinoa; Escherichia coli; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Edible Grain; Hexuronic Acids
PubMed: 38611855
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071576 -
Chemical Biology & Drug Design Oct 2023A water-soluble polysaccharide (GFP) was isolated from Grateloupia filicina and fractionated using a DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column to evaluate immunostimulatory...
A water-soluble polysaccharide (GFP) was isolated from Grateloupia filicina and fractionated using a DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column to evaluate immunostimulatory activity. Carbohydrates (62.0%-68.4%) and sulfates (29.3%-34.3%) were the major components of GFP and its fractions (GFP-1 and GFP-2), with relatively lower levels of proteins (4.5%-15.4%) and uronic acid (1.4%-3.9%). The average molecular weight (M ) for GFP and its fractions was calculated between 98.2%-243.7 kDa. The polysaccharides were composed of galactose (62.1%-87.2%), glucose (4.5%-33.2%), xylose (3.1%-5.3%), mannose (1.4%-2.2%), rhamnose (1.2%-2.0%), and arabinose (0.9%-1.7%) units connected through →3)-Galp-(1→, →4)-Galp-(1→, →2)-Galp-(1→, →6)-Galp-(1→, →3,4)-Galp -(1→, →3,6)-Galp-(1→, →4,6)-Galp-(1→, →3,4,6)-Galp-(1→, →2,3)-Galp-(1→, →2,4)-Galp-(1→, →4)-Glcp-(1→, →6)-Glcp-(1→ and →4,6)-Glcp-(1→residues. The isolated polysaccharides effectively induced RAW264.7 murine macrophages by releasing nitric oxide (NO) and various cytokines via nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Further, the expression of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) and TLR-4 in RAW264.7 cells indicated their activation through TLR-2 and TLR-4 binding receptors. Among the polysaccharides, GFP-1 highly stimulated the activation of RAW264.7 cells, which was mainly constituted of (→1) terminal-D-galactopyranosyl, (1→3)-linked-ᴅ-galactopyranosyl, (1→4)-linked-ᴅ-galactopyranosyl and (1→3,4) -linked-ᴅ-galactopyranosyl residues. These findings demonstrate that GFP-1 from G. filicina are effective at stimulating the immune system and this warrants further investigation to determine potential biomedical applications.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Galactans; Polysaccharides; RAW 264.7 Cells; Seaweed; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Toll-Like Receptor 4
PubMed: 37571867
DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14298 -
Journal of the Science of Food and... Aug 2023Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a general approach for preparing food and feed, which not only improves nutrition but also provides prebiotics and metabolites....
Dynamics of bacterial community, metabolites profile and physicochemical characteristics during solid-state fermentation of soybean meal and corn mixed substrates inoculated with Bacillus pumilus and Limosilactobacillus fermentum.
BACKGROUND
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a general approach for preparing food and feed, which not only improves nutrition but also provides prebiotics and metabolites. Although many studies have been conducted on the effects of fermentation on feed substrate, the dynamics of microbiota and metabolites in SSF remain unclear. Here, high-throughput sequencing combined with gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to evaluate the dynamic changes of solid fermented soybean meal and corn mixed matrix inoculated with Bacillus pumilus and Limosilactobacillus fermentum.
RESULTS
Generally, inoculated bacteria rapidly proliferated, accompanied by the degradation of macromolecular proteins and an increase in the content of small peptides, trichloroacetic acid-soluble protein, free amino acids and organic acids. Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus dominated the whole fermentation process. 389 non-volatile metabolites and 182 volatile metabolites were identified, including amino acids, organic acids, ketones, aldehydes, furans and pyrazine. Typical non-volatile metabolites such as lactic acid, 4-aminobutanoic acid, l-glutamic acid, d-arabinose and volatile metabolites such as 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 4-penten-2-ol, 2-pentanone, 2-ethylfuran, 2-methylhexanoic acid and butanoic acid-ethyl ester were significantly increased in two-stage solid fermentation. However, some adverse metabolites were also produced, such as oxalic acid, acetic acid, tyramine and n-butylamine, which may affect the quality of fermented feed. Sixteen genera were significantly correlated with differential non-volatile metabolites, while 11 genera were significantly correlated with differential volatile metabolites.
CONCLUSION
These results characterized the dynamic changes in the process of two-stage solid-state fermentation with Bacillus pumilus and Limosilactobacillus fermentum and provided a potential reference for additional intervention on improving the effectiveness and efficiency of solid-state fermentation of feed in the future. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Fermentation; Limosilactobacillus fermentum; Bacillus pumilus; Zea mays; Flour; Bacteria; Amino Acids
PubMed: 37066671
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12639 -
International Journal of Biological... Sep 2023Achyranthes bidentata (A. bidentata) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TGM) for treatment osteoporosis. Polysaccharides, a major factor for shaping the gut...
Achyranthes bidentata (A. bidentata) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TGM) for treatment osteoporosis. Polysaccharides, a major factor for shaping the gut microbiota, are the primary ingredients of A. bidentata. However, bioactivity of A. bidentata polysaccharide on human gut microbiota (HGM) remains unknown. Here, a homogeneous pectic polysaccharide A23-1 with average molecular weight of 93.085 kDa was extracted and purified from A. bidentata. And A23-1 was compsed of rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 7.26: 0.76: 5.12: 2.54: 23.51: 60.81. GC-MS, partial acid hydrolysis and NMR results indicated the backbone of A23-1 was composed of 1, 2, 4-Rhap and 1, 4-GlapA, while the branches were composed of galactose, arabinose, glucose and glucuronic acid. Further, A23-1 was found to be degraded into monosaccharides and fragments. Taking Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (BT) as a model, we suggested three polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) might be involved in the A23-1 degradation. Degraded products generated by BO might not support the growth of probiotics. Besides, acetate and propionate as the main end products were generated by Bacteroides spp. and probiotics utilizing A23-1. These findings suggested A23-1 was possible one of food sources of human gut Bacteroides spp.
Topics: Humans; Pectins; Achyranthes; Galactose; Arabinose; Polysaccharides; Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron; Glucose; Glucuronic Acid
PubMed: 37451376
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125785 -
Cork cellular and chemical features underlying bark environmental protection in the miombo species .Heliyon Oct 2023is an important evergreen tree from the Miombo woodland of south-central and eastern Africa. The bark is corky, suggesting an increased protection against the ecosystem...
is an important evergreen tree from the Miombo woodland of south-central and eastern Africa. The bark is corky, suggesting an increased protection against the ecosystem high temperatures and drought conditions as well as against wild fires. The cork in the bark rhytidome of was analyzed here for the first time with a focus on chemical and cellular features. cork has the cellular characteristics of cork tissues, with typical honeycomb structure in the tangential section and a brick-wall layer in the transverse and radial sections, without intercellular voids. Chemically cork has 8.4 % extractives, 33.9 % suberin, 31.9 % lignin and 25.2 % polysaccharides of the cork. The hemicelluloses are mostly xylans, with a substantial proportion of arabinose and galactose. Suberin showed a proportion of long chain lipids to glycerol (LCLip:Gly, mass ratio) of 8.5, and the long chain monomeric composition included a similar proportion of α,ω-diacids and ω-hydroxy acids (35.4 % and 31.5 % of long chain monomers) with a substantial proportion of monoacids (19.4 % of long chain monomers). Lignin is a guaiacyl-syringyl lignin with S/G of 0.32 and H:G:S of 1:14.1:4.5. The rhytidome composition and the cellular and chemical features of its cork are in line with environment-targeted protective features namely as a transpiration and insulation barrier, and as an increased fire protection.
PubMed: 37928381
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21135