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Journal of Pediatric Health Care :... 2024Dermatophytoses of the skin and scalp are common disorders in the pediatric population. The resemblance of the clinical presentation to other dermatoses can make fungal...
Dermatophytoses of the skin and scalp are common disorders in the pediatric population. The resemblance of the clinical presentation to other dermatoses can make fungal infections challenging to diagnose. We present three cases of dermatophytoses in children. The presence of fungi within skin lesions was confirmed in all cases. The diagnoses were "id" reaction in response to Trichophyton tonsurans infection, Kerion celsi because of Microsporum canis infection, and hair loss during microsporosis. Based on our review and clinical experience, we suggest diagnostic paths and treatments for dermatophytoses in children.
Topics: Humans; Male; Child; Female; Antifungal Agents; Tinea; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Microsporum; Tinea Capitis; Trichophyton; Microsporidiosis
PubMed: 38165291
DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2023.10.008 -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Nov 2023
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International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2024is a widely distributed dermatophyte, which is among the main etiological agents of dermatophytosis in humans and domestic animals. This fungus invades, colonizes and... (Review)
Review
is a widely distributed dermatophyte, which is among the main etiological agents of dermatophytosis in humans and domestic animals. This fungus invades, colonizes and nourishes itself on the keratinized tissues of the host through various virulence factors. This review will bring together the known information about the mechanisms, enzymes and their associated genes relevant to the pathogenesis processes of the fungus and will provide an overview of those virulence factors that should be better studied to establish effective methods of prevention and control of the disease. Public databases using the MeSH terms "", "virulence factors" and each individual virulence factor were reviewed to enlist a series of articles, from where only original works in English and Spanish that included relevant information on the subject were selected. Out of the 147 articles obtained in the review, 46 were selected that reported virulence factors for in a period between 1988 and 2023. The rest of the articles were discarded because they did not contain information on the topic (67), some were written in different languages (3), and others were repeated in two or more databases (24) or were not original articles (7). The main virulence factors in are keratinases, fungilisins and subtilisins. However, less commonly reported are biofilms or dipeptidylpeptidases, among others, which have been little researched because they vary in expression or activity between strains and are not considered essential for the infection and survival of the fungus. Although it is known that they are truly involved in resistance, infection and metabolism, we recognize that their study could strengthen the knowledge of the pathogenesis of with the aim of achieving effective treatments, as well as the prevention and control of infection.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Virulence Factors; Microsporum; Animals, Domestic; Subtilisins
PubMed: 38473782
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052533 -
Biomedica : Revista Del Instituto... Aug 2023Introduction. Dermatophytoses are superficial fungal infections of the keratinized epithelium like tinea capitis. The latte mainly affects school-vulnerable populations....
Introduction. Dermatophytoses are superficial fungal infections of the keratinized epithelium like tinea capitis. The latte mainly affects school-vulnerable populations. Carpinelo is a peripheral neighborhood in Medellín with poor socioeconomic conditions and where a suspected tinea capitis outbreak took place. Objective. To study and characterize, clinically and microbiologically, patients with suspected dermatophytosis in Carpinelo. Material and methods. We carried out a descriptive and longitudinal study with an active case search of tinea capitis in children and their relatives from the Jardín Educativo Buen Comienzo community in Carpinelo. Patients were clinically evaluated, and samples of scales and hair were taken to perform mycological studies with a 10 % potassium hydroxide and culture in Sabouraud and Mycosel agar. We analyzed the data with the statistical program SPSS™. 25 version. Results. Fifty-seven individuals were studied: 47 were children with a mean age of six years and a ratio of 2:1 male to female. Patients with confirmed diagnosis presented the following clinical forms: tinea capitis (78.95%), tinea faciei (15.79%) or tinea corporis (10.52%). Out of the total, 69.76% of the patients had previous treatment with steroids. The direct test was positive in 53.84% of the samples, and 46.15% had positive cultures. The isolated species were: Microsporum canis (77.77%), Trichophyton spp. (11.11%), Trichophyton rubrum (5.55%), and Malassezia spp. (5.55 %). Conclusion. Tinea capitis was the most common clinical form, and M. canis was the most frequently isolated species. The use of steroids as the first and only option for empiric treatment was worth of notice. The findings of this study point out the importance of microbiological diagnosis in choosing the best treatment for the patients.
PubMed: 37721904
DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6900 -
Fitoterapia Dec 2023From the leaves and stem bark of the Kenyan medicinal plant Calpurnia aurea subsp. aurea, four previously undescribed quinolizidine alkaloids namely,...
From the leaves and stem bark of the Kenyan medicinal plant Calpurnia aurea subsp. aurea, four previously undescribed quinolizidine alkaloids namely, 2β-methoxy-13α-O-(2'-pyrrolylcarbonyl) virgiline, 2α-methoxy-13β-O-(2'-pyrrolylcarbonyl) virgiline, 3α-O-angelate-2β-hydroxy-13α-O-(2'-pyrrolylcarbonyl) virgiline, 2,3-dehydro-virgiline were isolated together with four known ones. Structural elucidation of the compounds was based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Their relative configurations were determined by NOESY correlations and literature. The quinolizidine alkaloids were tested against Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton benhamiae, Microsporum canis and Nannizzia gypsea, common causative agents of most of the tinea infections in human. All the isolated quinolizidine alkaloids exhibited antidermatophytic activity with MIC ranging from 37.5 μg/ml to 300 μg/ml.
Topics: Humans; Quinolizidine Alkaloids; Kenya; Molecular Structure; Arthrodermataceae; Fabaceae; Plants, Medicinal
PubMed: 37802229
DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105698 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023The treatment of dermatophytoses, the most common human fungal infections, requires new alternatives. The aim of this study was to determine the antidermatophytic...
The treatment of dermatophytoses, the most common human fungal infections, requires new alternatives. The aim of this study was to determine the antidermatophytic activity of the aqueous Azorean Black Tea extract (ABT), together with an approach to the mechanisms of action. The phytochemical analysis of ABT extract was performed by HPLC. The dermatophytes susceptibility was assessed using a broth microdilution assay; potential synergies with terbinafine and griseofulvin were evaluated by the checkerboard assay. The mechanism of action was appraised by the quantification of the fungal cell wall chitin and β-1,3-glucan, and by membrane ergosterol. The presence of ultrastructural modifications was studied by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The ABT extract contained organic and phenolic acids, flavonoids, theaflavins and alkaloids. It showed an antidermatophytic effect, with MIC values of 250 µg/mL for , 125 µg/mL for and 500 µg/mL for ; at these concentrations, the extract was fungicidal. An additive effect of ABT in association to terbinafine on these three dermatophytes was observed. The ABT extract caused a significant reduction in β-1,3-glucan content, indicating the synthesis of this cell wall component as a possible target. The present study identifies the antidermatophytic activity of the ABT and highlights its potential to improve the effectiveness of conventional topical treatment currently used for the management of skin or mucosal fungal infections.
Topics: Humans; Antifungal Agents; Terbinafine; Camellia sinensis; Tea; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Arthrodermataceae; Fungicides, Industrial; Plant Extracts; Mycoses; Trichophyton
PubMed: 38067505
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237775 -
Mycopathologia Oct 2023To investigate the current etiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic characteristics of tinea capitis in children in Jilin Province.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the current etiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic characteristics of tinea capitis in children in Jilin Province.
METHODS
Sixty pediatric patients with tinea capitis were enrolled between August 2020 and December 2021. Data on calcofluor white (CFW) fluorescence microscopy, fungal culture, Wood's lamp examination, dermoscopy, treatment, and follow-up were collected and analyzed.
RESULTS
1. Of all the enrolled patients, 48 had a history of animal contact, mostly with cats and dogs. Fifty-one strains were isolated, of which 46 were Microsporum canis (M. canis). 2. All enrolled patients were examined using fluorescence microscopy, and 59 were positive. Forty-one cases of tinea alba were examined using Wood's lamp, and 38 were positive. Forty-two cases of tinea alba were examined using dermoscopy, and 39 demonstrated specific signs. Effective treatment manifested as a fading bright green fluorescence, decreased mycelial/spore load, reduced specific dermoscopic signs, and hair regrowth. 3. Treatment was terminated in 23 and 37 cases based on mycological and clinical cures, respectively. No recurrence occurred during follow-up.
CONCLUSION
1. M. canis is the predominant pathogen causing tinea capitis in children in Jilin Province. Animal contact is considered the main risk factor. 2. CFW fluorescence microscopy, Wood's lamp, and dermoscopy can be used to diagnose ringworms and follow-up patients. 3. Both mycological and clinical cures can be the endpoint of adequate treatment for tinea capitis.
Topics: Humans; Child; Animals; Cats; Dogs; Tinea Capitis; Microsporum; Hair; Tinea
PubMed: 37022619
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00718-0 -
Mycopathologia Oct 2023Tinea capitis is still common in Wuhan, and there exists significant difference in its pathogen spectrum between this area and other parts of China. In the present...
Tinea capitis is still common in Wuhan, and there exists significant difference in its pathogen spectrum between this area and other parts of China. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the epidemiological characteristics of tinea capitis and changes of pathogen spectrum in Wuhan and its surrounding areas from 2011 to 2022, and further to present potential risk factors focusing on some major etiological agents. Briefly, a retrospective single-center survey was performed on 778 patients with tinea capitis from 2011 to 2022 in Wuhan, China. The isolated pathogens were identified to species level by morphological examination or by ITS sequencing. The data were collected and statistically analyzed by Fisher's exact test and Bonferroni method. Among all enrolled patients, the most common pathogen was Trichophyton violaceum in both child (310, 46.34%) and adult tinea capitis (71, 65.14%). There existed significant difference in pathogen spectrum between child and adult tinea capitis. Furthermore, black-dot type represented the most common type of tinea capitis for both children (303, 45.29%) and adults (71, 65.14%). Notably, the number of cases caused by Microsporum canis consecutively exceeded that caused by Trichophyton violaceum in children from Jan, 2020 to Jun, 2022. Additionally, we suggested a series of potential factors that might increase the risks of acquiring tinea capitis by focusing on several major agents. Considering the different risk factors related to specific pathogen, it was meaningful to adjust the measures against the spreading of tinea capitis according to the changes of pathogen distribution within recent years.
PubMed: 37185790
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00732-2 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Dec 2023Quercus infectoria (Qi), a traditional herbal plant with a broad spectrum of activities on multidrug-resistant bacteria, has been developed for hand sanitizer...
AIMS
Quercus infectoria (Qi), a traditional herbal plant with a broad spectrum of activities on multidrug-resistant bacteria, has been developed for hand sanitizer applications.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar-well diffusion and broth microdilution method. Bactericidal activity was determined following the European Standard 1276 antibacterial suspension test. Neutralization assay was performed to assess antirespiratory syncytial virus. Safety, stability, and skin permeation of Qi hand gel was investigated. Qi hand sanitizer gel inhibited microorganisms ranging from 99.9% to 99.999% against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis, Staph. pseudintermedius, Staph. saprophyticus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. A significant reduction in main human dermatophytes including Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, and Talaromyces marneffei of ∼50% was observed (P < .05). Qi hand sanitizer gel inactivated >99% viral particles entering human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Scanning electron micrographs further illustrated that Qi hand sanitizer gel disrupted microbial cell membrane after 1-min contact time resulting in cell death. Qi hand sanitizer gel delivered emollient compounds through simulated human skin layers and showed no cytotoxicity on fibroblast cells. Moreover, Qi hand sanitizer gel demonstrated stability under extreme conditions.
CONCLUSIONS
Qi hand sanitizer gel was able to inhibit various microorganisms including bacteria, dermatophytes, and virus.
Topics: Humans; Plant Extracts; Hand Sanitizers; Quercus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcal Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 38049377
DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad295 -
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences May 2024Camels are highly suited for severe desert conditions and able to provide most of the natural products like urine, which has been used as alternative medicine to treat... (Review)
Review
Camels are highly suited for severe desert conditions and able to provide most of the natural products like urine, which has been used as alternative medicine to treat diverse infections and disorders. There is, however, a shortage and paucity of scientific reviews highlighting the antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral effects of camel urine. By better understanding its antimicrobial characteristics, our overarching aim is to provide an exhaustive overview of this valuable natural product by synthesizing and summarizing data on the efficacy of this biofluid and also describing the potential substances exhibiting antimicrobial properties. We searched three databases in order to point out relevant articles (Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar) until December 2022. Research articles of interest evaluating the antimicrobial effects of camel urine were selected. Overall, camel urine furnished promising antibacterial activities against gram-positive bacteria, namely (30 mm), (22 mm), (25 mm) and (21 mm), as well as gram-negative bacteria, especially and spp., without forgetting its efficiency on as well. The excretion also showed its potency against H1N1 virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Similarly, the camel urine featured strong antifungal activity against and dermatophytes with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.625 μg/ml against , 2.5 μg/ml against and 1.25 μg/ml against and . This comprehensive review will be valuable for researchers interested in investigating the potential of camel urine in the development of novel broad-spectrum key molecules targeting a wide range of drug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms.
PubMed: 38495380
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103966