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Scientific Reports Nov 2023To evaluate the biomimetic remineralization capabilities of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) extract on coronal dentin and acellular cementum, two different concentrations...
To evaluate the biomimetic remineralization capabilities of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) extract on coronal dentin and acellular cementum, two different concentrations (50 and 200 mg/ml) of MOL extract loaded in plain varnish (M1 and M2 groups respectively) were compared to fluoride varnish (FL group) and native surface (C group). Eighty sound premolar teeth were collected. Forty teeth (10 teeth in each group) were used for coronal dentin testing while the other forty (10 teeth in each group) were used for acellular cementum testing. Teeth in M1, M2, and FL groups were etched for 30 s and then received the specific varnish treatment. All samples were immersed in artificial saliva for 14 days and then collected, dried, and examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Histologically, FL group showed mineral deposition as discrete vesicular granules of various sizes on the surface of both coronal dentin and acellular cementum. Mineral deposition only occurred on some DTs openings while opened tubules remained. The surface of the acellular cementum revealed regular grooves, micro-fissures, and cracks. In the M1 and M2 groups, mineral deposition appeared as a homogenous continuous layer on coronal dentin and acellular cementum. Only a few DTs and cementum fissures were not filled completely. In L.S. sections of the coronal one-third, the DTs appeared almost sealed with varying lengths of mineral deposition. EDX results statistical analysis showed that the M2 group had the highest phosphate ions (P) and calcium ions (Ca) at%. MOL has an extraordinary effect on the remineralization of coronal dentin and acellular cementum. It would have a promising ability to control dentinal hypersensitivity and formation of biomimetic cementum tissue.
Topics: Dentin; Moringa oleifera; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Bicuspid; Fluorides; Minerals
PubMed: 37935743
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46656-1 -
Neurobiology of Stress Sep 2023Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental disorder and is amongst the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. MDD remains challenging to diagnose and predict its...
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental disorder and is amongst the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. MDD remains challenging to diagnose and predict its onset due to its heterogeneous phenotype and complex etiology. Hence, early detection using diagnostic biomarkers is critical for rapid intervention. In this study, a mixture of AI and bioinformatics were used to mine transcriptomic data from publicly available datasets including 170 MDD patients and 121 healthy controls. Bioinformatics analysis using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and machine learning (ML) algorithms were applied. The GSEA revealed that differentially expressed genes in MDD patients are mainly enriched in pathways related to immune response, inflammatory response, neurodegeneration pathways and cerebellar atrophy pathways. Feature selection methods and ML provided predicted models based on MDD-altered genes with ≥75% of accuracy. The integrative analysis between the bioinformatics and ML approaches identified ten key MDD-related biomarkers including and . Among them, , active in synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission, was the most robust and reliable to distinguish between MDD patients and healthy controls amongst independent external datasets consisting of a mixture of populations. Further evaluation using saliva samples from an independent cohort of MDD and healthy individuals confirmed the upregulation of in patients with MDD compared to healthy controls. Functional mapping to the human brain regions showed to have high expression in the main subcortical limbic brain regions implicated in depression. In conclusion, integrative bioinformatics and ML approaches identified putative non-invasive diagnostic MDD-related biomarkers panel for the onset of depression.
PubMed: 37583471
DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100555 -
Oral Diseases Feb 2024Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent malignancy affecting the head and neck region. The prognosis for OSCC patients remains unfavorable due to the absence... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent malignancy affecting the head and neck region. The prognosis for OSCC patients remains unfavorable due to the absence of precise and efficient early diagnostic techniques. Metabolomics offers a promising approach for identifying distinct metabolites, thereby facilitating early detection and treatment of OSCC.
OBJECTIVE
This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in metabolic marker identification for early OSCC diagnosis. Additionally, the clinical significance and potential applications of metabolic markers for the management of OSCC are discussed.
RESULTS
This review summarizes metabolic changes during the occurrence and development of oral squamous cell carcinoma and reviews prospects for the clinical application of characteristic, differential metabolites in saliva, serum, and OSCC tissue. In this review, the application of metabolomic technology in OSCC research was summarized, and future research directions were proposed.
CONCLUSION
Metabolomics, detection technology that is the closest to phenotype, can efficiently identify differential metabolites. Combined with statistical data analyses and artificial intelligence technology, it can rapidly screen characteristic biomarkers for early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis evaluations.
PubMed: 38376209
DOI: 10.1111/odi.14895 -
BMC Oral Health Nov 2023The study objective was to examine the effect of arginine-sodium fluoride (Arg-NaF) varnish on preventing enamel erosion by acidic paediatric liquid medicaments (PLM). (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
The study objective was to examine the effect of arginine-sodium fluoride (Arg-NaF) varnish on preventing enamel erosion by acidic paediatric liquid medicaments (PLM).
METHODS
The treatment groups were: 1) 2% Arg-NaF; 2) 4% Arg-NaF; 3) 8% Arg-NaF; 4) NaF; 5) MI (CPP-ACFP) varnishes; and 6) no varnish. The pH of PLM (paracetamol and chlorpheniramine) was measured at baseline and after immersing the Perspex® blocks coated with varnishes at 0 min, 30 min, 1 h, and 4 h. Seventy-two enamel specimens (n = 72) were randomly divided into 2 groups by PLM and further by treatment groups. Then, the specimens were pre-treated with varnishes and subjected to erosive cycles (5 min, 2×/day for 4 days) by PLM. After each erosive challenge, the specimens were stored in artificial saliva. At baseline and after 4 days, the specimens were assessed for surface roughness (Ra) using 2D-surface profilometric analysis (SPA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Additionally, the Ca/P ratio was determined using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Paired samples dependent t-test, 1-way ANOVA and 2-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to analyse data with the level of significance set at p < 0.05.
RESULTS
The pH of PLM with 8% Arg-NaF was significantly higher than the other groups at 30 min and 4 h (p < 0.05). With paracetamol, no significant difference was observed between the baseline and post-erosive cycle measured enamel Ra (by SPA/AFM) and Ca/P ratio for all treatment groups (p > 0.05). The Ra determined by AFM, at the post-erosive cycle with chlorpheniramine, when treated with 4 and 8% Arg-NaF was significantly lower than the other groups (p < 0.05); except CPP-ACFP (p > 0.05). With the chlorpheniramine post-erosive cycle, the Ca/P ratio for 4, 8% Arg-NaF and CPP-ACFP treated specimens was significantly higher than the baseline Ca/P (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
The 4%/8% Arg-NaF and MI varnish® application exhibit an enhanced preventive effect against low pH (pH < 3.0) PLM-mediated enamel erosive challenges compared to 5% NaF varnish.
Topics: Child; Humans; Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dental Enamel; Fluorides; Fluorides, Topical; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Diseases; Tooth Erosion
PubMed: 37985984
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03621-8 -
The American Journal of Forensic... Mar 2024Spit hoods are used by law enforcement, officers in correctional facilities, and medical personnel during the restraint of agitated subjects that are actively spitting...
Spit hoods are used by law enforcement, officers in correctional facilities, and medical personnel during the restraint of agitated subjects that are actively spitting to prevent the transmission of droplet-transmitted pathogens. We could find no studies reporting on the time course of normal breathing to clear saliva from such a saturated spit hood. We purchased samples of 3 popular spit hood models and applied a section over the output of a pneumatic test system. We used a digital anemometer, digital manometer, and an inline controllable fan for back pressure and flow. The pressure was 3 mm Hg to match quiet breathing. The tested area was saturated with artificial saliva, and air pressure was applied while we recorded the pressure and airflow. Within 5 seconds, the spit hoods all cleared sufficient artificial saliva to allow 1 m/s of airflow, which exceeds that of an N95 mask with similar pressure. Commonly used spit hoods offer very low resistance to breathing even after being initially saturated with artificial saliva. Our results do not support the hypothesis that a saliva-filled spit hood might contribute to death.
Topics: Humans; Saliva; Saliva, Artificial; Air Movements; Ventilation
PubMed: 37589602
DOI: 10.1097/PAF.0000000000000877 -
Odontology Jun 2024The enamel surface may undergo demineralization due to exposure to acidic substances and the remineralization of the etched enamel is crucial to regain or maintain...
The enamel surface may undergo demineralization due to exposure to acidic substances and the remineralization of the etched enamel is crucial to regain or maintain integrity. This study aimed to investigate the erosive effect of 10 acidic solutions on tooth enamel and the remineralization capacity of milk and artificial saliva by measuring surface roughness (Ra), enamel depth, and microhardness. A total of 80 bovine incisor enamel specimens were immersed in 10 different acidic solutions, including four different acidic drinks, three different citric acid solutions, and three different citric acid buffer solutions, for 1 h. After demineralization, the specimens were immersed in milk and artificial saliva for 3 h. Surface roughness, enamel abraded depth, and microhardness were measured before demineralization, in-between time intervals and after remineralization. Data were analyzed using Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05). The results indicate a significant difference in surface roughness between the measurements taken at different time intervals, particularly between the baseline and after 1 h demineralization. Also, the specimens immersed in CAB1 exhibited greatest increase in Ra among other acidic solutions (Δ: 0.18 ± 0.07). Moreover, only the microhardness increased after remineralization (p < 0.05). Enamel demineralization using various acidic solutions revealed increased Ra and enamel abraded depth, and decreased microhardness. The use of remineralization agents, milk and artificial saliva, demonstrated an increase in microhardness. This study provides insights into the effects of different acidic solutions and potential remineralization agents on tooth enamel.
PubMed: 38904919
DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00960-y -
Cureus Apr 2024Xerostomia, commonly known as dry mouth, presents a significant challenge for individuals wearing complete dentures, affecting their oral health and quality of life.... (Review)
Review
Xerostomia, commonly known as dry mouth, presents a significant challenge for individuals wearing complete dentures, affecting their oral health and quality of life. This review explores the relationship between saliva and complete dentures, highlighting the varied management strategies for xerostomia. Saliva plays a critical role in denture retention, lubrication, and oral environment buffering. Complete denture wearers often experience reduced salivary flow, aggravating symptoms of xerostomia. Various management approaches are discussed, including general measures such as hydration and salivary stimulation techniques which aim to boost saliva production naturally. The use of salivary substitutes provides artificial lubrication and moisture to alleviate dry mouth discomfort. Oral lubricating devices, such as sprays, gels, and lozenges, offer relief by mimicking saliva's lubricating properties, thereby improving denture stability and comfort. This review addresses the etiology of xerostomia in complete denture wearers and explores preventive measures to reduce its impact. A comprehensive approach has been discussed for the management of xerostomia which will help to improve the oral health and well-being of complete denture wearers experiencing dry mouth.
PubMed: 38770459
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58564 -
Der Nervenarzt Aug 2023Persistent dysphagia is a major predictor of prolonged ventilation weaning and unsuccessful attempts at decannulation. Due to the high incidence of dysphagia in... (Review)
Review
Persistent dysphagia is a major predictor of prolonged ventilation weaning and unsuccessful attempts at decannulation. Due to the high incidence of dysphagia in tracheotomized patients, tracheal cannula management and dysphagia treatment must be coordinated. A central element of tracheal cannula management in dysphagia treatment is the establishment of physiological airflow. This enables voluntary clearing functions, such as coughing and throat clearing and significantly reduces aspiration. A distinction is made between spontaneous and staged decannulation pathways with expansion of cuff unblocking times and occlusion training. Other therapeutic measures include secretion and saliva management, cough function training with improvement of strength and sensitivity, pharyngeal electrical stimulation, adaptation of tracheal tubes to optimize respiratory and swallowing function, control and treatment of airway stenosis, and standardization of processes for quality assurance.
Topics: Humans; Deglutition Disorders; Tracheostomy; Ventilator Weaning; Respiration, Artificial; Stroke
PubMed: 37219566
DOI: 10.1007/s00115-023-01489-1 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Dec 2023This study aims to incorporate alginate microparticles containing berberine and fluconazole into two different types of pharmaceutical formulations, to subsequently...
AIM
This study aims to incorporate alginate microparticles containing berberine and fluconazole into two different types of pharmaceutical formulations, to subsequently evaluate the antifungal activity against Candida albicans.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Alginate microparticles containing BBR (berberine) and FLU (fluconazole) were produced by the spray-drying technique, characterized and incorporated in two pharmaceutical formulations, a vaginal cream and artificial saliva. Broth microdilution, checkerboard, time-kill curve, and scanning electron microscopy were carried out to determine the antifungal effects of BBR and FLU against C. albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of free BBR were 125 μg ml-1. Synergism between BBR and FLU was demonstrated by a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) = 0.0762. The time-kill curve for the combination BBR + FLU showed a more pronounced decrease in fungal growth in comparison to free drugs, and an antibiofilm effect of BBR occurred in the formation and preformed biofilm.
CONCLUSION
Alginate microparticles containing BBR and FLU were obtained and incorporated in a vaginal cream and artificial saliva. Both formulations showed good stability, antifungal effects, and organoleptic characteristics, which suggest that BBR-FLU microparticles in formulations have potential as antifungal therapy.
Topics: Humans; Female; Fluconazole; Antifungal Agents; Berberine; Saliva, Artificial; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies; Candidiasis; Candida albicans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Alginates; Drug Synergism; Drug Resistance, Fungal
PubMed: 38040656
DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad291 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Dec 2023The co-isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans from host tissues and organs and their in vitro and in vivo interaction studies suggest a synergistic...
The co-isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans from host tissues and organs and their in vitro and in vivo interaction studies suggest a synergistic relationship in forming polymicrobial biofilms. In particular, during polymicrobial biofilm formation, S. aureus becomes coated in the extracellular matrix secreted by C. albicans, leading to enhanced resistance to antibiotics. Accordingly, understanding the interactions between S. aureus and C. albicans in polymicrobial biofilms is of utmost importance in establishing treatment strategies for polymicrobial infections. As an alternate technique, nanoparticles were used in this investigation to suppress polymicrobial biofilm. The current study aims to manufacture gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using phloroglucinol (PG), a natural chemical, and test their inhibitory capabilities against S. aureus and C. albicans biofilms in standard and host-mimicking media (like saliva and sputum). PG-AuNPs have a spherical form with an average size of 46.71 ± 6.40 nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values differed when PG-AuNPs were evaluated in the standard and host-mimicking artificial media. The MIC of PG-AuNPs against S. aureus and C. albicans was 2048 μg/mL in both the standard and artificial sputum media. However, the MIC in saliva was only 128 μg/mL. The initial stage polymicrobial biofilm of S. aureus and C. albicans was dramatically decreased at the sub-MIC of PG-AuNPs in both standard and host-mimicking media. S. aureus and C. albicans mature polymicrobial biofilms were more effectively eliminated by MIC and sub-MIC of PG-AuNPs. This study indicates that PG-AuNPs have the ability to limit the formation of polymicrobial biofilms caused by bacterial and fungal diseases.
Topics: Candida albicans; Gold; Staphylococcus aureus; Metal Nanoparticles; Biofilms
PubMed: 37866550
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106416