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International Dental Journal Aug 2023The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of various mouthwashes for COVID-19 prevention on surface hardness, roughness, and colour changes of bulk-fill and...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of various mouthwashes for COVID-19 prevention on surface hardness, roughness, and colour changes of bulk-fill and conventional resin composites and determine the pH and titratable acidity of mouthwashes.
METHODS
Four hundred eighty specimens were fabricated in cylindrical moulds (10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness). Before immersion, baseline data of surface hardness, roughness, and colour values were recorded. Each product of specimens (Filtek Z350XT, Premise, Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative, SonicFil 2) were divided into 4 groups for 0.2% povidone iodine, 1% hydrogen peroxide, 0.12% chlorhexidine, and deionised water (serving as a control). The specimens were immersed in mouthwashes for 1 minute and then stored in artificial saliva until 24 hours. This process was repeated for 14 days. After immersion, surface hardness, roughness, and colour values of specimens were measured at 7 and 14 days. The data were statistically analysed by 2-way repeated analysis of variance, Tukey honestly significant difference, and t test (P < .05).
RESULTS
After immersion, all mouthwashes caused significantly lower surface hardness and greater roughness and colour values (P < .05) on all resin composites tested.
CONCLUSIONS
Mouthwashes had an effect on all resin composites evaluated leading to a significant decreased surface hardness and an increased roughness and colour values (P < .05).
Topics: Humans; Mouthwashes; Surface Properties; Materials Testing; COVID-19; Composite Resins; Chlorhexidine
PubMed: 36443136
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.10.004 -
Lab on a Chip Mar 2024Wearable devices are gaining popularity in the fields of health monitoring, diagnosis, and drug delivery. Recent advances in wearable technology have enabled real-time... (Review)
Review
Wearable devices are gaining popularity in the fields of health monitoring, diagnosis, and drug delivery. Recent advances in wearable technology have enabled real-time analysis of biofluids such as sweat, interstitial fluid, tears, saliva, wound fluid, and urine. The integration of microfluidics and emerging smart technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and Internet of Things (IoT), into wearable devices offers great potential for accurate and non-invasive monitoring and diagnosis. This paper provides an overview of current trends and developments in microfluidics and smart technologies in wearable devices for analyzing body fluids. The paper discusses common microfluidic technologies in wearable devices and the challenges associated with analyzing each type of biofluid. The paper emphasizes the importance of combining smart technologies with microfluidics in wearable devices, and how they can aid diagnosis and therapy. Finally, the paper covers recent applications, trends, and future developments in the context of intelligent microfluidic wearable devices.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Microfluidics; Body Fluids; Drug Delivery Systems; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 38476112
DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00089g -
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy Dec 2023Adhesive remnants post-orthodontic treatment might have deleterious effects on oral health, including enamel demineralization, plaque accumulation, and elevated risk of...
BACKGROUND
Adhesive remnants post-orthodontic treatment might have deleterious effects on oral health, including enamel demineralization, plaque accumulation, and elevated risk of caries development. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize adhesive residues in an ex vivo environment rich in salivary microbiota using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology.
METHODS
Disc-shaped adhesive samples with thickness ranging from 800 to 100 µm were prepared using GC Ortho, GOTO, T Orthobond, and Transbond XT and subsequently evaluated utilizing a QLF system. Bovine teeth containing GC Ortho and GOTO adhesives and isolated human premolar teeth bonded with brackets were subjected to a 10-day incubation in an artificial saliva environment. Daily imaging was conducted using QLF during incubation. Data with ΔR > 30% and simple hygiene score (SHS) were obtained with a software for further analysis.
RESULTS
Fluorescence intensity exhibited significant differences among the four orthodontic adhesives (p < 0.05). Results of incubation in artificial saliva revealed that red fluorescence surrounding the adhesive on the tooth surface was distinctly observable from day five onwards, with ΔR > 30% and SHS levels higher than those of the control group without adhesive (p < 0.05). Observation of fluorescence images of isolated human premolar teeth with bonded brackets indicated that red fluorescence was primarily present around the brackets.
CONCLUSIONS
Application of QLF is efficacious in identifying and demarcating adhesive residues within an environment rich in salivary microbiota.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Cattle; Saliva, Artificial; Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence; Orthodontic Brackets; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents
PubMed: 37567330
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103743 -
Dental Materials : Official Publication... Jul 2024Three-dimensional (3D) printing is increasingly used to fabricate dental restorations due to its enhanced precision, consistency and time and cost-saving advantages. The...
BACKGROUND
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is increasingly used to fabricate dental restorations due to its enhanced precision, consistency and time and cost-saving advantages. The properties of 3D-printed resin materials can be influenced by the chosen printing orientation which can impact the mechanical characteristics of the final products.
PURPOSE
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of printing orientation and artificial ageing on the Martens hardness (HM) and indentation modulus (E) of 3D-printed definitive and temporary dental restorative resins.
METHODS
Disk specimens (20 mm diameter × 2 mm height) were additively manufactured in three printing orientations (0°, 45°, 90°) using five 3D-printable resins: VarseoSmile Crownplus (VCP), Crowntec (CT), Nextdent C&B MFH (ND), Dima C&B temp (DT), and GC temp print (GC). The specimens were printed using a DLP 3D-printer (ASIGA MAX UV), while LavaTM Ultimate (LU) and Telio CAD (TC) served as milled control materials. Martens hardness (HM) and indentation modulus (E) were tested both before and after storage in distilled water and artificial saliva for 1, 30, and 90 days at 37 °C.
RESULTS
90° printed specimens exhibited higher HM than the other orientations at certain time points, but no significant differences were observed in HM and E between orientations for all 3D-printed materials after 90 days of ageing in both aging media. LU milled control material exhibited the highest HM and E among the tested materials, while TC, the other milled control, showed similar values to the 3D printed resins. CT and VCP (definitive resins) and ND displayed higher Martens parameters compared to DT and GC (temporary resins). The hardness of the 3D-printed materials was significantly impacted by artificial ageing compared to the controls, with ND having the least hardness reduction percentage amongst all 3D-printed materials. The hardness reduction percentage in distilled water and artificial saliva was similar for all materials except for TC, where higher reduction was noted in artificial saliva.
SIGNIFICANCE
The used 3D printed resins cannot yet be considered viable alternatives to milled materials intended for definitive restorations but are preferable for use as temporary restorations.
Topics: Printing, Three-Dimensional; Hardness; Materials Testing; Elastic Modulus; Dental Materials; Surface Properties; Composite Resins; Time Factors; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Resins, Synthetic
PubMed: 38735775
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.005 -
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of... Apr 2024The primary objective of this in vitro study was to investigate the erosive potential of enamel under the use of clear aligners (CA), by simulating in vivo conditions...
The primary objective of this in vitro study was to investigate the erosive potential of enamel under the use of clear aligners (CA), by simulating in vivo conditions experienced by patients who do not remove their CA during the consumption of acidic beverages. In addition, the difference in erosion protection conferred by artificial and human saliva was also evaluated. Sound-extracted human premolars (n = 20) had half of their surfaces protected with acid-resistant nail polish and were randomly distributed into two experimental groups (n = 10): teeth immersed in human saliva or artificial saliva. All teeth had half of their lingual surfaces enclosed by a CA device. The erosive challenges consisted of individual immersion of each sample in citrus acid three times a day, intermediated by immersion in human saliva or artificial saliva for 2 h, during ten days of the erosive protocol. The enamel mineral content was analyzed by high-resolution microtomography. The differential mineral concentration profiles were obtained by subtracting the profile of the mineral concentration of the exposed area and enamel under the CA area from the respective sound area (control). In addition, enamel wear and enamel volume loss were measured. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also performed to analyze the enamel surface. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test. The enamel wear was higher in teeth immersed in artificial saliva, when compared to human saliva (p < 0.001). The volume loss of the exposed enamel area was lower for tooth immersed in human saliva than in artificial saliva (p < 0.001), during the acid challenge protocol. The use of CA during acid challenges promoted wear and mineral loss of dental enamel, being these changes more pronounced on the enamel surface under the CA. These results open a new path for the development of further studies adopting clinical protocols that promote more accurate responses in the clinical practice during orthodontic treatment.
Topics: Humans; Saliva, Artificial; Tooth Erosion; Saliva; Minerals; Orthodontic Appliances, Removable
PubMed: 38277909
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106390 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2023Pollution by plastic microparticles is rising rapidly. One avenue of human exposure to nanoparticles is through inhalation. The main source of microplastics in indoor...
Pollution by plastic microparticles is rising rapidly. One avenue of human exposure to nanoparticles is through inhalation. The main source of microplastics in indoor environments, leading to unintended inhalation, is synthetic fabric used in clothing. Other sources include curtains, carpets, furniture, wall paints, and floor finishes. Occupational exposure is particularly significant in waste management and recycling operations, during exposure to high heat, during high-energy treatment of polymer composites, and during 3D printing. In outdoor environments, exposure can happen through breathing in contaminated aerosols from ocean waves or airborne particles from dried wastewater treatments. Airborne particles affect human health in various ways, including via direct interactions with the epithelium and its mucus layer after deposition in the mouth and respiratory system. Exposure due to the ingestion of microplastics present in various environmental compartments may occur either directly or indirectly via the food chain or drinking water. This study aimed to determine the effects of plastic microparticles on the rheology of mucus and saliva, and, thus, their functioning. The experiments used artificial mucus, saliva, and plastic nanoparticles (namely, PS-polystyrene and PE-polyethylene). The rheological properties of saliva and mucus were determined via the use of an oscillatory rheometer at various temperatures (namely, 36.6 °C and 40 °C, which correspond to healthy and ill humans). The results were compared with those obtained for pure saliva and mucus. An increase in apparent viscosity was observed for saliva, which is behavior typical of for solid particle suspensions in liquids. In contrast, for mucus, the effect was the opposite. The influence of the presence of the particles on the parameters of the constitutive viscosity equations was studied. Plastic micro- and nanoparticles in the saliva and mucus may interfere with their physiological functions.
Topics: Humans; Microplastics; Plastics; Saliva; Mucus; Rheology; Environmental Monitoring
PubMed: 37998268
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20227037 -
PloS One 2024Saliva substitutes with enhanced dentin remineralization properties were expected to help manage caries progression in patients with xerostomia. This in vitro study...
Saliva substitutes with enhanced dentin remineralization properties were expected to help manage caries progression in patients with xerostomia. This in vitro study examined the rheological properties and remineralization action of experimental saliva substitutes containing propolis extract and aloe vera extract on demineralized dentin. Four experimental saliva substitutes were formulated with varying concentrations of propolis extract (P) and aloe vera extract (A) were prepared. A commercial saliva substitute (Biotene Oral Rinse) was used as a commercial comparison. The rheological properties and viscosity of these materials were measured using a strain-controlled rheometer (n = 3). The remineralizing actions of saliva substitutes on demineralized dentin after 2 weeks were determined using ATR-FTIR and SEM-EDX (n = 8). The results were expressed as a percentage increase in the mineral-to-matrix ratio. Biotene demonstrated a significantly higher viscosity (13.5 mPa·s) than experimental saliva substitutes (p<0.05). The addition of extracts increased the viscosity of the saliva substitutes from 4.7 mPa·s to 5.2 mPa·s. All formulations showed minimal shear thinning behavior, which was the viscoelastic properties of natural saliva. The formulation containing 5 wt% of propolis exhibited the highest increase in the median mineral-to-matrix ratio (25.48%). The SEM-EDX analysis revealed substantial mineral precipitation in demineralized dentin, especially in formulations with 5 wt% or 2.5 wt% of propolis. The effect of the aloe vera extract was minimal. The addition of propolis and aloe vera extracts increased the viscosity of saliva substitutes. the addition of propolis for 2.5 or 5 wt% to saliva substitutes increased mineral apatite precipitation and tubule occlusion. To conclude, the saliva substitute containing propolis extract demonstrated superior remineralizing actions compared with those containing only aloe vera extract.
Topics: Propolis; Aloe; Plant Extracts; Rheology; Saliva, Artificial; Dentin; Humans; Viscosity; Tooth Remineralization; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
PubMed: 38776324
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304156 -
Dental Materials : Official Publication... Dec 2023To evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of three-dimensional (3D) printed denture base resin incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), subjected to a physical...
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of three-dimensional (3D) printed denture base resin incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), subjected to a physical ageing process.
METHODS
Acrylic denture base samples were prepared by a Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing technique reinforced with different concentrations (0.10, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) of silanated TiO NPs. The resulting nanocomposite materials were characterized in terms of degree of conversion (DC), and sorption/solubility flexural strength, impact strength, Vickers hardness and Martens hardness and compared with unmodified resin and conventional heat-cured (HC) material. The nanocomposites were reassessed after subjecting them to ageing in artificial saliva. A fractured surface was studied under a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
RESULTS
The addition of TiO NPs into 3D-printed resin significantly improved flexural strength/modulus, impact strength, Vickers hardness, and DC, while also slightly enhancing Martens hardness compared to the unmodified resin. Sorption values did not show any improvements, while solubility was reduced significantly. The addition of 0.10 wt% NPs provided the highest performance amongst the other concentrations, and 0.75 wt% NPs showed the lowest. Although ageing degraded the materials' performance to a certain extent, the trends remained the same. SEM images showed a homogenous distribution of the NPs at lower concentrations (0.10 and 0.25 wt%) but revealed agglomeration of the NPs with the higher concentrations (0.50 and 0.75 wt%).
SIGNIFICANCE
The outcomes of this study suggested that the incorporation of TiO NPs (0.10 wt%) into 3D-printed denture base material showed superior performance compared to the unmodified 3D-printed resin even after ageing in artificial saliva. The nanocomposite has the potential to extend service life of denture bases in future clinical use.
Topics: Denture Bases; Surface Properties; Saliva, Artificial; Materials Testing; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 37839997
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.10.005 -
BMC Oral Health May 2024Since maintaining oral hygiene is essential in nursing care, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of oral care using Mucosamin artificial saliva spray... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
Since maintaining oral hygiene is essential in nursing care, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of oral care using Mucosamin artificial saliva spray to control dry mouth in ICU patients with COVID-19.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The current semi-experimental research was conducted on eighty patients with COVID-19 selected using the available sampling method. The study tool was a Beck oral assessment scale (BOAS). The case and control groups were selected from two hospitals with relatively similar conditions and treatment procedures. For patients in the intervention group, mucosamin artificial saliva spray was used in addition to the common care, while control group patients received only common care.
RESULTS
Eighty patients were randomly assigned to two groups named control and intervention (40 patients in each group). The intervention was very effective in reducing the BOAS score after four days in comparison with the control group (9.23 vs. 12.05, respectively; p-value < 0.001). Based on the adjusted model, the application of artificial saliva reduced the BOAS score, indicating improvement in mouth dryness. While the BOAS score was increased in the control group, it had a declining trend in the intervention one.
CONCLUSION
The study's results showed that using artificial saliva spray could effectively reduce the symptoms of dry mouth in patients with COVID-19 treated with non-invasive mechanical ventilation.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The present study introduced an applicable solution (artificial saliva) to treat mouth dryness in ICU patients under mechanical ventilation.
Topics: Humans; Saliva, Artificial; Xerostomia; COVID-19; Female; Male; Middle Aged; Respiration, Artificial; Adult; Aged; SARS-CoV-2; Oral Hygiene
PubMed: 38822326
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04386-4 -
Journal of Dentistry Oct 2023This study aimed at demonstrating the remineralization effect of the enamel around the brackets to aid reduction in white spot lesions (WSLs) with use of zinc-doped...
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed at demonstrating the remineralization effect of the enamel around the brackets to aid reduction in white spot lesions (WSLs) with use of zinc-doped phosphate-based glass (Zn-PBG) containing orthodontic adhesives.
METHODS
Zn-PBG powder was synthesized, and particle morphology, size, and density were evaluated. Orthodontic adhesives with increasing loading percentage of Zn-PBG powder were prepared: ZnPG3 (3 wt.%), ZnPG6 (6 wt.%), and ZnPG9 (9 wt.%). Brackets were bonded on the etched enamel surface and stored in distilled water (DW) for 1 h. Following, Shear bond strength (SBS) along with adhesive remnant index were analyzed. The release of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) from adhesive specimens in DW was evaluated after 7, 15 and 30 days of immersion. The remineralization effect was confirmed by microhardness and surface morphology analysis with scanning electron microscopy.
RESULTS
The SBS value was observed between 20 and 22 MPa on enamel surface. The concentration of Ca, P and Zn released in DW increased with loading percentage of Zn-PBG. The microhardness increased in the experimental groups after immersion in artificial saliva for 7 days. Apatite-like crystal formation was observed after 30 days in the ZnPG 9 group.
CONCLUSIONS
The orthodontic adhesive containing Zn-PBG with an optimal SBS performance has an enamel remineralization effect, and therefore can aid in prevention of WSLs.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The orthodontic adhesive containing Zn-PBG is clinically advantageous as it can promote remineralization and resist the formation of WSLs that may occur during orthodontic therapy.
Topics: Humans; Dental Cements; Powders; Phosphates; Calcium; Dental Caries
PubMed: 37666468
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104689