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Cytokine May 2024Epidemiological and experimental evidences have implicated chronic inflammation in the association with allergic rhinitis (AR). However, it remains unclear whether...
BACKGROUND
Epidemiological and experimental evidences have implicated chronic inflammation in the association with allergic rhinitis (AR). However, it remains unclear whether specific circulating cytokines are the cause of AR or the consequence of bias. To examine whether genetic-predicted changes in circulating cytokine concentrations are related to the occurrence of AR, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.
METHODS
We investigated the causal effects of 26 circulating inflammatory cytokines on AR through MR analysis. The primary method employed in this study was the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using simple median, weighted median, penalized weighted median, and MR-Egger regression.
RESULTS
Our study revealed suggestive evidence that higher levels of circulating IL-18 (OR per one standard deviation [SD] increase: 1.006; 95 % CI, 1.002 to 1.011; P = 0.006, P = 0.067, random-effects IVW method) and Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) (OR per one SD increase: 1.015; 95 % CI, 1.004 to 1.026; P = 0.009, P = 0.048, random-effects IVW method) were associated with an increased risk of AR. Conversely, higher levels of circulating TRAIL were associated with a decreased risk of AR (OR per one SD increase: 0.993; 95 % CI, 0.989 to 0.997; P = 4.58E-4, P = 0.004, random-effects IVW method). Only the results of TRAIL exist after Bonferroni-correction (the p-value < 0.0019). Sensitivity analysis yielded directionally consistent results. No significant associations were observed between other circulating inflammatory cytokines and AR.
CONCLUSION
Genetically predicted levels of IL-18, and MIP-1α are likely to associated with an increased risk of AR occurrence. Genetically predicted levels of TRAIL are statistically significant in reducing the risk of AR occurrence. However, the current research evidence does not support an impact of other inflammatory cytokines on the risk of AR. Future studies are needed to provide additional evidence to support the current conclusions.
Topics: Humans; Cytokines; Chemokine CCL3; Interleukin-18; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Rhinitis, Allergic; Genome-Wide Association Study
PubMed: 38373366
DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156547 -
Environment International Sep 2023Prenatal exposure to metallic elements may adversely affect early childhood health. However, more evidence is needed as population-based cohort studies are currently...
BACKGROUND
Prenatal exposure to metallic elements may adversely affect early childhood health. However, more evidence is needed as population-based cohort studies are currently limited.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to examine the associations between prenatal metallic (mercury, selenium, and manganese) exposure and the risk of allergic diseases in early childhood until three years of age.
METHODS
The data from 94,794 mother-infant pairs, who participated in the Japan Environment and Children's study, were used in this study. Prenatal metallic element exposure was measured in maternal blood collected during mid-pregnancy. The incidence of atopic dermatitis, food allergies, asthma, and allergic rhinitis during the first three years of life was prospectively investigated using self-reports of physician-diagnosed allergies. A multivariable modified Poisson regression model was used to estimate the cumulative incidence ratio and their 95% confidence intervals of allergic diseases associated with prenatal exposure to mercury, selenium, and manganese. We further evaluated the interaction between mercury and selenium exposures in this association.
RESULTS
We confirmed 26,238 cases of childhood allergic diseases: atopic dermatitis, food allergies, asthma, and allergic rhinitis in 9,715 (10.3%), 10,897 (11.5%), and 9,857 (10.4%), 4,630 (4.9%), respectively. No association was found between prenatal mercury or manganese exposure and the risk of allergic diseases. Prenatal selenium exposure was inversely associated with atopic dermatitis, food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and any allergic diseases, but not with asthma. These inverse associations were more pronounced for lower mercury exposures than for higher exposures.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that prenatal exposure to selenium may be beneficial for reducing the risk of atopic dermatitis, food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and any allergic diseases in early childhood, especially with lower prenatal mercury exposure.
Topics: Infant; Female; Pregnancy; Child, Preschool; Child; Humans; Selenium; Manganese; Dermatitis, Atopic; Japan; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rhinitis, Allergic; Asthma; Vitamins; Mercury; Mothers
PubMed: 37595534
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108123 -
Respiratory Medicine 2024According to the concept of "united airway diseases", the airway is a single organ in which upper and lower airway diseases are commonly comorbid. A range of... (Review)
Review
According to the concept of "united airway diseases", the airway is a single organ in which upper and lower airway diseases are commonly comorbid. A range of inflammatory factors have been found to play an important role in the chain reaction of upper and lower airway diseases. However, the amount of research on this concept remains limited. The underlying mechanism of the relationship between typical diseases of the united airway, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic sinusitis, also needs to be further explored. This review highlights the interaction between upper and lower respiratory diseases gathered from epidemiological, histoembryology, neural mechanistic, microbiological, and clinical studies, revealing the relationship between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
Topics: Humans; Rhinitis, Allergic; Asthma; Respiration Disorders; Comorbidity; Bronchi; Rhinitis
PubMed: 38484897
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2024.107580 -
Pediatrics May 2024Respiratory viral infections increase risk of asthma in infants and children. Infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus can...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Respiratory viral infections increase risk of asthma in infants and children. Infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus can cause severe lung inflammation and prolonged respiratory symptoms. We sought to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 infection modified pediatric incident asthma risk.
METHODS
This retrospective cohort study examined children ages 1 to 16 within the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Care Network who received polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2 between March 1, 2020 and February 28, 2021. Multivariable Cox regression models assessed the hazard ratio of new asthma diagnosis between SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive and SARS-CoV-2 PCR negative groups within an 18-month observation window. Models were adjusted for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic variables, and atopic comorbidities.
RESULTS
There were 27 423 subjects included in the study. In adjusted analyses, SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity had no significant effect on the hazard of new asthma diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.96; P = .79). Black race (HR: 1.49; P = .004), food allergies (HR: 1.26; P = .025), and allergic rhinitis (HR: 2.30; P < .001) significantly increased the hazard of new asthma diagnosis. Preterm birth (HR: 1.48; P = .005) and BMI (HR: 1.13; P < .001) significantly increased the hazard of new asthma diagnosis for children <5 years old.
CONCLUSIONS
SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity was not associated with new asthma diagnosis in children within the observation period, although known risk factors for pediatric asthma were confirmed. This study informs the prognosis and care of children with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Topics: Humans; Asthma; COVID-19; Child; Female; Male; Retrospective Studies; Child, Preschool; Adolescent; Infant; Risk Factors; SARS-CoV-2; Rhinitis, Allergic; Proportional Hazards Models; Philadelphia; Food Hypersensitivity; Cohort Studies
PubMed: 38606487
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-064615 -
South African Family Practice :... Oct 2023Allergic rhinitis (AR) has a significant impact on the community as a whole with regard to quality of life and its relationship to allergic multi-morbidities.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Allergic rhinitis (AR) has a significant impact on the community as a whole with regard to quality of life and its relationship to allergic multi-morbidities. Appropriate diagnosis, treatment and review of the efficacy of interventions can ameliorate these effects. Yet, the importance of AR is often overlooked, and appropriate therapy is neglected. The availability of effective medications and knowledge as to management are often lacking in both public and private health systems.
METHODS
This review is based on a comprehensive literature search and detailed discussions by the South African Allergic Rhinitis Working Group (SAARWG).
RESULTS
The working group provided up-to-date recommendations on the epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis and management of AR, appropriate to the South African setting.
CONCLUSION
Allergic rhinitis causes significant, often unappreciated, morbidity. It is a complex disease related to an inflammatory response to environmental allergens. Therapy involves education, evaluation of allergen sensitisation, pharmacological treatment, allergen immunotherapy (AIT) and evaluation of the success of interventions. Regular use of saline; the important role of intranasal corticosteroids, including those combined with topical antihistamines and reduction in the use of systemic steroids are key. Practitioners should have a thorough knowledge of associated morbidities and the need for specialist referral.Contribution: This review summarises the latest developments in the diagnosis and management of AR such that it is a resource that allows easy access for family practitioners and specialists alike.
Topics: Humans; Quality of Life; South Africa; Rhinitis, Allergic; Histamine Antagonists; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Allergens
PubMed: 37916698
DOI: 10.4102/safp.v65i1.5806 -
Molecular Immunology Sep 2023This review evaluates the current modes of allergen-specific immunotherapy for cockroach allergens, in terms of clinical outcomes and explores future trends in the... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review evaluates the current modes of allergen-specific immunotherapy for cockroach allergens, in terms of clinical outcomes and explores future trends in the research and development needed for a more targeted cockroach immunotherapy approach with the best efficacy and minimum adverse effects.
SUMMARY
Cockroach allergy is an important risk factor for allergic rhinitis in the tropics, that disproportionately affects children and young adults and those living in poor socio-economic environments. Immunotherapy would provide long-lasting improvement in quality of life, with reduced medication intake. However, the present treatment regime is long and has a risk of adverse effects. In addition, cockroach does not seem to have an immuno-dominant allergen, that has been traditionally used to treat allergies from other sources. Future trends of cockroach immunotherapy involve precision diagnosis, to correctly identify the offending allergen. Next, precision immunotherapy with standardized allergens, which have been processed in a way that maintains an immunological response without allergic reactions. This approach can be coupled with modern adjuvants and delivery systems that promote a Th1/Treg environment, thereby modulating the immune response away from the allergenic response.
Topics: Child; Humans; Young Adult; Animals; Cockroaches; Quality of Life; Desensitization, Immunologic; Rhinitis, Allergic; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Allergens
PubMed: 37480600
DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.07.004 -
European Archives of... Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Rhinitis, Allergic; Phthalazines; Fluticasone; Otolaryngology
PubMed: 37277684
DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08006-9 -
The Science of the Total Environment Dec 2023Exposure to air pollutants may cause immune responses and further allergic diseases, but existing studies have mostly, if not all, focused on effects of short-term...
BACKGROUND
Exposure to air pollutants may cause immune responses and further allergic diseases, but existing studies have mostly, if not all, focused on effects of short-term exposure to PM on allergic diseases.
OBJECTIVES
We estimated associations of long-term exposure to PM chemical constituents with allergic disease risks and effect modification.
METHODS
We used the baseline of a newly established, provincially representative cohort of 51,480 participants in southwest China. The presence of allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, urticaria, and allergic conjunctivitis was self-reported by following a formed questionnaire in face-to-face interviews. The average concentrations of PM chemical constituents (NO, SO, NH, organic matter [OM], and black carbon [BC]) over participants' residence were estimated using machine learning models. Logistic regression with double robust estimator and weighted quantile sum regression were used to estimate the effects of PM chemical constituents on allergic disease risks, as well as relative importance of each PM chemical constituent.
RESULTS
Per interquartile range increase in the concentration of all PM chemical constituents was associated with the elevated risks for allergic asthma (OR = 1.79 [1.41-2.26]), allergic conjunctivitis (1.54 [1.19-2.00]), urticaria (1.36 [1.25-1.48]), and allergic rhinitis (1.18 [1.11-1.26]). NO contributed more to risks for allergic asthma (weight = 46.05 %), urticaria (72.29 %), and allergic conjunctivitis (47.65 %), while NH contributed more to allergic rhinitis (78.07 %). OM contributed most to the risks for allergic asthma (30.81 %) and allergic conjunctivitis (31.40 %). BC was also associated with allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and allergic conjunctivitis, only with a considerable weight for urticaria (24.59 %). Joint effects of PM chemical constituents on risks for allergic rhinitis and urticaria were stronger in minorities and farmers than their counterparts.
CONCLUSION
Long-term exposure to PM chemical constituents was associated with the increased allergic disease risks, with NO and NH accounting for the largest variance of the associations. Our findings would serve as scientific evidence for developing more explicit strategies of air pollution control.
Topics: Humans; Air Pollution; Particulate Matter; Cohort Studies; Conjunctivitis, Allergic; Air Pollutants; Asthma; Rhinitis, Allergic; Urticaria; China; Environmental Exposure
PubMed: 37659545
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166755 -
European Archives of... Dec 2023We aimed to investigate the relationship between microplastics, which are a worldwide health and environmental issue, and their relationship to allergic rhinitis.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to investigate the relationship between microplastics, which are a worldwide health and environmental issue, and their relationship to allergic rhinitis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 66 patients participated in this prospective study. The patients were divided into two groups. While there were 36 patients with allergic rhinitis in group 1, there were 30 healthy volunteers in group 2. The participants' age, gender and Score for Allergic Rhinitis results were noted. Microplastics were examined in the nasal lavage fluids of the patients and their numbers noted. The groups were compared on these values.
RESULTS
There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age and gender. There was a significant difference between the allergic rhinitis group and the control group in terms of the Score for Allergic Rhinitis results (p < 0.001). In the allergic rhinitis group, the microplastic density in the nasal lavage was significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.027). Microplastics were detected in all participants.
CONCLUSIONS
We found more microplastics in allergic rhinitis patients. According to this result, we can say that there is a relationship between allergic rhinitis and microplastics.
Topics: Humans; Microplastics; Plastics; Prospective Studies; Rhinitis, Allergic; Nasal Lavage Fluid; Rhinitis
PubMed: 37410148
DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08105-7 -
European Review For Medical and... Feb 2024This narrative review aims to provide an up-to-date definition of local allergic rhinitis (LAR), its classification, mechanisms, comorbidities, recommendations for... (Review)
Review
This narrative review aims to provide an up-to-date definition of local allergic rhinitis (LAR), its classification, mechanisms, comorbidities, recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, and define needs in this area. Both 'PubMed' and 'Science Direct' literature was reviewed systematically, and a manual search for studies not previously encountered in the databases was also carried out. Published studies were identified in PubMed covering the period from 1947 to 2022. The following keyword search strategy was used: (local allergic rhinitis* OR entopy* OR local Immunoglobulin E * OR nasal specific Immunoglobulin E). LAR involves Type 2 nasal inflammation with local IgE and cannot be diagnosed by systemic methods, such as skin prick or blood IgE tests. A nasal allergen challenge is necessary for diagnosis. LAR can respond to usual AR treatments, including allergen specific immunotherapy (AIT). LAR is a novel entity that requires additional investigation in terms of prevalence, proper diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The target outcomes and possible benefits of this review are to achieve a consensus for the study and diagnosis of LAR and increase interest in this area.
Topics: Humans; Rhinitis, Allergic; Allergens; Desensitization, Immunologic; Prognosis; Immunoglobulin E; Rhinitis
PubMed: 38375713
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202402_35344