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Trends in Parasitology Dec 2023Chicken coccidiosis, caused by infection with single or multiple Eimeria species, results in significant economic losses to the global poultry industry. Over the past... (Review)
Review
Chicken coccidiosis, caused by infection with single or multiple Eimeria species, results in significant economic losses to the global poultry industry. Over the past decades, considerable efforts have been made to generate attenuated Eimeria strains, and the use of live attenuated anticoccidial vaccines for disease prevention has achieved tremendous success. In this review, we evaluate the advantages and limitations of the methods of attenuation as well as attenuated Eimeria strains in a historical perspective. Also, we summarize the recent exciting research advances in transient/stable transfection systems and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genome editing developed for Eimeria parasites, and discuss trends and challenges of developing live attenuated anticoccidial vaccines based on transgenesis and genome editing.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Vaccines, Attenuated; Poultry Diseases; Protozoan Vaccines; Coccidiosis; Eimeria
PubMed: 37770352
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.09.002 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Aug 2023Dengue is caused by a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus. The disease is now endemic to many tropical and subtropical regions, manifesting as approximately 96 million...
An open-label, Phase 3 trial of TAK-003, a live attenuated dengue tetravalent vaccine, in healthy US adults: immunogenicity and safety when administered during the second half of a 24-month shelf-life.
Dengue is caused by a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus. The disease is now endemic to many tropical and subtropical regions, manifesting as approximately 96 million symptomatic cases of dengue each year. Clinical trials have shown TAK-003 (Qdenga®), a live attenuated dengue tetravalent vaccine, to be well-tolerated, immunogenic, and efficacious in adults with no prior exposure to dengue virus infection living in non-endemic regions, as well as in adults and children living in dengue-endemic areas. This open-label, single-arm phase 3 trial (NCT03771963) was conducted in two dengue non-endemic areas of the USA, and it evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of naturally-aged TAK-003 administered to adult participants. Overall, the immunogenicity data from this trial are consistent with those reported from other TAK-003 phase 2 and 3 trials, and the safety data are consistent with the broader integrated safety data analysis. The data show that naturally-aged TAK-003 had a well-tolerated reactogenicity and adverse events profile when administered in the second half of its clinical 24-month shelf-life and that it still elicited an immune response that persisted up to 6 months after the second dose against all four dengue serotypes, with no important safety risks identified during the trial.
Topics: Child; Adult; Humans; Aged; Dengue; Dengue Vaccines; Dengue Virus; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Combined; Antibodies, Viral; Immunogenicity, Vaccine
PubMed: 37846724
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2254964 -
Pathogens and Disease Feb 2024Zika virus (ZIKV), which belongs to the Flavivirus family, is mainly transmitted via the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. In newborns, ZIKV infection can cause severe symptoms... (Review)
Review
Zika virus (ZIKV), which belongs to the Flavivirus family, is mainly transmitted via the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. In newborns, ZIKV infection can cause severe symptoms such as microcephaly, while in adults, it can lead to Guillain‒Barré syndrome (GBS). Due to the lack of specific therapeutic methods against ZIKV, the development of a safe and effective vaccine is extremely important. Several potential ZIKV vaccines, such as live attenuated, inactivated, nucleic acid, viral vector, and recombinant subunit vaccines, have demonstrated promising outcomes in clinical trials involving human participants. Therefore, in this review, the recent developmental progress, advantages and disadvantages of these five vaccine types are examined, and practical recommendations for future development are provided.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Animals; Adult; Humans; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection; Mosquito Vectors; Vaccines
PubMed: 38192053
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftad036 -
Cell Feb 2024Although Chikungunya fever does not a have a high fatality rate (<10%), it has a huge morbidity toll due to lingering chronic arthralgia. The recent FDA approval of...
Although Chikungunya fever does not a have a high fatality rate (<10%), it has a huge morbidity toll due to lingering chronic arthralgia. The recent FDA approval of Ixchiq, a vaccine designed to prevent infection caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), provides hope that its use can prevent future CHIKV outbreaks. To view this Bench to Bedside, open or download the PDF.
Topics: Humans; Chikungunya Fever; Chikungunya virus; Disease Outbreaks; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 38364787
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.033 -
Journal of Virology Oct 2023Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) caused by PED virus (PEDV) remains a big threat to the swine industry worldwide. Vaccination with live attenuated vaccine is a promising...
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) caused by PED virus (PEDV) remains a big threat to the swine industry worldwide. Vaccination with live attenuated vaccine is a promising method to prevent and control PED, because it can elicit a more protective immunity than the killed vaccine, subunit vaccine, and so on. In this study, we found two obvious deletions in the genome of a high passage of AH2012/12. We further confirmed the second deletion which contains seven amino acids at the carboxy-terminus of the S2 gene and the start codon of ORF3 can reduce its pathogenicity . Animal experiments indicated that the recombinant PEDV with deleted carboxy-terminus of S gene showed higher IgG, IgA, neutralization antibodies, and protection effects against virus challenge than the killed vaccine. These data reveal that the engineering of the carboxy-terminus of the S2 gene may be a promising method to develop live attenuated vaccine candidates of PEDV.
Topics: Animals; Coronavirus Infections; Diarrhea; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Inactivated; Viral Vaccines; Virulence
PubMed: 37732788
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01063-23 -
Viruses Oct 2023African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most lethal infectious diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boars of all ages. Over a span of 100 years, ASF has continued... (Review)
Review
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most lethal infectious diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boars of all ages. Over a span of 100 years, ASF has continued to spread over continents and adversely affects the global pig industry. To date, no vaccine or treatment has been approved. The complex genome structure and diverse variants facilitate the immune evasion of the ASF virus (ASFV). Recently, advanced technologies have been used to design various potential vaccine candidates and effective diagnostic tools. This review updates vaccine platforms that are currently being used worldwide, with a focus on genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, including an understanding of their potential efficacy and limitations of safety and stability. Furthermore, advanced ASFV detection technologies are presented that discuss and incorporate the challenges that remain to be addressed for conventional detection methods. We also highlight a nano-bio-based system that enhances sensitivity and specificity. A combination of prophylactic vaccines and point-of-care diagnostics can help effectively control the spread of ASFV.
Topics: Swine; Animals; African Swine Fever; Viral Vaccines; African Swine Fever Virus; Sus scrofa; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 38005846
DOI: 10.3390/v15112169 -
Avian Diseases Jan 2024The complexity of parasites and their life cycles makes vaccination against parasitic diseases challenging. This review highlights this by discussing vaccination against... (Review)
Review
The complexity of parasites and their life cycles makes vaccination against parasitic diseases challenging. This review highlights this by discussing vaccination against four relevant parasites of poultry. Coccidia, i.e., spp., are the most important parasites in poultry production, causing multiple billions of dollars of damage worldwide. Due to the trend of antibiotic-free broiler production, use of anticoccidia vaccines in broilers is becoming much more important. As of now, only live vaccines are on the market, almost all of which must be produced in birds. In addition, these live vaccines require extra care in the management of flocks to provide adequate protection and prevent the vaccines from causing damage. Considerable efforts to develop recombinant vaccines and related work to understand the immune response against coccidia have not yet resulted in an alternative. is a blood parasite that is prevalent in East and South Asia. It is the only poultry parasite for which a recombinant vaccine has been developed and brought to market. causes typhlohepatitis in chickens and turkeys. The systemic immune response after intramuscular vaccination with inactivated parasites is not protective. The parasite can be grown and attenuated , but only together with bacteria. This and the necessary intracloacal application make the use of live vaccines difficult. So far, there have been no attempts to develop a recombinant vaccine against . Inactivated vaccines inducing antibodies against the poultry red mite have the potential to control infestations with this parasite. Potential antigens for recombinant vaccines have been identified, but the use of whole-mite extracts yields superior results. In conclusion, while every parasite is unique, development of vaccines against them shares common problems, namely the difficulties of propagating them and the identification of protective antigens that might be used in recombinant vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Poultry; Parasites; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Synthetic
PubMed: 38300662
DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-99989 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Jul 2023The radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ) Vaccine has demonstrated safety and immunogenicity in 5-month-old to 50-year-old Africans in multiple... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ) Vaccine has demonstrated safety and immunogenicity in 5-month-old to 50-year-old Africans in multiple trials. Except for one, each trial has restricted enrollment to either infants and children or adults < 50 years old. This trial was conducted in Equatorial Guinea and assessed the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of three direct venous inoculations of 1.8 × 106 or 2.7 × 106 PfSPZ, of PfSPZ Vaccine, or normal saline administered at 8-week intervals in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial stratified by age (6-11 months and 1-5, 6-10, 11-17, 18-35, and 36-61 years). All doses were successfully administered. In all, 192/207 injections (93%) in those aged 6-61 years were rated as causing no or mild pain. There were no significant differences in solicited adverse events (AEs) between vaccinees and controls in any age group (P ≥ 0.17). There were no significant differences between vaccinees and controls with respect to the rates or severity of unsolicited AEs or laboratory abnormalities. Development of antibodies to P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein occurred in 67/69 vaccinees (97%) and 0/15 controls. Median antibody levels were highest in infants and 1-5-year-olds and declined progressively with age. Antibody responses in children were greater than in adults protected against controlled human malaria infection. Robust immunogenicity, combined with a benign AE profile, indicates children are an ideal target for immunization with PfSPZ Vaccine.
Topics: Animals; Adult; Humans; Child; Infant; Child, Preschool; Middle Aged; Plasmodium falciparum; Malaria, Falciparum; Sporozoites; Vaccines, Attenuated; Equatorial Guinea; Malaria Vaccines; Double-Blind Method; Immunogenicity, Vaccine
PubMed: 37160281
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0773 -
Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the... Aug 2023Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) administered via the mucosal route may offer better control of the COVID-19 pandemic than non-replicating vaccines injected...
Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) administered via the mucosal route may offer better control of the COVID-19 pandemic than non-replicating vaccines injected intramuscularly. Conceptionally, LAVs have several advantages, including presentation of the entire antigenic repertoire of the virus, and the induction of strong mucosal immunity. Thus, immunity induced by LAV could offer superior protection against future surges of COVID-19 cases caused by emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, LAVs carry the risk of unintentional transmission. To address this issue, we investigated whether transmission of a SARS-CoV-2 LAV candidate can be blocked by removing the furin cleavage site (FCS) from the spike protein. The level of protection and immunity induced by the attenuated virus with the intact FCS was virtually identical to the one induced by the attenuated virus lacking the FCS. Most importantly, removal of the FCS completely abolished horizontal transmission of vaccine virus between cohoused hamsters. Furthermore, the vaccine was safe in immunosuppressed animals and showed no tendency to recombine in vitro or in vivo with a SARS-CoV-2 field strain. These results indicate that removal of the FCS from SARS-CoV-2 LAV is a promising strategy to increase vaccine safety and prevent vaccine transmission without compromising vaccine efficacy.
Topics: Animals; Cricetinae; Humans; COVID-19 Vaccines; COVID-19; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccines, Attenuated; Antibodies, Viral; Antibodies, Neutralizing
PubMed: 37263272
DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.05.004 -
Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation :... Nov 2023The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed that our understanding of infectious complications and strategies to mitigate severe infections in patients... (Review)
Review
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed that our understanding of infectious complications and strategies to mitigate severe infections in patients with glomerular diseases is limited. Beyond COVID-19, there are several infections that specifically impact care of patients receiving immunosuppressive measures. This review will provide an overview of six different infectious complications frequently encountered in patients with glomerular diseases, and will focus on recent achievements in terms of vaccine developments and understanding of the use of specific antimicrobial prophylaxis. These include influenza virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, reactivation of a chronic or past infection with hepatitis B virus in cases receiving B-cell depletion, reactivation of cytomegalovirus, and cases of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Varicella zoster virus infections are particularly frequent in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and an inactivated vaccine is available to use as an alternative to the attenuated vaccine in patients receiving immunosuppressants. As with COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine responses are generally impaired in older patients, and after recent administration of B-cell depleting agents, and high doses of mycophenolate mofetil and other immunosuppressants. Strategies to curb infectious complications are manifold and will be outlined in this review.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Anti-Infective Agents; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Immunocompromised Host; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney Diseases; Vaccines
PubMed: 37218705
DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad080