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BMC Oral Health Jan 2024The pathogenic microorganisms and clinical manifestations of caries and periodontitis are different, caries and periodontitis are usually discussed separately, and the...
BACKGROUNDS
The pathogenic microorganisms and clinical manifestations of caries and periodontitis are different, caries and periodontitis are usually discussed separately, and the relationship between them is ignored. Clinically, patients prone to dental caries generally have a healthier periodontal status, whereas patients with periodontitis generally have a lower incidence of dental caries. The relationship between dental caries and periodontitis remains unclear.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to explain the clinical phenomenon of antagonism between dental caries and periodontitis by exploring the ecological chain and bacterial interactions in dental caries, periodontitis, and other comorbid diseases.
METHODS
The dental plaque microbiomes of 30 patients with oral diseases (10 each with caries, periodontitis, and comorbid diseases) were sequenced and analysed using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. The Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was used for a differential functional analysis of dental plaque microbial communities in caries, periodontitis, and comorbid diseases.
RESULTS
The coinfection group had the greatest bacterial richness in dental plaque. The principal coordinate analysis showed that caries and periodontitis were separate from each other, and comorbid diseases were located at the overlap of caries and periodontitis, with most of them being periodontitis. Simultaneously, we compared the microbiomes with significant differences among the three groups and the correlations between the microbiome samples. In addition, KEGG pathway analysis revealed significant differences in functional changes among the three groups.
CONCLUSIONS
This study revealed the composition of the dental plaque microbial communities in caries, periodontitis, and comorbidities and the differences among the three. Additionally, we identified a possible antagonism between periodontitis and caries. We identified a new treatment strategy for the prediction and diagnosis of caries and periodontitis.
Topics: Humans; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Periodontitis; Bacteria; Microbiota; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 38273329
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03785-3 -
International Journal of Dental Hygiene Aug 2023Dental caries and periodontal diseases are significant health concerns in developing nations. This study assessed the impact of a comprehensive oral health education... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVES
Dental caries and periodontal diseases are significant health concerns in developing nations. This study assessed the impact of a comprehensive oral health education program on adolescent girls in rural Kenya.
METHODS
Eighty-seven girls aged 13-18 years attending school in rural Nanyuki, Kenya, were enrolled in the study. The comprehensive program included personalized oral hygiene training, education and health advocacy coaching. Dental caries, gingival inflammation and dental plaque biofilm were assessed at baseline, 1- and 2.5-year post-implementation.
RESULTS
The intervention was highly effective in arresting pre-existing carious lesions and preventing the formation of new ones in this population. The data revealed that there was a significant remineralization of incipient caries lesion, as shown by decreases in modified ICCMS™ scores from baseline to 1-year post-implementation. From baseline to the 2.5-year post-implementation assessment, only six new carious lesions developed. Dental plaque biofilm was reduced by 83.6%, and gingival inflammation was reduced by 81.6%.
CONCLUSION
A comprehensive oral health program, which included behavioural awareness and educational approaches, resulted in significant positive oral health outcomes in caries, dental plaque biofilm and gingival inflammation.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adolescent; Oral Health; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Kenya; Gingivitis; Inflammation
PubMed: 37066826
DOI: 10.1111/idh.12685 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Oral homecare plays a major part in dental disease prevention but it can be difficult to perform and time-consuming. Furthermore, the product used can be of limited...
Oral homecare plays a major part in dental disease prevention but it can be difficult to perform and time-consuming. Furthermore, the product used can be of limited efficiency. The goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of a water additive to limit the accumulation of plaque and calculus in dogs. Forty dogs were selected and randomly allocated to one of the two groups after scaling and polishing on day 0. The control group received no oral hygiene while the second group received the water additive (Vet Aquadent FR3SH, Virbac) every day. After 30 days, plaque and calculus accumulations were evaluated under anesthesia. The Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) was assessed on days 0 and 30. On day 30, the plaque and calculus indices were significantly smaller ( < 0.05) in the Aquadent group compared to the control group with median (Q1-Q3) scores of 1.22 (0.99-1.44) . 2.31 (1.65-3.86), respectively for plaque and 0.25 (0.15-0.42) . 0.33 (0.32-0.69) for calculus. Between day 0 and day 30, the GBI significantly decreased in the control group [from 0.39 (0.21-0.56) to 0.19 (0.08-0.29)] and in the Aquadent group [from 0.33 (0.18-0.47) to 0.00 (0.00-0.00)] but the decrease was significantly greater in the Aquadent group. These results show for the first time that the water additive tested can reduce dental deposit accumulation in dogs and improve gingival health. It can be recommended after a dental cleaning, especially to owners who are reluctant to provide dental care at home due to a lack of time or convenience.
PubMed: 37841470
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1241197 -
Cell Host & Microbe Apr 2024The ubiquitous inflammophilic oral pathobiont Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) is widely recognized for its strong association with inflammatory dysbiotic diseases and...
The ubiquitous inflammophilic oral pathobiont Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) is widely recognized for its strong association with inflammatory dysbiotic diseases and cancer. Fn is subdivided into four subspecies, which are historically considered functionally interchangeable in the oral cavity. To test this assumption, we analyzed patient-matched dental plaque and odontogenic abscess clinical specimens and examined whether an inflammatory environment selects for/against particular Fn subspecies. Dental plaque harbored a greater diversity of fusobacteria, with Fn. polymorphum dominating, whereas odontogenic abscesses were exceptionally biased for the largely uncharacterized organism Fn. animalis. Comparative genomic analyses revealed significant genotypic distinctions among Fn subspecies that correlate with their preferred ecological niches and support a taxonomic reassignment of each as a distinct Fusobacterium species. Despite originating as a low-abundance organism in dental plaque, Fn. animalis typically outcompetes other oral fusobacteria within the inflammatory abscess environment, which may explain its prevalence in other oral and extraoral diseases.
Topics: Humans; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Abscess; Dental Plaque; Mouth; Fusobacterium
PubMed: 38479393
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.02.010 -
International Journal of Dental Hygiene Jun 2024Professional oral hygiene is essential to prevent peri-implant disease. Appropriate instruments should be employed for implant-supported restorations: they should... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Professional oral hygiene is essential to prevent peri-implant disease. Appropriate instruments should be employed for implant-supported restorations: they should effectively remove deposits without damaging dental implant surface. The aim of the present systematic review is to investigate the efficacy and safety of erythritol air-polishing in implant-supported rehabilitations, compared to alternative hygienic techniques.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The guidelines reported in the indications of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) were employed for this systematic review. The focused question was: 'what is the effect of erythritol air-polishing on dental implant surfaces regarding its cleansing efficacy and/or safety?' The final online search was conducted on 13 August 2023; MEDLINE-PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library were employed. Comparative in vitro or in vivo original studies were included.
RESULTS
The initial database search yielded 128 entries; the final selection comprised 15 articles. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle Ottawa scale (NOS), the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, GRADE method. Ultrasonic scaling with PEEK tips, glycine air-polishing and cold atmospheric plasma were the devices most frequently compared to erythritol powder in the included studies. Erythritol air-polishing appeared to be significantly more effective in reducing biofilm compared to other treatments, without causing any significant damage to the implant surface and peri-implant tissues, promoting a good biological response.
CONCLUSION
Erythritol air-polishing showed promising results for professional oral hygiene in implant-supported restorations. According to this systematic review, it is effective and safe for removing biofilm from titanium dental implants.
PubMed: 38825804
DOI: 10.1111/idh.12836 -
Clinical Rheumatology Jun 2024Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease with unknown etiology that is considered to be related to environmental and genetic factors. The aim of this...
OBJECTIVE
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease with unknown etiology that is considered to be related to environmental and genetic factors. The aim of this study was to clarify the oral microflora characteristics of pSS patients and to reveal the connection between oral bacterial composition and dental caries using a high-throughput sequencing technique.
METHODS
Thirty-five pSS patients and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. We collected saliva and plaque samples from pSS patients and saliva samples from healthy controls. We used 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) high-throughput sequencing targeting the V3-V4 hypervariable region to determine the composition and structure of the microbiota in the three sample sets. Finally, bioinformatics analyses, including the diversity of the microbiota, species differences, and functional prediction were performed.
RESULTS
In the alpha diversity and beta diversity analysis, the Chao1 (P < 0.01), observed species (P < 0.01), and PD whole tree indices (P < 0.01) were significantly lower in the saliva and plaque samples of pSS patients than in the saliva samples of healthy controls, but the Shannon (P < 0.01) and Simpson indices (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in the healthy controls, and their total diversity significantly differed. In the main flora composition at the genus level (top 10), we identified Prevotella and Veillonella as more enriched in the saliva of pSS patients and Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, and Leptotrichia as more enriched in the plaque of pSS patients. Predictive functional analysis showed that the oral microbiota of pSS patients was related to translation, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and nucleotide metabolism.
CONCLUSIONS
The oral microbial ecology of patients with pSS is dysregulated, resulting in a decrease in overall diversity. Prevotella and Veillonella may be related to pSS, while Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, and Leptotrichia may be related to dental caries in pSS patients. Key Points • This study revealed differences in the oral microbial composition of patients with pSS compared to healthy controls. • We included a plaque group of pSS patients to identify the microbiota related to pSS and dental caries. • Prevotella and Veillonella may contribute to pSS, and Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, and Leptotrichia are associated with dental caries in pSS patients.
Topics: Humans; Sjogren's Syndrome; Female; Middle Aged; Saliva; Microbiota; Male; Adult; Mouth; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Case-Control Studies; Aged; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Dental Plaque; Dental Caries
PubMed: 38602612
DOI: 10.1007/s10067-024-06958-9 -
Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry Sep 2023To compare the effectiveness of ayurvedic, homeopathic and conventional dentifrices on plaque and saliva in terms of cariogenic bacteria, salivary pH, and plaque pH. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
To compare the effectiveness of ayurvedic, homeopathic and conventional dentifrices on plaque and saliva in terms of cariogenic bacteria, salivary pH, and plaque pH.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This double-blinded, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial was performed at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India. The participants comprised healthy adults possessing more than 20 permanent natural teeth and having a Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) score, plaque index score, and gingival index score less than or equal to 2. There were 3 intervention groups: 1: herbal dentifrice (Dabur Meswak); 2: homeopathic dentifrice (Gum Forte gel); 3: fluoride dentifrice (Colgate Total). The outcome measures were as follows: plaque and saliva samples were evaluated for pH; colony counts of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus at baseline, 14 and 28 days of follow-up. One-way and repeated measures ANOVA, Wilcoxon signed-rank and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to compare the mean differences of plaque and salivary pH and plaque and salivary S. mutans and Lactobacillus counts at baseline, 14 and 28 days.
RESULTS
The mean S. mutans and Lactobacillus counts in plaque and saliva decreased statistically significantly in all treatment groups at the 28-day follow-up. Mean plaque pH was not statistically significantly different at the 14-day follow-up (p-value = 0.16). On the 28th day, group 1 (7.64 ± 0.20) showed the highest increase in plaque pH followed by group 2 (7.39 ± 0.25) and group 3 (7.27 ± 0.19), which was found to be statistically significant. No statistically significant difference in mean salivary pH was observed between the three groups at the different time points.
CONCLUSION
This study reveals that the herbal dentifrice tested here was effective in reducing cariogenic bacterial count and increasing the plaque pH, thereby warranting the usage of the same.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; India; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Lactobacillus
PubMed: 37737306
DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.b4424883 -
BMC Oral Health Nov 2023Oral care is important in preventing aspiration pneumonia in older adults. However, it is not clear what kind of oral care can reduce the number of bacteria in saliva.... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Factors affecting the number of bacteria in saliva and oral care methods for the recovery of bacteria in contaminated saliva after brushing: a randomized controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Oral care is important in preventing aspiration pneumonia in older adults. However, it is not clear what kind of oral care can reduce the number of bacteria in saliva. The purposes of this study are to clarify whether there is a relationship between plaque amounts and salivary bacterial counts, and how bacteria dispersed into the oral cavity by brushing can be reduced.
METHODS
First, saliva samples were collected from 10 healthy adult volunteers after 30 h of unbrushing and after thorough brushing, and the total bacterial count was determined by real-time PCR. Next, 40 older adults attending an outpatient dental clinic were randomly assigned into two groups: a wiping group (20 patients) and a mouthwashing group (20 patients). Saliva was collected before and after brushing, and after wiping in the wiping group and after mouthwashing in the mouthwashing group, and the total bacterial count was quantified by real-time PCR.
RESULTS
In a study of volunteers, there was no association between plaque amounts and salivary bacterial counts. In a study of older adult patients, salivary bacterial counts were significantly higher in patients with higher oral hygiene index and fewer remaining teeth. Brushing increased salivary bacterial counts. Wiping did not significantly reduce the number of bacteria, while mouthwash returned the increased number of bacteria after brushing to the pre-brushing level.
CONCLUSIONS
There is no direct relationship between the amount of plaque and the number of bacteria in saliva. Brushing disperses bacteria into the oral cavity, resulting in a marked increase in the number of bacteria in saliva. Wiping does not collect the dispersed bacteria, and it seems essential to rinse the mouth after brushing.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
UMIN000045854.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Saliva; Toothbrushing; Bacteria; Mouthwashes; Dental Plaque
PubMed: 38001433
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03676-7 -
Dentistry Journal Jul 2023Dental plaque is a biofilm structured in an extracellular matrix of polymers of host and microbial origin; the microorganisms can coexist in harmony with the host, thus... (Review)
Review
Dental plaque is a biofilm structured in an extracellular matrix of polymers of host and microbial origin; the microorganisms can coexist in harmony with the host, thus guarantying oral health. Environmental modifications can lead to dysbiosis and onset of oral diseases; in fact, plaque is the etiological agent both of periodontal disease and dental decay. The use of an effective oral hygiene index should be considered as a relevant goal for the clinicians and the researchers, and consequently, numerous plaque indices have been proposed during the years. The present literature review aims primarily to obtain a complete summary of these scores to assess plaque deposits. It is useful because the clinician/researcher will select the right scoring method for the specific situation only if he knows the available options and if he is aware of both their strengths and weaknesses. This review applies a basic classification of plaque indices that distinguishes the ones that use non-quantitative methods from the ones that use quantitative methods. Non-quantitative methods are more subjective because they are based on the ability of the clinician to point out the presence or the entity of deposits, while quantitative methods introduce objectifiable means to measure plaque deposits.
PubMed: 37504238
DOI: 10.3390/dj11070172 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2024Periodontitis has recently been defined as a dysbiotic disease caused by an imbalanced oral microbiota. The transition from commensal microbial communities to...
Periodontitis has recently been defined as a dysbiotic disease caused by an imbalanced oral microbiota. The transition from commensal microbial communities to periodontitis-associated ones requires colonization by specific pathogens, including . We previously reported an antagonistic relationship between and . To determine the role of in altering the interactions of with other oral bacteria in a complex context, we collected dental plaque samples from patients with periodontitis and assigned them to two groups based on the ratios of and . We then characterized the microbial profiles of the dental plaque samples using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and compared the oral microbial composition and functional capabilities of the group with high ratios with the low ratio group. Taxonomic annotation revealed significant differences in the microbial composition at both the genus and species levels between the low and high ratio groups. Notably, a higher microbial diversity was observed in the samples with low ratios. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistance gene profiles of the two groups were also distinct, with a significantly increased abundance of the genes in the dental plaque samples with low ratios. It, therefore, indicates that the ratios influenced the virulence potential of the oral microbiome. Our work shows that enhancing the ratio in oral microbial communities can be an attractive approach for revising the dysbiotic oral microbiome.IMPORTANCEPeriodontitis, one of the most common chronic diseases, is linked to several systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Although is a keystone pathogen that causes periodontitis, its levels, interactions with accessory bacteria and pathobionts in the oral microbiome, and its association with the pathogenic potential of the microbial communities are still not well understood. In this study, we revealed the role of and the ratios of and in modulating the oral microbiome to facilitate a deeper understanding of periodontitis and its progression. The study has important clinical implications as it laid a foundation for developing novel non-antibiotic therapies against and improving the efficiency of periodontal treatments.
Topics: Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Dental Plaque; Periodontitis; Microbiota; Streptococcus
PubMed: 38230927
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03482-23