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BMC Oral Health Apr 2024The oral cavity is home to various ecological niches, each with its own unique microbial composition. Understanding the microbial communities and gene composition in...
BACKGROUND
The oral cavity is home to various ecological niches, each with its own unique microbial composition. Understanding the microbial communities and gene composition in different ecological niches within the oral cavity of oral cancer (OC) patients is crucial for determining how these microbial populations contribute to disease progression.
METHODS
In this study, saliva and dental plaque samples were collected from patients with OC. Metagenomic sequencing was employed to analyze the microbial community classification and functional composition of the different sample groups.
RESULTS
The results of the study revealed significant differences in both the function and classification of microbial communities between saliva and dental plaque samples. The diversity of microbial species in saliva was found to be higher compared to that in plaque samples. Notably, Actinobacteria were enriched in the dental plaque of OC patients. Furthermore, the study identified several inter-group differential marker species, including Prevotella intermedia, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Actinomyces radius, Corynebacterium matruchitii, and Veillonella atypica. Additionally, 1,353 differential genes were annotated into 23 functional pathways. Interestingly, a significant correlation was observed between differentially labeled species and Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection, which may be related to the occurrence and development of cancer.
CONCLUSIONS
Significant differences in the microbial and genetic composition of saliva and dental plaque samples were observed in OC patients. Furthermore, pathogenic bacteria associated with oral diseases were predominantly enriched in saliva. The identification of inter-group differential biomarkers and pathways provide insights into the relationship between oral microbiota and the occurrence and development of OC.
Topics: Humans; Saliva; Dental Plaque; Bacteria; Mouth Neoplasms; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 38575895
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04181-1 -
International Journal of Dental Hygiene Aug 2023This study aimed to evaluate the biological and clinical effect of professional toothbrushing on the periodontal health of patients with gingivitis.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to evaluate the biological and clinical effect of professional toothbrushing on the periodontal health of patients with gingivitis.
METHODS
We enrolled 21 university students with gingivitis in Jinju City in this study between April 24 and October 28, 2014. A dental hygienist performed a professional toothbrushing routine on the participants twice, once at baseline and after 3 months. Oral examinations were performed at baseline, 3, and 6 months to assess the periodontal health. The patient hygiene performance index, gingival bleeding rate, periodontal pocket depth, amount of gingival sulcus fluid, and number of bacterial colonies in the gingival sulcus (CFU/mL) were evaluated during the oral examination.
RESULTS
The patient hygiene performance index, gingival bleeding rate, pocket depth, amount of gingival sulcus fluid, and CFU/mL within the gingival sulcus significantly decreased after professional toothbrushing (p < 0.05), indicating an improvement in the periodontal health. The patient hygiene performance index, gingival bleeding rate, pocket depth, amount of gingival sulcus fluid, and CFU/mL within the gingival sulcus decreased more among those whose pocket depth was 4-5 mm than among those whose PD was ≤3 mm (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Professional toothbrushing improved the periodontal health in patients with gingivitis in respect of both biological and clinical results.
Topics: Humans; Toothbrushing; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Pocket; Gingival Hemorrhage; Dental Plaque Index
PubMed: 37369915
DOI: 10.1111/idh.12709 -
International Dental Journal Oct 2023Gingivitis is one of the most prevalent plaque-initiated dental diseases globally. It is challenging to maintain satisfactory plaque control without continuous...
OBJECTIVES
Gingivitis is one of the most prevalent plaque-initiated dental diseases globally. It is challenging to maintain satisfactory plaque control without continuous professional advice. Artificial intelligence may be used to provide automated visual plaque control advice based on intraoral photographs.
METHODS
Frontal view intraoral photographs fulfilling selection criteria were collected. Along the gingival margin, the gingival conditions of individual sites were labelled as healthy, diseased, or questionable. Photographs were randomly assigned as training or validation datasets. Training datasets were input into a novel artificial intelligence system and its accuracy in detection of gingivitis including sensitivity, specificity, and mean intersection-over-union were analysed using validation dataset. The accuracy was reported according to STARD-2015 statement.
RESULTS
A total of 567 intraoral photographs were collected and labelled, of which 80% were used for training and 20% for validation. Regarding training datasets, there were total 113,745,208 pixels with 9,270,413; 5,711,027; and 4,596,612 pixels were labelled as healthy, diseased, and questionable respectively. Regarding validation datasets, there were 28,319,607 pixels with 1,732,031; 1,866,104; and 1,116,493 pixels were labelled as healthy, diseased, and questionable, respectively. AI correctly predicted 1,114,623 healthy and 1,183,718 diseased pixels with sensitivity of 0.92 and specificity of 0.94. The mean intersection-over-union of the system was 0.60 and above the commonly accepted threshold of 0.50.
CONCLUSIONS
Artificial intelligence could identify specific sites with and without gingival inflammation, with high sensitivity and high specificity that are on par with visual examination by human dentist. This system may be used for monitoring of the effectiveness of patients' plaque control.
Topics: Humans; Artificial Intelligence; Gingivitis; Dental Plaque
PubMed: 37117096
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.03.007 -
Imaging α-synuclein pathologies in animal models and patients with Parkinson's and related diseases.Neuron May 2024Deposition of α-synuclein fibrils is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), while in vivo detection of α-synuclein pathologies in...
Deposition of α-synuclein fibrils is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), while in vivo detection of α-synuclein pathologies in these illnesses has been challenging. Here, we have developed a small-molecule ligand, C05-05, for visualizing α-synuclein deposits in the brains of living subjects. In vivo optical and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of mouse and marmoset models demonstrated that C05-05 captured a dynamic propagation of fibrillogenesis along neural pathways, followed by disruptions of these structures. High-affinity binding of F-C05-05 to α-synuclein aggregates in human brain tissues was also proven by in vitro assays. Notably, PET-detectable F-C05-05 signals were intensified in the midbrains of PD and DLB patients as compared with healthy controls, providing the first demonstration of visualizing α-synuclein pathologies in these illnesses. Collectively, we propose a new imaging technology offering neuropathology-based translational assessments of PD and allied disorders toward diagnostic and therapeutic research and development.
PubMed: 38843838
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.05.006 -
BMC Oral Health Jun 2024The status of dental caries is closely related to changes in the oral microbiome. In this study, we compared the diversity and structure of the dental plaque microbiome... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
The status of dental caries is closely related to changes in the oral microbiome. In this study, we compared the diversity and structure of the dental plaque microbiome in children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) before and after general anaesthesia and outpatient treatment.
METHODS
Forty children aged 3 to 5 years with S-ECC who had completed whole-mouth dental treatment under general anaesthesia (C1) or in outpatient settings (C2) were selected, 20 in each group. The basic information and oral health status of the children were recorded, and the microbial community structure and diversity of dental plaque before treatment (C1, C2), the day after treatment(C2_0D), 7 days after treatment (C1_7D, C2_7D), 1 month after treatment (C1_1M, C2_1M), and 3 months after treatment (C1_3M, C2_3M) were analysed via 16 S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology.
RESULTS
(1) The alpha diversity test showed that the flora richness in the multiappointment group was significantly greater at posttreatment than at pretreatment (P < 0.05), and the remaining alpha diversity index did not significantly differ between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). The beta diversity analysis revealed that the flora structures of the C1_7D group and the C2_3M group were significantly different from those of the other time points within the respective groups (P < 0.05). (2) The core flora existed in both the pre- and posttreatment groups, and the proportion of their flora abundance could be altered depending on the caries status of the children in both groups. Leptotrichia abundance was significantly (P < 0.05) lower at 7 days posttreatment in both the single- and multiappointment groups. Corynebacterium and Corynebacterium_matruchotii were significantly more abundant in the C1_1M and C1_3M groups than in the C1 and C1_7D groups (P < 0.05). Streptococcus, Haemophilus and Haemophilus_parainfluenzae were significantly more abundant in the C1_7D group than in the other groups (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
A single session of treatment under general anaesthesia can cause dramatic changes in the microbial community structure and composition within 7 days after treatment, whereas treatment over multiple appointments may cause slow changes in oral flora diversity.
Topics: Humans; Dental Plaque; Dental Caries; Child, Preschool; Male; Female; Microbiota; Anesthesia, General; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 38879477
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04458-5 -
American Journal of Orthodontics and... Feb 2024This prospective study analyzed changes in the oral and intestinal microbiomes in patients before and after fixed orthodontic treatment, elucidating the impacts of fixed...
INTRODUCTION
This prospective study analyzed changes in the oral and intestinal microbiomes in patients before and after fixed orthodontic treatment, elucidating the impacts of fixed orthodontic treatment on patient health and metabolism.
METHODS
Metagenomic analysis was conducted on stool, dental plaque, and saliva samples from 10 fixed orthodontic patients. All the samples were sequenced with Illumina NovaSeq 6000 with a paired-end sequencing length of 150 bp. Identification of taxa in metagenomes and functional annotation of genes of the microbiota were performed using the data after quality control. Clinical periodontal parameters, including the gingiva index, plaque index, and pocket probing depth, were examined at each time point in triplicates. Patients also received a table to record their oral hygiene habits of brushing, flossing, and dessert consumption frequency over 1 month.
RESULTS
The brushing and flossing times per day of patients were significantly increased after treatment compared with baseline. The number of times a patient ate dessert daily was also fewer after treatment than at baseline. In addition, the plaque index decreased significantly, whereas the pH value of saliva, gingiva index, and pocket probing depth did not change. No significant differences were observed between the participants before and after orthodontic treatment regarding alpha-diversity analysis of the gut, dental plaque, or saliva microbiota. However, on closer analysis, periodontal disease-associated bacteria levels in the oral cavity remain elevated. Alterations in gut microbiota were also observed after orthodontic treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
The richness and diversity of the microbiome did not change significantly during the initial stage of fixed orthodontic treatment. However, the levels of periodontal disease-associated bacteria increased.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Dental Plaque; Prospective Studies; Metagenome; Bacteria; Periodontal Diseases; Dental Plaque Index
PubMed: 37966405
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2023.07.019 -
Cureus Dec 2023Background and aim Assessing the priority of the patient towards dental needs while considering the distance traveled by them is important to improve a dental...
Background and aim Assessing the priority of the patient towards dental needs while considering the distance traveled by them is important to improve a dental service. The purpose of this study was to rank the patients' felt needs for dental care in the private dental institution in order of importance. The objective is to count the number of patients with various major complaints and compare how far patients traveled for various treatment plans tailored to their individual needs in a private dental institution. Material and methods The sample consisted of all new patients who sought dental care at Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India, between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2022. Retrospective data from the dental information archive system was gathered on their primary chief complaint and residential address. Frequency distribution of patients with different chief complaints was found. The mean and standard deviation of distance traveled by patients for different treatment plans was done using descriptive statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22 (Released 2013; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Results The priority order of the felt need by the patients was dental pain in which n=1299 (15.4%) > missing teeth with n=1224 (14.59%) > deposit/stains/halitosis n=1149 (13.6%) > shaking tooth n=936 (11.15%) > irregularly placed/proclined teeth n=852 (10.15%) > dislodged crown/restoration n=843 (10.05%) > tooth decay/discoloration n=759 (9%) > general checkup n=723 (8.6%) > swelling/ulcer/wound n=246 (2.93%) > painful jaw/facial pain/difficult mouth opening n=198 (2.26%). In 2022, most patients requiring caries preventive measure (0.8%) located at the mean distance of 10.75±2.2 km, while patients requiring scaling (16.9%), dental filling (10.9%), endodontic management (18.6%), extraction (23.7%), prosthetic replacement (13.9%), orthodontic management (10.9%), and facial pain management (2.2%) were located at the mean distance of 14.49±8.2 km, 10.28±6.25 km, 18.43±13.9 km, 14.29±6.6 km, 23.49±11.8 km, 11.76±8.13 km, and 45.32±17.35 km, respectively. Conclusion More number of patients traveled long distances even more than 50 km for painful tooth decay. Also, lots of patients were found to seek replacement of their missing teeth next to pain. Thus, dental pain and missing teeth form a major priority of the patient's felt dental need. Also, the patient had traveled a lot for facial pain management compared to other treatment needs which shows the lack of facial pain management practice by dental care centers near their local residence.
PubMed: 38249284
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50806 -
BMC Oral Health Oct 2023This study aimed to evaluate the effect of secondhand smoke on dental caries and gingival health among schoolchildren in Damascus, Syria.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of secondhand smoke on dental caries and gingival health among schoolchildren in Damascus, Syria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study. It was carried out at government schools in Damascus, Syria. This study included healthy children aged 10 to 13 years old. Schoolchildren were interviewed to answer the researcher-administered questionnaire to obtain answers regarding demographic information and family smoking behavior. A dental examination was performed by a dentist, and the number of decayed (D), missing (M), and filled (F) permanent teeth (DMFT) was scored based on the World Health Organization (WHO) 1997. A gingival examination was performed using the modified gingival index (MGI) and Silness-Leo plaque index (PI) to assess gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation, respectively.
RESULTS
A total of 284 schoolchildren participated. More than half (61.26%) of them were exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS), and about half of them (52.11%) resided in a house with at least one cigarette smoked in a day. About one-third of the passive smokers (33.30%) had poor plaque control, with a statistically significant difference from non-passive smokers (p < 0.05). The multivariate regression model showed that the number of smokers at home was significantly associated with the DMFT score, dental plaque accumulation, and gingival inflammation (p < 0.1). However, the number of cigarettes smoked at home in a day was not a predictor for dental caries and gingival status (p = 1.000).
CONCLUSIONS
Within the limitations of this study, the number of smokers at home appears to have more adverse effects on children's oral health compared to the quantity of smoke inhaled. In addition, SHSe was associated with more dental plaque accumulation among schoolchildren.
Topics: Child; Humans; Adolescent; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Caries; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Syria; Oral Hygiene; Dental Plaque; DMF Index; Gingivitis; Prevalence; Inflammation
PubMed: 37821880
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03486-x -
International Dental Journal Feb 2024Denture plaque, a biofilm that develops on denture surfaces, could contribute to many oral and systemic afflictions. Hence, a quantitative assessment of denture plaque... (Review)
Review
Denture plaque, a biofilm that develops on denture surfaces, could contribute to many oral and systemic afflictions. Hence, a quantitative assessment of denture plaque is important to evaluate the denture hygiene of denture wearers, particularly to prevent plaque biofilm-associated diseases. The aim of this systematic review, therefore, was to review and summarize the visual denture hygiene assessment methods using denture plaque indices and with planimetries published in the literature. English language studies published up to March 2022 in four electronic databases, PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library, were searched, followed by a manual search of Google Scholar by two assessors. The review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) whenever possible. Details of the visual assessment methods, including the types of denture assessed, its materials and its surfaces, as well as the use of a disclosing agent, were the main outcomes. Of 492 screened studies, 74 were included per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, 60 studies utilized various denture plaque indices while 18 used planimetries. 43 out of 60 studies with indices and 17 out of 18 studies with planimetries used disclosing agents for visual evaluation of plaque. A total of 21 indices were described in the included studies, of which seven graded a divided denture surface, while the remainder graded entire denture surface. Of the 18 planimetric assessments, one study quantified squares of the disclosed plaques on denture images, 16 studies quantified such pixels with computer programs, and a single study quantified points, pixels, and contour of plaque areas. In summary, denture plaque indices appear to be popular in denture plaque assessment due to their simplicity. Computerized planimetric assessment, though more time-consuming, provides a more accurate assessment of plaque load as it is less prone to subjectivity and assessor errors.
Topics: Humans; Oral Hygiene; Dental Plaque; Biofilms; Dental Plaque Index; Dentures
PubMed: 37479594
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.06.010 -
Journal of Dentistry Aug 2023To investigate the effect of daily use of a lozenge containing arginine and probiotics for 10-12 months on caries increment, gingivitis- and plaque occurrence in... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the effect of daily use of a lozenge containing arginine and probiotics for 10-12 months on caries increment, gingivitis- and plaque occurrence in children aged 5-9 years.
METHODS
In this placebo-controlled, double-blinded, parallel-grouped randomized clinical trial, 343 children were randomly assigned to one of the study arms (1:1). The intervention group (n = 172) received a lozenge containing Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, LGG® (DSM33156), Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. CASEI 431® (DSM33451) and prebiotic (arginine 2%). The placebo group (n = 171) received an identical lozenge without arginine or probiotics. Primary canines and molars, and permanent first molars were examined clinically (d/D= ICDAS) and radiographically (d/D = R) at baseline and follow-up. Missing (m/M), sealed (s/S), and filled (f/F) surfaces (-s/-S) in both dentitions were also included. Utilizing clinical and radiographic scorings, caries experience was classified as dmsf-s (primary teeth), DMSF-S (permanent teeth), d/D m/M-s/S-f/F-s/S (mixed dentition). A weighted and an unweighted score system was applied.
RESULTS
The study was completed by 288 children. The dropout rate was 15%. The increase in ∆mean dmsf-s and ∆mean d/Dm/M-s/S-f/F-s/S was lower in the intervention group (p = 0.007). No differences were found for gingivitis- and plaque occurrence. No product-related side effects were reported. This study followed ICH-GCP including external monitoring.
CONCLUSION
Daily consumption of a lozenge containing prebiotic arginine and two strains of probiotics showed safe use and statistically significantly reduction in caries incrementbut no effect on the mean plaque or gingivitis occurrence in children. The use of a lozenge with arginine and probiotics combined has a promising potential as a supplementary tool for future management of caries. www.
CLINICALTRIALS
gov (NCT03928587).
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The combination of prebiotic arginine and probiotics shows clinical potential as a supplementary approach to toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste in managing caries increment in children. A new era in the management of caries may be emerging.
Topics: Humans; Prebiotics; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dental Caries; Probiotics; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis
PubMed: 37356561
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104599