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Journal of Veterinary Dentistry Sep 2023Microscopic alterations in the dental pulp of dogs have not been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to investigate microscopic alterations of the dental pulp...
Microscopic alterations in the dental pulp of dogs have not been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to investigate microscopic alterations of the dental pulp in dogs' teeth. One hundred and ten surgically extracted teeth (20 incisors, 23 canines, 28 premolars, and 39 molars) from 74 dogs, of different ages, with a history of chronic periodontitis (66 dogs), periapical abscesses (2 dogs), pulpitis (2 dogs), oral cavity neoplasms (2 dogs), dens invaginatus (1 dog), and dental fractures (1 dog) were included. Eight-one maxillary and 29 mandibular teeth were included. Coronal, radicular, and coronal plus radicular calculus were present in 28.2%, 17.3%, and 54.5% of the teeth, respectively. In total 78 teeth (71%) had pulp alterations, including fibrosis (26%), calcification (14%), necrosis associated with the absence of odontoblasts (14%), presence of predentin and dentin inside the cavity (8%), odontoblastic hyperplasia (3%), pigmentation (3%), pulpitis (2%), and pulp stones (1%). Forty-nine (60.5%) of the maxillary teeth and all of the mandibular teeth had pulp alterations. The premolars were most affected, and the molars least affected, by pulp alterations. Pulp fibrosis, calcification, and necrosis were observed in teeth irrespective of the distribution of dental calculus.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Dental Pulp; Pulpitis; Necrosis; Dental Caries; Fibrosis; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 36814404
DOI: 10.1177/08987564231156507 -
Forensic Science International Jul 2024Teeth are biological structures with a high degree of hardness, density, calcification, and capacity to adapt to extrinsic factors at physical, biological, and... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Teeth are biological structures with a high degree of hardness, density, calcification, and capacity to adapt to extrinsic factors at physical, biological, and physiological levels. Subsequently, they resist for a longer period in deteriorating environmental conditions. With dental analysis, it is possible to acquire biographical data about a person. The aim of this scoping review was to identify publications using human teeth tissues to estimate sexual dimorphism.
METHODS
The scoping review was carried out in the following databases: Jstor, Scielo, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus, using ten search strategies in English and guaranteeing completeness and reproducibility of the phases stipulated in the PRISMA guide.
RESULTS
143 studies on sexual dimorphism based on dental tissue traits were included, of which 40.6% (n = 58) were done in Asia and 27.2% (n = 39) in America. 80% of the studies (equivalent to 114 articles) focused their observations and measurements on the dental crown; 4.2% in enamel, dentin, and pulp together; 3.5% in dental pulp; 2.1% in the entire tooth; 2.8% in enamel, root, and the enamel-cementum junction, and only 0.7% in dentin and pulp. In addition, 92.3% of the studies used metric methods, while only 4.9% and 2.8% used biochemical and non-metric method respectively.
CONCLUSION
For sexual dimorphism establishment, enamel has been the most analyzed dental tissue in permanent canines and molars mainly. Likewise, the most widely and accurately used methods for this purpose are the metrics, with the odontometry as the most implemented (intraoral or by using dental plaster models, digital scanning or software) with prediction percentages ranging from 51% to 95.9%. In contrast to biochemical methods, that can achieve the highest precision (up to 100%), the non-metric methods, to a less extent, reported prediction percentages of 58%.
Topics: Humans; Sex Characteristics; Tooth; Forensic Dentistry; Dentin; Dental Enamel; Dental Pulp
PubMed: 38824866
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112061 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2023Vascular calcification, an ectopic calcification exacerbated by aging and renal dysfunction, is closely associated with cardiovascular disease. However, early detection...
Vascular calcification, an ectopic calcification exacerbated by aging and renal dysfunction, is closely associated with cardiovascular disease. However, early detection indicators are limited. This study focused on dental pulp stones, ectopic calcifications found in oral tissues that are easily identifiable on dental radiographs. Our investigation explored the frequency and timing of these calcifications in different locations and their relationship to aortic calcification. In cadavers, we examined the association between the frequency of dental pulp stones and aortic calcification, revealing a significant association. Notably, dental pulp stones appeared prior to aortic calcification. Using a rat model of hyperphosphatemia, we confirmed that dental pulp stones formed earlier than calcification in the aortic arch. Interestingly, there were very few instances of aortic calcification without dental pulp stones. Additionally, we conducted cell culture experiments with vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and dental pulp cells (DPCs) to explore the regulatory mechanism underlying high phosphate-mediated calcification. We found that DPCs produced calcification deposits more rapidly and exhibited a stronger augmentation of osteoblast differentiation markers compared with SMCs. In conclusion, the observation of dental pulp stones through X-ray examination during dental checkups could be a valuable method for early diagnosis of aortic calcification risk.
Topics: Rats; Animals; X-Rays; Dental Pulp Calcification; Radiography; Vascular Calcification; Early Diagnosis; Dental Pulp
PubMed: 37903847
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45902-w -
BMC Oral Health Apr 2024The aim of our study was to assess the correlation between T relaxation times and their variability with the histopathological results of the same teeth in relation to...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of our study was to assess the correlation between T relaxation times and their variability with the histopathological results of the same teeth in relation to caries progression.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
52 extracted permanent premolars were included in the study. Prior to extractions, patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning and teeth were evaluated using ICDAS classification. Pulps of extracted teeth were histologically analysed.
RESULTS
MRI T relaxation times (ms) were 111,9 ± 11.2 for ICDAS 0, 132.3 ± 18.5* for ICDAS 1, 124.6 ± 14.8 for ICDAS 2 and 112. 6 ± 18.2 for ICDAS 3 group (p = 0,013). A positive correlation was observed between MRI T relaxation times and macrophage and T lymphocyte density in healthy teeth. There was a positive correlation between vascular density and T relaxation times of dental pulp in teeth with ICDAS score 1. A negative correlation was found between T relaxation times and macrophage density. There was a positive correlation between T relaxation time variability and macrophage and T lymphocyte density in teeth with ICDAS score 2. In teeth with ICDAS score 3, a positive correlation between T relaxation times and T relaxation time variability and lymphocyte B density was found.
CONCLUSION
The results of our study confirm the applicability of MRI in evaluation of the true condition of the pulp tissue.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
With the high correlation to histological validation, MRI method serves as a promising imaging implement in the field of general dentistry and endodontics.
Topics: Humans; Dental Pulp; Sensitivity and Specificity; Dental Caries; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Bicuspid; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 38582832
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04165-1 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology Dec 2023Transfection is a contemporary approach for introducing foreign genetic material into target cells. The effective transport of genetic materials into cells is mostly... (Review)
Review
Transfection is a contemporary approach for introducing foreign genetic material into target cells. The effective transport of genetic materials into cells is mostly influenced by (a) the characteristics of the genetic material (quantity and quality), (b) the transfection procedure (incubation time, ratio of the reagents to the introduced genetic material, and components of cell culture), and (c) targeted cells for transfection (cell origin and cell type). This review summarizes the findings of different studies focusing on various transfection approaches and their applications to explore the regenerative potential of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Several databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed, were searched to obtain the literature for the current review. Different keywords were used as key terms in the search. Approximately 200 articles were retained after removing duplicates from different databases. Articles published in English that discussed different transfection approaches were included. Several sources were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Approximately 70 relevant published sources were included in the final stage to achieve the study objectives. This review demonstrated that no single transfection system is applicable to all cases and the various cell types with no side effects. Further studies are needed to focus on optimizing process parameters, decreasing the toxicity and side effects of available transfection techniques, and increasing their efficiencies. Moreover, this review sheds light on the impact of using different valuable transfection approaches to investigate the regenerative potential of DPSCs.
PubMed: 38132472
DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120626 -
Connective Tissue Research Sep 2023Inflammation is a complex host response to harmful infection or injury, and it seems to play a crucial role in tissue regeneration both positively and negatively. We...
AIM
Inflammation is a complex host response to harmful infection or injury, and it seems to play a crucial role in tissue regeneration both positively and negatively. We have previously demonstrated that the activation of the complement C5a pathway affects dentin-pulp regeneration. However, limited information is available to understand the role of the complement C5a system related to inflammation-mediated dentinogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of complement C5a receptor (C5aR) in regulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Human DPSCs were subjected to LPS-stimulated odontogenic differentiation in dentinogenic media treated with the C5aR agonist and antagonist. A putative downstream pathway of the C5aR was examined using a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) inhibitor (SB203580).
RESULTS
Our data demonstrated that inflammation induced by the LPS treatment potentiated DPSC odontogenic differentiation and that this is C5aR dependent. C5aR signaling controlled the LPS-stimulated dentinogenesis by regulating the expression of odontogenic lineage markers like dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP-1). Moreover, the LPS treatment increased the total p38, and the active form of p38 expression, and treatment with SB203580 abolished the LPS-induced DSPP and DMP-1 increase.
CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest a significant role of C5aR and its putative downstream molecule p38 in the LPS-induced odontogenic DPSCs differentiation. This study highlights the regulatory pathway of complement C5aR/p38 and a possible therapeutic approach for improving the efficiency of dentin regeneration during inflammation.
Topics: Humans; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Complement C5a; Dental Pulp; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Regeneration; Stem Cells; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14
PubMed: 37247252
DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2023.2218944 -
Frontiers in Pain Research (Lausanne,... 2024Somatosensory innervation of the oral cavity enables the detection of a range of environmental stimuli including minute and noxious mechanical forces. The trigeminal... (Review)
Review
Somatosensory innervation of the oral cavity enables the detection of a range of environmental stimuli including minute and noxious mechanical forces. The trigeminal sensory neurons underlie sensation originating from the tooth. Prior work has provided important physiological and molecular characterization of dental pulp sensory innervation. Clinical dental experiences have informed our conception of the consequence of activating these neurons. However, the biological role of sensory innervation within the tooth is yet to be defined. Recent transcriptomic data, combined with mouse genetic tools, have the capacity to provide important cell-type resolution for the physiological and behavioral function of pulp-innervating sensory neurons. Importantly, these tools can be applied to determine the neuronal origin of acute dental pain that coincides with tooth damage as well as pain stemming from tissue inflammation (i.e., pulpitis) toward developing treatment strategies aimed at relieving these distinct forms of pain.
PubMed: 38590718
DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1376564 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE May 2024In the realm of regenerative medicine and therapeutic applications, stem cell research is rapidly gaining traction. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), which are present in...
In the realm of regenerative medicine and therapeutic applications, stem cell research is rapidly gaining traction. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), which are present in both deciduous and permanent teeth, have emerged as a vital stem cell source due to their accessibility, adaptability, and innate differentiation capabilities. DPSCs offer a readily available and abundant reservoir of mesenchymal stem cells, showcasing impressive versatility and potential, particularly for regenerative purposes. Despite their promise, the main hurdle lies in effectively isolating and characterizing DPSCs, given their representation as a minute fraction within dental pulp cells. Equally crucial is the proper preservation of this invaluable cellular resource. The two predominant methods for DPSC isolation are enzymatic digestion (ED) and outgrowth from tissue explants (OG), often referred to as spontaneous growth. This protocol concentrates primarily on the enzymatic digestion approach for DPSC isolation, intricately detailing the steps encompassing extraction, in-lab processing, and cell preservation. Beyond extraction and preservation, the protocol delves into the differentiation prowess of DPSCs. Specifically, it outlines the procedures employed to induce these stem cells to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes, showcasing their multipotent attributes. Subsequent utilization of colorimetric staining techniques facilitates accurate visualization and confirmation of successful differentiation, thereby validating the caliber and functionality of the isolated DPSCs. This comprehensive protocol functions as a blueprint encompassing the entire spectrum of dental pulp stem cell extraction, cultivation, preservation, and characterization. It underscores the substantial potential harbored by DPSCs, propelling forward stem cell exploration and holding promise for future regenerative and therapeutic breakthroughs.
Topics: Dental Pulp; Humans; Stem Cells; Tooth, Deciduous; Dentition, Permanent; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Differentiation; Cell Separation
PubMed: 38829121
DOI: 10.3791/65767 -
Journal of Oral Biosciences Jun 2024Regenerative dentistry aims to enhance the structure and function of oral tissues and organs. Modern tissue engineering harnesses cell and gene-based therapies to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Regenerative dentistry aims to enhance the structure and function of oral tissues and organs. Modern tissue engineering harnesses cell and gene-based therapies to advance traditional treatment approaches. Studies have demonstrated the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative dentistry, with some progressing to clinical trials. This review comprehensively examines animal studies that have utilized MSCs for various therapeutic applications. Additionally, it seeks to bridge the gap between related findings and the practical implementation of MSC therapies, offering insights into the challenges and translational aspects involved in transitioning from preclinical research to clinical applications.
HIGHLIGHTS
To achieve this objective, we have focused on the protocols and achievements related to pulp-dentin, alveolar bone, and periodontal regeneration using dental-derived MSCs in both animal and clinical studies. Various types of MSCs, including dental-derived cells, bone-marrow stem cells, and umbilical cord stem cells, have been employed in root canals, periodontal defects, socket preservation, and sinus lift procedures. Results of such include significant hard tissue reconstruction, functional pulp regeneration, root elongation, periodontal ligament formation, and cementum deposition. However, cell-based treatments for tooth and periodontium regeneration are still in early stages. The increasing demand for stem cell therapies in personalized medicine underscores the need for scientists and responsible organizations to develop standardized treatment protocols that adhere to good manufacturing practices, ensuring high reproducibility, safety, and cost-efficiency.
CONCLUSION
Cell therapy in regenerative dentistry represents a growing industry with substantial benefits and unique challenges as it strives to establish sustainable, long-term, and effective oral tissue regeneration solutions.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Tissue Engineering; Regeneration; Regenerative Medicine; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Dental Pulp; Dentistry
PubMed: 38403241
DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.02.006 -
Journal of Translational Medicine Jan 2024Revascularization and restoration of normal pulp-dentin complex are important for tissue-engineered pulp regeneration. Recently, a unique periodontal tip-like...
BACKGROUND
Revascularization and restoration of normal pulp-dentin complex are important for tissue-engineered pulp regeneration. Recently, a unique periodontal tip-like endothelial cells subtype (POTCs) specialized to dentinogenesis was identified. We have confirmed that TPPU, a soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor targeting epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) metabolism, promotes bone growth and regeneration by angiogenesis and osteogenesis coupling. We hypothesized that TPPU could also promote revascularization and induce POTCs to contribute to pulp-dentin complex regeneration. Here, we in vitro and in vivo characterized the potential effect of TPPU on the coupling of angiogenesis and odontogenesis and investigated the relevant mechanism, providing new ideas for pulp-dentin regeneration by targeting sEH.
METHODS
In vitro effects of TPPU on the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and cocultured DPSCs and HUVECs were detected using cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) assay, wound healing, transwell, tube formation and RT-qPCR. In vivo, Matrigel plug assay was performed to outline the roles of TPPU in revascularization and survival of grafts. Then we characterized the VEGFR2 + POTCs around odontoblast layer in the molar of pups from C57BL/6 female mice gavaged with TPPU. Finally, the root segments with DPSCs mixed with Matrigel were implanted subcutaneously in BALB/c nude mice treated with TPPU and the root grafts were isolated for histological staining.
RESULTS
In vitro, TPPU significantly promoted the migration and tube formation capability of cocultured DPSCs and HUVECs. ALP and ARS staining and RT-qPCR showed that TPPU promoted the osteogenic and odontogenic differentiation of cultured cells, treatment with an anti-TGF-β blocking antibody abrogated this effect. Knockdown of HIF-1α in HUVECs significantly reversed the effect of TPPU on the expression of angiogenesis, osteogenesis and odontogenesis-related genes in cocultured cells. Matrigel plug assay showed that TPPU increased VEGF/VEGFR2-expressed cells in transplanted grafts. TPPU contributed to angiogenic-odontogenic coupling featured by increased VEGFR2 + POTCs and odontoblast maturation during early dentinogenesis in molar of newborn pups from C57BL/6 female mice gavaged with TPPU. TPPU induced more dental pulp-like tissue with more vessels and collagen fibers in transplanted root segment.
CONCLUSIONS
TPPU promotes revascularization of dental pulp regeneration by enhancing migration and angiogenesis of HUVECs, and improves odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs by TGF-β. TPPU boosts the angiogenic-odontogenic coupling by enhancing VEGFR2 + POTCs meditated odontoblast maturation partly via upregulating HIF-1α, which contributes to increasing pulp-dentin complex for tissue-engineered pulp regeneration.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Female; Humans; Dental Pulp; Epoxide Hydrolases; Mice, Nude; Stem Cells; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Regeneration; Cells, Cultured; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; Cell Differentiation; Dentin
PubMed: 38229161
DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04863-y