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Veterinary Journal (London, England :... Apr 2024Malassezia are members of the mycobiome of dogs and cats. In the presence of an underlying disease, these yeasts can proliferate, attach to the skin or mucosa to induce... (Review)
Review
Malassezia are members of the mycobiome of dogs and cats. In the presence of an underlying disease, these yeasts can proliferate, attach to the skin or mucosa to induce a secondary Malassezia dermatitis, otitis externa or paronychia. Since allergic dermatitis is one of the most common underlying causes, diagnostic investigation for allergy is often indicated. Cats may suffer from various other underlying problems, especially where Malassezia dermatitis is generalised. Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats is chronic, relapsing and pruritic. Direct cytology from dermatological lesions and the ear canal, showing "peanut-shaped" budding yeasts, facilitates a rapid and reliable diagnosis. Topical treatment includes antiseptic and antifungal azole-based products. Systemic treatment with oral antifungals is indicated only in severe or refractory disease. Identification and treatment of the underlying cause is essential for an optimal response. In this evidence-based narrative review, we discuss the clinical presentation of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats, underlying comorbidities, and diagnostic considerations. Treatment is discussed in light of emerging evidence of antifungal resistance and the authors' clinical experience.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Dogs; Malassezia; Dermatomycoses; Cat Diseases; Antifungal Agents; Dog Diseases; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Dermatitis
PubMed: 38431127
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106084 -
The Australasian Journal of Dermatology Aug 2023The incidence and prevalence of recalcitrant cutaneous fungal infections is on the rise. Terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton has not only been widespread in India, but... (Review)
Review
The incidence and prevalence of recalcitrant cutaneous fungal infections is on the rise. Terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton has not only been widespread in India, but has also been reported in countries spread throughout the globe. Strains of yeasts such as Malassezia and Candida, which exist both as commensals and as pathogens to the human skin, have also been found to develop resistance to antifungals. Non-dermatophyte moulds which can colonize and infect damaged nails are especially difficult to treat, not only due to resistance, but also because of poor drug penetration of hard keratin. Psychosocial factors such as the indiscriminate broad-spectrum antifungal use in agriculture and in medicine, and poor adherence to hygienic measures to break the chain of infection contribute to the development of antifungal resistance. Such environments encourage fungi to develop various resistance mechanisms to withstand antifungal treatment. These include: (a) alteration of the drug target, (b) increasing efflux of drug/metabolites, (c) inactivation of drug, (d) bypass mechanisms or substitution of the pathway affected by the drug, (e) stress adaptation mechanisms and (f) biofilm formation. Understanding of such mechanisms and how they arise are crucial for development of new ways to prevent or overcome resistance. Novel antifungal treatments have recently been approved in the United States of America for treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Ibrexafungerp (enfumafungin derivative) and oteseconazole (tetrazole) differ from their respective related drug classes of echinocandins and triazoles by having different structures, which lend these medicines advantage compared to traditional treatment by having a different binding site and more selectivity for fungi respectively. Other drugs designed to circumvent the known mechanisms of antifungal resistance are also at various phases of development. Concurrent measures at an institutional and individual level to address and limit inappropriate antifungal use to reduce development of antifungal resistance should be undertaken in a concerted effort to address this epidemic.
Topics: Female; Humans; Antifungal Agents; Echinocandins; Dermatomycoses; Terbinafine; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal
PubMed: 37387447
DOI: 10.1111/ajd.14115 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2023The genus comprises lipid-dependent yeasts that have long been associated with common skin diseases, and have recently been linked with Crohn's disease and certain...
The genus comprises lipid-dependent yeasts that have long been associated with common skin diseases, and have recently been linked with Crohn's disease and certain cancers. Understanding susceptibility to diverse antimicrobial agents is crucial for identifying effective antifungal therapies. Here, we tested the efficacy of isavuconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine, and artemisinin against three species: , and . Using broth microdilution, we found antifungal properties for the two previously unstudied antimicrobials: isavuconazole and artemisinin. Overall, all species were particularly susceptible to itraconazole, with a MIC range from 0.007 to 0.110 μg/mL. The genus is known to be involved in a variety of skin conditions and has recently been associated with diseases such as Crohn's disease, pancreatic ductal carcinoma, and breast cancer. This work was completed to assess susceptibility to a variety of antimicrobial drugs on three species, in particular , which is an abundant species both on human skin and internal organs and has been implicated in Crohn's disease. We tested two previously unstudied drugs and developed a new testing method to overcome current limitations for measuring growth inhibition of slow-growing strains.
Topics: Humans; Antifungal Agents; Itraconazole; Malassezia; Crohn Disease; Dermatomycoses; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37310217
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05076-22 -
Indian Pediatrics Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Tinea
PubMed: 37950481
DOI: No ID Found -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Jun 2024
Topics: Humans; Male; Alopecia; Child; Tinea; Scalp; Antifungal Agents; Scalp Dermatoses
PubMed: 38830674
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.231613-f -
Mycopathologia Oct 2023Tinea capitis is a widespread superficial fungal infection that affects children predominately. Microscopic examination and fungal culture are the conventional gold... (Review)
Review
Tinea capitis is a widespread superficial fungal infection that affects children predominately. Microscopic examination and fungal culture are the conventional gold standards for diagnosis, but they are insensitive and time-consuming. In recent years, new diagnostic methods have been developed to facilitate the diagnosis and identification of causative pathogens. Trichoscopy examination showed high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing tinea capitis with the characteristic signs of comma hairs, corkscrew hairs, bar code-like hairs and zigzag hairs. Reflectance confocal microscopy has also been used in the rapid diagnosis of tinea capitis in several studies. Molecular assays such as polymerase chain reaction and matrix-assisted desorption/ionization time to flight mass spectrometry are extensively utilized for rapid and accurate identification of the pathogens. Early diagnosis and treatment can aid in disease control and scarring reduction.
Topics: Child; Humans; Dermoscopy; Tinea Capitis; Hair; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Biological Assay
PubMed: 37067665
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00731-3 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Sep 2023Invasive Fusarium infections cause high mortality. Fosmanogepix, a first-in-class antifungal agent, has potent activity against Fusarium. A patient with acute leukemia...
Invasive Fusarium infections cause high mortality. Fosmanogepix, a first-in-class antifungal agent, has potent activity against Fusarium. A patient with acute leukemia with invasive fusariosis, probably involving the central nervous system and caused by Fusarium lactis resistant to currently available antifungal agents, was cured of her infection with fosmanogepix. Fosmanogepix was well tolerated.
Topics: Humans; Female; Antifungal Agents; Fusariosis; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Central Nervous System
PubMed: 37220752
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad309 -
Transactions of the Royal Society of... May 2024Previous studies on the distribution of mycetoma globally have failed to identify Ecuador as an endemic country.
BACKGROUND
Previous studies on the distribution of mycetoma globally have failed to identify Ecuador as an endemic country.
METHODS
We present data on 35 cases of mycetoma in Ecuador between 1955 and 2021: 5 cases from our experience and 30 cases from the literature.
RESULTS
Eight cases of eumycetoma (23%) and 27 cases of actinomycetoma (77%) were diagnosed. Most cases originated from the coastal region of Ecuador.
CONCLUSIONS
For the first time in an English-language publication, this communication confirms the presence of mycetoma in Ecuador, securing Ecuador's position on the global mycetoma map.
Topics: Ecuador; Humans; Mycetoma; Male; Female; Adult; Middle Aged; Adolescent; Young Adult; Child
PubMed: 38214978
DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad098 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Dermatomycoses; Head; Suppuration
PubMed: 37548327
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm2301685 -
Endocrine Pathology Mar 2024
Topics: Humans; Blastomycosis; Thyroid Gland; Neck
PubMed: 38252340
DOI: 10.1007/s12022-024-09799-z