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European Journal of Dermatology : EJD Aug 2023Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane channel proteins that can rapidly transport water molecules. The main subtype expressed in the epidermis and dermis is... (Review)
Review
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane channel proteins that can rapidly transport water molecules. The main subtype expressed in the epidermis and dermis is AQP3. Studies have confirmed that AQPs exert certain physiological functions in the skin, such as the maintenance of normal shape, the regulation of body temperature, moisturization and hydration, anti-aging, damage repair and antigen presentation. The abnormal expression of AQPs in skin cells can lead to a variety of skin diseases. This review summarizes the relevance of AQPs in dermatophysiological and pathophysiological processes, highlighting their potential as new drug targets for the treatment of skin diseases.
Topics: Humans; Aquaporin 3; Aquaporins; Skin; Epidermis; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 37823486
DOI: 10.1684/ejd.2023.4526 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Psoriasis is a recurring inflammatory skin condition characterized by scaly, red patches on the skin. It affects approximately 3% of the US population and is associated... (Review)
Review
Psoriasis is a recurring inflammatory skin condition characterized by scaly, red patches on the skin. It affects approximately 3% of the US population and is associated with histological changes such as epidermal hyperplasia, increased blood vessel proliferation, and infiltration of leukocytes into the skin's dermis. T cells, which are classified into various subtypes, have been found to play significant roles in immune-mediated diseases, particularly psoriasis. This paper provides a review of the different T lymphocyte subtypes and their functions in psoriasis, as well as an overview of targeted therapies for treating psoriasis.
Topics: Humans; T-Lymphocytes; Psoriasis; Skin; Skin Diseases; Hyperplasia
PubMed: 37942312
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1081256 -
Dermatologie (Heidelberg, Germany) Mar 2024Localized scleroderma (LS), also called circumscribed scleroderma or morphea, comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases that can be classified into four subtypes:... (Review)
Review
Localized scleroderma (LS), also called circumscribed scleroderma or morphea, comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases that can be classified into four subtypes: limited, linear, generalized, and mixed LS. All manifestations are primarily due to chronic progressive fibrosis of the skin or structures close to the skin. Involvement of internal organs or the transition to systemic sclerosis is excluded by definition. A distinction is made between forms that primarily affect the skin (up to the dermis) or that severely involve subcutaneous fat tissue, muscle fascia or muscles. A detailed examination is required for clinical diagnosis. In order to improve comparability of findings, photo documentation and the use of clinical scores should be carried out. For superficial subtypes the use of topical glucocorticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors or phototherapy is initially recommended, whereas for severe forms with deep involvement or overall therapy refractoriness, the diagnosis should first be expanded and systemic therapy initiated at an early stage. Especially, in cross joint or extremity-dominant forms of linear LS or in cases with head and neck involvement, such as en coup de sabre, Parry-Romberg syndrome and other subtypes with a prominent musculoskeletal affection, an MRI examination should be arranged. Depending on location, an ophthalmological, neurological, orthodontic, rheumatological or orthopedic consultation may be necessary. For systemic therapy, methotrexate alone or in combination with systemic glucocorticosteroids as pulse therapy is recommended as first-line treatment.
Topics: Humans; Scleroderma, Localized; Skin; Methotrexate; Facial Hemiatrophy; Phototherapy
PubMed: 38363312
DOI: 10.1007/s00105-024-05297-9 -
Cell Proliferation Nov 2023The skin is a multi-layered structure composed of the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis originates entirely from the ectoderm, whereas the dermis... (Review)
Review
The skin is a multi-layered structure composed of the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis originates entirely from the ectoderm, whereas the dermis originates from various germ layers depending on its anatomical location; thus, there are different developmental patterns of the skin. Although the regulatory mechanisms of epidermal formation are well understood, mechanisms regulating dermis development are not clear owing to the complex origin. It has been shown that several morphogenetic pathways regulate dermis development. Of these, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling pathways are the main modulators regulating skin cell induction, fate decision, migration and differentiation. Recently, the successful generation of human skin by modulating TGF-β and FGF signals further demonstrated the irreplaceable roles of these pathways in skin regeneration. This review provides evidence of the role of TGF-β and FGF signalling pathways in the development of different skin layers, especially the disparate dermis of different body regions. This review also provides new perspectives on the distinct developmental patterns of skin and explores new ideas for clinical applications in the future.
Topics: Humans; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Skin; Cell Differentiation; Epidermis; Signal Transduction; Fibroblast Growth Factors
PubMed: 37150846
DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13489 -
International Wound Journal Sep 2023Fish skin grafting as a new skin substitute is currently being used in clinical applications. Acceleration of the wound healing, lack of disease transmission, and low... (Review)
Review
Fish skin grafting as a new skin substitute is currently being used in clinical applications. Acceleration of the wound healing, lack of disease transmission, and low cost of the production process can introduce fish skin as a potential alternative to other grafts. An appropriate decellularization process allows the design of 3D acellular scaffolds for skin regeneration without damaging the morphology and extracellular matrix content. Therefore, the role of decellularization processes is very important to maintain the properties of fish skin. In this review article, recent studies on various decellularization processes as well as biological, physical, and mechanical properties of fish skin and its applications with therapeutic effects in wound healing were investigated.
Topics: Animals; Wound Healing; Skin Transplantation; Skin, Artificial; Extracellular Matrix; Fishes; Acellular Dermis
PubMed: 36924081
DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14158 -
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering Nov 2023human skin models are evolving into versatile platforms for the study of skin biology and disorders. These models have many potential applications in the fields of drug... (Review)
Review
human skin models are evolving into versatile platforms for the study of skin biology and disorders. These models have many potential applications in the fields of drug testing and safety assessment, as well as cosmetic and new treatment development. The development of skin models that accurately mimic native human skin can reduce reliance on animal models and also allow for more precise, clinically relevant testing. Recent advances in biofabrication techniques and biomaterials have led to the creation of increasingly complex, multilayered skin models that incorporate important functional components of skin, such as the skin barrier, mechanical properties, pigmentation, vasculature, hair follicles, glands, and subcutaneous layer. This improved ability to recapitulate the functional aspects of native skin enhances the ability to model the behavior and response of native human skin, as the complex interplay of cell-to-cell and cell-to-material interactions are incorporated. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in skin models, with a focus on their applications, limitations, and future directions.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Skin; Biocompatible Materials
PubMed: 37791888
DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00283 -
Current Research in Immunology 2023Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) are a sub-population of memory T cells that reside in skin tissue. Recent studies have revealed potential role of Trm in the... (Review)
Review
Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) are a sub-population of memory T cells that reside in skin tissue. Recent studies have revealed potential role of Trm in the reoccurrence of psoriasis, as these cells tend to be profusely infiltrated in the lesions observed during psoriasis relapse. Trm can be classified into CD8 Trm cells that are distributed mainly in the epidermis and CD4 Trm cells in the dermis. CD8 Trm is derived from circulating memory T cells and CD49aCD8 Trm takes a crucial role in psoriasis relapse. In contrast, CD4 Trm may originate from exTh17 cells and exTreg cells emerging from the inflammatory process. Since IL-23 can activate Trm, neutralizing antibodies against IL-23 are suggested to be more effective in clinical treatment. This review will focus on Trm cells in psoriasis relapsed lesions to reveal their mechanisms in the pathogenesis, relapse and transformation of psoriasis.
PubMed: 37701270
DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2023.100067 -
Acta Biomaterialia Sep 2023Papillary and reticular dermis show distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) and vascularization corresponding to their specific functions. These characteristics are...
Papillary and reticular dermis show distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) and vascularization corresponding to their specific functions. These characteristics are associated with gene expression patterns of fibroblasts freshly isolated from their native microenvironment. In order to assess the relevance of these fibroblast subpopulations in a tissue engineering context, we investigated their contribution to matrix production and vascularization using cell sheet culture conditions. We first performed RNA-seq differential expression analysis to determine whether several rounds of cell amplification and high-density culture affected their gene expression profile. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that expression of angiogenesis-related and matrisome gene signatures were maintained, resulting in papillary and reticular ECMs that differ in composition and structure. The impact of secreted or ECM-associated factors was then assessed using two independent 3D angiogenesis assays: -1/ a fibrin hydrogel-based assay allowing investigation of diffusible secreted factors, -2/ a scaffold-free cell-sheet based assay for investigation of fibroblast-produced microenvironment. These analyses revealed that papillary fibroblasts secrete highly angiogenic factors and produce a microenvironment characterised by ECM remodelling capacity and dense and branched microvascular network, whereas reticular fibroblasts produced more structural core components of the ECM associated with less branched and larger vessels. These features mimick the characteristics of both the ECM and the vasculature of dermis subcompartments. In addition to showing that skin fibroblast populations differentially regulate angiogenesis via both secreted and ECM factors, our work emphasizes the importance of papillary and reticular fibroblasts for engineering and modelling dermis microenvironment and vascularization. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Recent advances have brought to the forefront the central role of microenvironment and vascularization in tissue engineering for regenerative medicine and microtissue modelling. We have investigated the role of papillary and reticular fibroblast subpopulations using scaffold-free cell sheet culture. This approach provides differentiated cells conditions allowing the production of their own microenvironment. Analysis of gene expression profiles and characterisation of the matrix produced revealed strong and specific angiogenic properties that we functionally characterized using 3D angiogenesis models targeting the respective role of either secreted or matrix-bound factors. This study demonstrates the importance of cell-generated extracellular matrix and questions the importance of cell source and the relevance of hydrogels for developing physio-pathologically relevant tissue engineered substitutes.
Topics: Humans; Dermis; Cell Culture Techniques; Tissue Engineering; Epidermis; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Fibroblasts; Extracellular Matrix
PubMed: 37406716
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.06.040