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The American Journal of Psychiatry Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Systemic Racism; Schizophrenia; Ethnicity; Racism
PubMed: 37908097
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20230733 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Mar 2024Numerical abilities are complex cognitive skills essential for dealing with requirements of the modern world. Although the brain structures and functions underlying... (Review)
Review
Numerical abilities are complex cognitive skills essential for dealing with requirements of the modern world. Although the brain structures and functions underlying numerical cognition in different species have long been appreciated, genetic and molecular techniques have more recently expanded the knowledge about the mechanisms underlying numerical learning. In this review, we discuss the status of the research related to the neurobiological bases of numerical abilities. We consider how genetic factors have been associated with mathematical capacities and how these link to the current knowledge of brain regions underlying these capacities in human and non-human animals. We further discuss the extent to which significant variations in the levels of specific neurotransmitters may be used as potential markers of individual performance and learning difficulties and take into consideration the therapeutic potential of brain stimulation methods to modulate learning and improve interventional outcomes. The implications of this research for formulating a more comprehensive view of the neural basis of mathematical learning are discussed.
Topics: Humans; Learning; Cognition; Brain; Mathematics; Neurobiology
PubMed: 38220032
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105545 -
Stroke and Vascular Neurology Jun 2024Stroke is a common neurological condition and among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Depression is both a risk factor for and complication of... (Review)
Review
Stroke is a common neurological condition and among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Depression is both a risk factor for and complication of stroke, and the two conditions may have a complex reciprocal relationship over time. However, the secondary effects of depression on stroke are often overlooked, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. In the previous concept of 'poststroke depression', stroke and depression were considered as two independent diseases. It often delays the diagnosis and treatment of patients. The concept 'stroke depression' proposed in this article will emphasise more the necessity of aggressive treatment of depression in the overall management of stroke, thus to reduce the incidence of stroke and in the meantime, improve the prognosis of stroke. Hopefully, it will lead us into a new era of acute stroke intervention.
Topics: Humans; Risk Factors; Stroke; Depression; Prognosis; Antidepressive Agents; Treatment Outcome; Risk Assessment; Affect; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 37793901
DOI: 10.1136/svn-2022-002146 -
Pediatric Annals Dec 2023Gender identity development is conceptualized as a biopsychosocial process that is influenced by broader historical, social, and cultural contextual factors. This review... (Review)
Review
Gender identity development is conceptualized as a biopsychosocial process that is influenced by broader historical, social, and cultural contextual factors. This review outlines the current understanding of the biopsychosocial and contextual factors that influence gender identity development in children and adolescents. Developmental milestones for gender identity development in youth are presented, and unique developmental needs for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth are reviewed. This article also reviews emerging areas of relevance for TGD populations, such as detransitioning and transition regret. Clinicians working with TGD populations should aim to develop individualized, evidence-based care plans that flexibly meet each youth's distinct developmental and contextual psychosocial and health care needs. .
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Female; Male; Transgender Persons; Gender Identity; Transsexualism; Delivery of Health Care; Emotions
PubMed: 38049193
DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20231016-05 -
Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023The notions of psychological similarity and probabilistic learning are key posits in cognitive, computational, and developmental psychology and in machine learning.... (Review)
Review
The notions of psychological similarity and probabilistic learning are key posits in cognitive, computational, and developmental psychology and in machine learning. However, their explanatory relationship is rarely made explicit within and across these research fields. This opinionated review critically evaluates how these notions can mutually inform each other within computational cognitive science. Using probabilistic models of concept learning as a case study, I argue that two notions of psychological similarity offer important normative constraints to guide modelers' interpretations of representational primitives. In particular, the two notions furnish probabilistic models of cognition with meaningful interpretations of what the associated subjective probabilities in the model represent and how they attach to experiences from which the agent learns. Similarity representations thereby provide probabilistic models with cognitive, as opposed to purely mathematical, content.
PubMed: 37895528
DOI: 10.3390/e25101407 -
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology Jul 2023Interpersonal trust shows developmental changes during adolescence. The current study used a longitudinal design to examine the development of trust behavior, the...
Interpersonal trust shows developmental changes during adolescence. The current study used a longitudinal design to examine the development of trust behavior, the presence of gender differences in these developmental trajectories, and the association between individual differences in these developmental trajectories and perspective-taking abilities. The participants played a trust game with a hypothetical trustworthy partner and a trust game with a hypothetical untrustworthy partner in 3 consecutive years (M = 12.55 years, M = 13.54 years, and M = 14.54 years). Concerning the development of trust behavior, the results showed an age-related increase in initial trust behavior and indicated increasingly adaptive trust behavior with age during untrustworthy interactions, whereas no evidence was found for age-related changes in the adaptation of trust during trustworthy interactions. Gender differences were found for the development of initial trust behavior (with boys showing a stronger increase with age than girls), whereas no support was found for the presence of gender differences in the developmental trajectories of adaptive trust behavior during trustworthy and untrustworthy interactions. Furthermore, no evidence was found for perspective-taking abilities to explain individual differences in the development of initial trust behavior or in the development of adaptive trust behavior during trustworthy and untrustworthy interactions. The results provide evidence that, during adolescence initial trust behavior increased with age, more for boys than for girls, and that both boys and girls showed a stronger adaptive response to the untrustworthy partner but not to the trustworthy partner.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Adolescent; Child; Trust; Adolescent Behavior; Individuality; Decision Making; Sex Factors
PubMed: 36848696
DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105653 -
Journal of Learning Disabilities 2023Developmental dyscalculia (DD) has long been thought to be determined by multiple components. Dyscalculia has high comorbidity with other learning and developmental... (Review)
Review
Developmental dyscalculia (DD) has long been thought to be determined by multiple components. Dyscalculia has high comorbidity with other learning and developmental disabilities, including reading and writing disorders, attention deficits, and problems in visual/spatial skills, short memory, and working memory. This study aims to assess prevalence rates for isolated as well as comorbid DD in a sample of Italian-speaking children. In addition, we studied the neuropsychological profile of children with isolated or combined dyscalculia. We tested 380 children (176 males and 204 females) between the ages of 8.17 and 9.33 years using an extensive battery to determine the neuropsychological profile. The assessment included an arithmetic battery and nonverbal intelligence, short-term memory, reading, and writing tests. The results indicated that children with DD more frequently have a reading disorder and writing disorder. They also have a lower nonverbal intelligence quotient (IQ) and obtain significantly lower scores in short-term memory tests and on a visuospatial skills questionnaire. They also had significantly higher scores (indicative of greater attentional difficulties) on the Conners subscale for attentional problems. Children with DD present different cognitive and neuropsychological profiles.
Topics: Male; Child; Female; Humans; Dyscalculia; Neuropsychological Tests; Memory, Short-Term; Dyslexia; Comorbidity
PubMed: 35726739
DOI: 10.1177/00222194221102925 -
American Journal of Community Psychology Dec 2023People living with physical, sensory, intellectual, and/or developmental disabilities experience complex social, environmental, political, and cultural challenges along... (Review)
Review
People living with physical, sensory, intellectual, and/or developmental disabilities experience complex social, environmental, political, and cultural challenges along with stigma and marginalization in education, employment, and community life. These multiple and complex barriers often hinder their full and effective participation in society. In this reflection, we curated articles on physical, sensory, intellectual, and/or developmental disabilities published in the American Journal of Community Psychology from 1973 to 2022. We reviewed titles and abstracts to identify themes that grouped manuscripts in relevant community psychology core concepts and values. From our analysis, five themes emerged: (a) promoting empowerment and advocacy; (b) promoting organizations and settings that support people with disabilities; (c) including people with disabilities in knowledge production; (d) promoting social justice in disability research, and (e) promoting support networks of families of people with disabilities. We conclude this reflection with a discussion of recommendations for future research, practice, and a call to action.
Topics: Humans; Disabled Persons; Social Justice; Employment; Intellectual Disability
PubMed: 37853910
DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12710 -
Development and Psychopathology Mar 2024Developmental psychopathology started as an intersection of fields and is now a field itself. As we contemplate the future of this field, we consider the ways in which a...
Developmental psychopathology started as an intersection of fields and is now a field itself. As we contemplate the future of this field, we consider the ways in which a newer, interdisciplinary field - human developmental neuroscience - can inform, and be informed by, developmental psychopathology. To do so, we outline principles of developmental psychopathology and how they are and/or can be implemented in developmental neuroscience. In turn, we highlight how the collaboration between these fields can lead to richer models and more impactful translation. In doing so, we describe the ways in which models from developmental psychopathology can enrich developmental neuroscience and future directions for developmental psychopathology.
PubMed: 38444150
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579424000233 -
Frontiers in Digital Health 2023Household chaos is an established risk factor for child development. However, current methods for measuring household chaos rely on parent surveys, meaning existing...
BACKGROUND & MOTIVATION
Household chaos is an established risk factor for child development. However, current methods for measuring household chaos rely on parent surveys, meaning existing research efforts cannot disentangle potentially dynamic bidirectional relations between high chaos environments and child behavior problems.
PROPOSED APPROACH
We train and make publicly available a classifier to provide objective, high-resolution predictions of household chaos from real-world child-worn audio recordings. To do so, we collect and annotate a novel dataset of ground-truth auditory chaos labels compiled from over 411 h of daylong recordings collected via audio recorders worn by infants in their homes. We leverage an existing sound event classifier to identify candidate high chaos segments, increasing annotation efficiency 8.32 relative to random sampling.
RESULT
Our best-performing model successfully classifies four levels of real-world household auditory chaos with a macro F1 score of 0.701 (Precision: 0.705, Recall: 0.702) and a weighted F1 score of 0.679 (Precision: 0.685, Recall: 0.680).
SIGNIFICANCE
In future work, high-resolution objective chaos predictions from our model can be leveraged for basic science and intervention, including testing theorized mechanisms by which chaos affects children's cognition and behavior. Additionally, to facilitate further model development we make publicly available the first and largest balanced annotated audio dataset of real-world household chaos.
PubMed: 38178925
DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1261057