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Toxicological Research Apr 2024Diazinon (DZN) is a member of organophosphorus insecticides that has cytotoxic effects on different organs. n-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a widely used antioxidant in...
Diazinon (DZN) is a member of organophosphorus insecticides that has cytotoxic effects on different organs. n-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a widely used antioxidant in clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies. We evaluated the protective role of NAC against DZN-induced toxicity in kidney tissue of Wistar rats. 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of control, single dose of DZN, continuous dose of DZN, single doses of DZN + NAC and continuous doses of DZN + NAC. Kidney function test (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid) was provided. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total sulfhydryl (T-SH) were determined in renal tissues. Renal cells apoptosis was detected using TUNEL assay. The mRNA expressions of apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators, including B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 were analyzed in kidney tissues using Real Time PCR method. Chronic exposure to DZN was associated with severe morphological changes in the kidney, as well as impairment of its function and decreased kidney weights. Continues treatment with DZN significantly decreased the percentage of renal apoptotic cells as compared to rats treated with continuous dose of DZN alone (17.69 ± 3.67% vs. 39.46% ± 2.44%; < 0.001). Continuous exposure to DZN significantly decreased TAC and T-SH contents, as well as SOD and CAT expression, but increased MDA contents in the kidney tissues ( < 0.001). A significant increase was observed in mRNA expression of Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, as well as TNF-α following exposure to DZN, but the expression of IL-10 and Bcl2 was significantly decreased. NAC can protect kidney tissue against DZN-induced toxicity by elevating antioxidants capacity, mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.
PubMed: 38525131
DOI: 10.1007/s43188-024-00226-3 -
Toxics Nov 2023The skin sensitization potential of agrochemicals can be assessed using laboratory methods such as the keratinocyte activation assay so that their use in regulatory...
The skin sensitization potential of agrochemicals can be assessed using laboratory methods such as the keratinocyte activation assay so that their use in regulatory toxicology might replace experimental animal testing. Here, we evaluated the skin sensitization potential of 11 agrochemicals by using an antioxidant response element-nuclear factor erythroid 2 luciferase assay in KeratinoSens and LuSens cells and applying a skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway (AOP). The KeratinoSens and LuSens assays consistently evaluated the skin sensitization potential of 10/11 agrochemicals with reference to animal testing databases. Benomyl, pretilachlor, fluazinam, terbufos, butachlor, and carbosulfan were correctly detected as sensitizers, and glufosinate ammonium, oxiadiazon, tebuconazole, and etofenprox were correctly detected as non-sensitizers. For diazinon, the skin sensitizing potential was positive in the KeratinoSens assay but not in the LuSens assay. These results suggest that the evaluation of in vitro skin sensitization using the AOP mechanism can be applied to assess active agrochemicals.
PubMed: 38133374
DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120973 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Sep 2023Organothiophosphate pesticides (OPPs) are the most common water contaminants, significantly endangering human health and bringing serious public safety issues. Thus,...
Magnetic tubular nickel@silica-graphene nanocomposites with high preconcentration capacity for organothiophosphate pesticide removal in environmental water: Fabrication, magnetic solid-phase extraction, and trace detection.
Organothiophosphate pesticides (OPPs) are the most common water contaminants, significantly endangering human health and bringing serious public safety issues. Thus, developing effective technologies for the removal or trace detection of OPPs from water is urgent. Herein, a novel graphene-based silica-coated core-shell tubular magnetic nanocomposite (Ni@SiO-G) was fabricated for the first time and used for the efficient magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of the OPPs chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and fenitrothion from environmental water. The experimental factors affecting extraction efficiency such as adsorbent dosage, extraction time, desorption solvent, desorption mode, desorption time, and adsorbent type were evaluated. The synthesized Ni@SiO-G nanocomposites showed a higher preconcentration capacity than the Ni nanotubes, Ni@SiO nanotubes, and graphene. Under the optimized conditions, 5 mg of tubular nano-adsorbent displayed good linearity within the range of 0.1-1 μg·mL, low limits of detection (0.04-0.25 pg·mL), low limits of quantification (0.132-0.834 pg·mL), good reusability (n = 5; relative standard deviations between 1.46% and 9.65%), low dosage (5 mg), and low real detection concentration (< 3.0 ng·mL). Moreover, the possible interaction mechanism was investigated by density functional theory calculation. Results showed that Ni@SiO-G was a potential magnetic material for the preconcentration and extraction of formed OPPs at ultra-trace levels from environmental water.
Topics: Humans; Pesticides; Water; Graphite; Silicon Dioxide; Nickel; Limit of Detection; Diazinon; Magnetic Phenomena; Solid Phase Extraction; Nanocomposites
PubMed: 37302192
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131788 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023Excessive use of pesticides against pests has contaminated agricultural crops and raised global concerns about food safety. This research investigates the alleviation...
Excessive use of pesticides against pests has contaminated agricultural crops and raised global concerns about food safety. This research investigates the alleviation effects of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) seed priming on diazinon (DZ) pesticide toxicity. The experiment was conducted with eight groups including control, DZ, EBL (10 µM), EBL (0.1 µM), EBL (0.01 µM), EBL (10 µM) + DZ, EBL (0.1 µM) + DZ, and EBL (0.01 µM) + DZ. Plants grown with the lowest concentration of EBL (0.01 µM) exhibited an upward increase in the activity of SOD, CAT, POD, APX, GR, and GST enzymes under DZ toxicity stress. In contrast, higher concentrations of EBL showed some inhibitory effects on the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, low concentrations of EBL elevated the free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH), iron-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and proline, and protein contents. EBL also reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA levels) in the DZ-exposed plants, leading to membrane integrity. The favorable effects of EBL were more evident when plants were exposed to pesticides than normal growth conditions. The results indicated that EBL seed priming intensifies the antioxidant enzymes system activity, and helps maize plants against toxic effects of DZ under proper concentration.
Topics: Antioxidants; Diazinon; Zea mays; Oxidative Stress; Brassinosteroids; Pesticides
PubMed: 37949961
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46764-y -
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology May 2024The oriental tobacco budworm Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a specialist pest that may cause serious damages to important crops such as chili pepper and...
The oriental tobacco budworm Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a specialist pest that may cause serious damages to important crops such as chili pepper and tobacco. Various man-made insecticides have been applied to control the infestation of this pest. To understand how this pest copes with insecticides, it is required to identify key players involved in insecticide transformation. In this study, a P450 gene of CYP6B subfamily was identified in the oriental tobacco budworm, and its expression pattern was revealed. Moreover, the activities of HassCYP6B6 against 12 insecticides were explored using recombinant enzymes produced in the facile Escherichia coli. Data from metabolic experiments showed that HassCYP6B6 was able to metabolize conventional insecticides including organophosporates (diazinon, malathion, phoxim), carbamate propoxur, and pyrethroid esfenvalerate, while no significant metabolism was observed towards new-type pesticides such as neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, imidacloprid), diamides (chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole), macrocyclic lactone (emamectin benzoate, ivermectin), and metaflumizone. Structures of metabolites were proposed based on mass spectrometry analyses. The results demonstrate that HassCYP6B6 plays important roles in the transformation of multiple insecticides via substrate-dependent catalytic mechanisms including dehydrogenation, hydroxylation and oxidative desulfurization. The findings have important applied implications for the usage of insecticides.
Topics: Insecticides; Animals; Moths; Insect Proteins; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
PubMed: 38685236
DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105857 -
Analytical Methods : Advancing Methods... Sep 2023Correction for 'Extraction of diazinon, haloxyfop--methyl, hexaconazole, diniconazole, and triticonazole in cheese samples using a ferrofluid based liquid phase...
Correction: Extraction of diazinon, haloxyfop--methyl, hexaconazole, diniconazole, and triticonazole in cheese samples using a ferrofluid based liquid phase extraction method prior to gas chromatography.
Correction for 'Extraction of diazinon, haloxyfop--methyl, hexaconazole, diniconazole, and triticonazole in cheese samples using a ferrofluid based liquid phase extraction method prior to gas chromatography' by Mahdi Rouhi , , 2023, , 3043-3050, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3AY00160A.
PubMed: 37694577
DOI: 10.1039/d3ay90114a -
Nanoscale Feb 2024Although nanozymes exhibit properties superior to those of natural enzymes and conventional engineered enzymes, the development of highly specific nanozymes remains a...
Although nanozymes exhibit properties superior to those of natural enzymes and conventional engineered enzymes, the development of highly specific nanozymes remains a challenge. New yolk-shell FeO molecularly imprinted (MIP@void@FeO) nanozymes with peroxidase-like activity were developed by modelling the substrate channels of natural enzymes through molecular imprinting techniques and interfacial affinity modifications in this study. To establish a platform technology for the adsorption and determination of inorganic and organic contaminants, lead ion (Pb) and diazinon (DIZ), respectively, were selected as imprinting templates, and a hollow mesoporous shell was synthesized. The as-prepared MIP@void@FeO nanozymes, characterized using TEM, HRTEM, SEM, FT-IR, TGA, VSM and XPS, not only affirmed the successful fabrication of a magnetic nanoparticle with a unique hollow core-shell structure but also facilitated an exploration of the interfacial bonding mechanisms between FeO and other shell layers. The enrichment of the MIP@void@FeO nanozymes due to imprinting was approximately 5 times higher than the local substrate concentration and contributed to the increased activity. Based on selective and competitive recognition experiments, the synthesized nanozymes could selectively recognize organic and inorganic targets with the lowest detection limits (LOD) of 6.6 × 10 ppm for Pb and 5.13 × 10 M for DIZ. Therefore, the proposed biosensor is expected to be a potent tool for trace pollutant detection, which provides a rational design for more advanced and subtle methods to bridge the activity gap between natural enzymes and nanozymes.
Topics: Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Lead; Molecular Imprinting; Ferrosoferric Oxide; Magnetics; Inorganic Chemicals; Adsorption
PubMed: 38226643
DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03968d -
Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy Apr 2024Diazinon (DZN) an organophosphate (OP), with the most important mechanism of action of DZN being induction of oxidative stress (OS) and inhibition of the enzyme...
The protective effect of methanolic extract of Verbascum cheiranthifolium and Biebersteinia multifida DC on hippocampus damage induced by diazinon in male Wistar rats: An experimental study.
Diazinon (DZN) an organophosphate (OP), with the most important mechanism of action of DZN being induction of oxidative stress (OS) and inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Verbascum cheiranthifolium (VER) and Biebersteinia multifida (BM) belong to the Scrophulariaceae and Biebersteiniaceae family respectively. These plants are widely used in Iranian traditional medicine due to their beneficial effects. Thus, this research aimed to appraise the protective effects of the methanolic extract of the VER and BM on changes in the level of expression of α7 and α4 subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in hippocampus (HPC) of DZN-treated rats. In this research, 36 male Wistar rats were used and randomly divided into six groups: Control, DZN (40 mg/kg), VER (1 g/kg), DZN+VER (40 mg/kg+1 g/kg), BM (150 mg/kg), and DZN+BM (40 mg/kg+150 mg/kg). At the end of treatment periods, the animals of all groups underwent the Morris water maze (MWM) test. The rats were anesthetized, and blood sampling was performed. Eventually, the brain was removed for histological study and evaluation of OS parameters. The results indicated that DZN increased the extent of expression of nAChRs in the HPC and significantly inhibited cholinesterase (ChEs) activity plus OS parameters. Also, in MWM, the time to find the platform was significantly longer in the DZN group, while the time and the distance in the probe test were lower than in the control groups. VER and BM extract in the treatment groups simultaneously improved the extent of expression of nAChRs, ChEs activity, as well as the parameters of OS and spatial memory significantly. In conclusion, our results support the neuroprotective properties of VER and BM extract versus DZN in rats. Accordingly, the extracts of VER and BM may be useful as an approach for the treatment of learning disorders and memory enhancement.
Topics: Animals; Male; Rats, Wistar; Plant Extracts; Diazinon; Rats; Hippocampus; Neuroprotective Agents; Insecticides; Methanol; Oxidative Stress; Cholinesterase Inhibitors
PubMed: 38342332
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102398 -
The Science of the Total Environment Apr 2024Pesticide active ingredients (PAIs) are one of the main contributors affecting water quality in the Great Barrier Reef Catchment Area (GBRCA). While an extensive list of...
Derivation of species sensitivity distributions and ecotoxicity threshold values for 66 pesticide active ingredients and the hazard and risk they pose to freshwater waterways that discharge to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.
Pesticide active ingredients (PAIs) are one of the main contributors affecting water quality in the Great Barrier Reef Catchment Area (GBRCA). While an extensive list of pesticides is monitored in the GBRCA, only a limited number have water quality guideline values (WQGs), meaning it is not possible to know whether these PAIs are present at concentrations that may pose a hazard to the aquatic environment. In the current study, we derived 66 ecotoxicity threshold values (ETVs) for PAIs, the equivalent of WQGs, with a focus on PAIs applied to sugar cane. The hazard posed by PAIs monitored as part of the Great Barrier Reef Catchment Loads Monitoring Program (GBRCLMP) was assessed by comparing the derived ETVs with monitoring data from 2016/2017 to 2021/2022. The derived ETVs included herbicides, insecticides and fungicides, with the values that should protect 99 or 95 % of aquatic species (PC99 or PC95) spanning nine orders of magnitude. The concentrations of 10 PAIs exceeded their respective ETVs, giving a hazard quotient (HQ) >1. Of particular concern were insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon and methomyl, which have maximum HQ values >10. However, joint probability plots indicated that the PAIs generally pose a low risk to the aquatic environment, with most samples below the limit of reporting. As PAIs are predominantly found in mixtures in the GBRCA, the hazard posed by PAI mixtures was assessed by summing all individual HQ values in a sample for all PAIs with an ETV or WQG. On average, the insecticide active ingredient imidacloprid and herbicide active ingredients metolachlor, metsulfuron methyl, diuron and imazepic were the drivers of combined mixture hazard. Methomyl was an important contributor at some sites, suggesting that this pesticide should be considered for inclusion in any future PAI mixture hazard and/or risk assessment of the GBRCA.
Topics: Pesticides; Insecticides; Methomyl; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Environmental Monitoring; Herbicides; Fresh Water; Australia
PubMed: 38365043
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170988 -
The Science of the Total Environment Mar 2024Owing to a wide range of advantages, such as stability, non-invasiveness, and ease of sampling, hair has been used progressively for comprehensive biomonitoring of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Owing to a wide range of advantages, such as stability, non-invasiveness, and ease of sampling, hair has been used progressively for comprehensive biomonitoring of organic pollutants for the last three decades. This has led to the development of new analytical and multi-class analysis methods for the assessment of a broad range of organic pollutants in various population groups, ranging from small-scale studies to advanced studies with a large number of participants based on different exposure settings. This meta-analysis summarizes the existing literature on the assessment of organic pollutants in hair in terms of residue levels, the correlation of hair residue levels with those of other biological matrices and socio-demographic factors, the reliability of hair versus other biomatrices for exposure assessment, the use of segmental hair analysis for chronic exposure evaluation and the effect of external contamination on hair residue levels. Significantly high concentrations of organic pollutants such as pesticides, flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon were reported in human hair samples from different regions and under different exposure settings. Similarly, high concentrations of pesticides (from agricultural activities), flame retardants (E-waste dismantling activities), dioxins and furans were observed in various occupational settings. Moreover, significant correlations (p < 0.05) for hair and blood concentrations were observed in majority of studies featuring pesticides and flame retardants. While among sociodemographic factors, gender and age significantly affected the hair concentrations in females and children in general exposure settings, whereas adult workers in occupational settings. Furthermore, the assessment of the hair burden of persistent organic pollutants in domestic and wild animals showed high concentrations for pesticides such as HCHs and DDTs whereas the laboratory-based studies using animals demonstrated strong correlations between exposure dose, exposure duration, and measured organic pollutant levels, mainly for chlorpyrifos, diazinon, terbuthylazine, aldrin, dieldrin and pyrethroid metabolites. Considering the critical analysis of the results obtained from literature review, hair is regarded as a reliable matrix for organic pollutant assessment; however, some limitations, as discussed in this review, need to be overcome to reinforce the status of hair as a suitable matrix for exposure assessment.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Child; Female; Humans; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Flame Retardants; Hair; Pesticides; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 38307287
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170535