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Human & Experimental Toxicology 2024Organophosphate pesticides (Ops) like diazinon (DZN) have well-known neurotoxic effects and low-level chronic exposure has been linked to detrimental neurobehavioral...
Persistent diazinon induced neurotoxicity: The effect on inhibitory avoidance memory performance, amyloid precursor proteins, and TNF-α levels in the prefrontal cortex of rats.
INTRODUCTION
Organophosphate pesticides (Ops) like diazinon (DZN) have well-known neurotoxic effects and low-level chronic exposure has been linked to detrimental neurobehavioral impairments and memory deficits. However, it's not entirely clear how DZN-induced biological changes, particularly in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) contribute to these effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of DZN exposure on inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory function, amyloid precursor expression (APP), and proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in the rat cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Rats were divided into 4 groups and recived 2 mg/kg DZN for 5-days or 12-weeks and two control groups recived the same volume of vehicle. IA memory was assesed using the shuttle box apparatus. Rats were sacrificed and the prefrontal cortex PFC were removed. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to messure TNF-α, and amyloid protein precursors gene expression and protein levels.
RESULTS
Our findings indicated that DZN caused body weight loss and a notable decline in performance on the IA memory. Additionally, 5-days exposure increased APP and APLP2 protein levels in the PFC, while 12-weeks exposure decreased these levels. Furthermore, expression of APP and APLP2 gens were decreased in PFC. TNF-α levels increased as a result of 5-days exposure to DZN, but these levels dropped to normal after 12-weeks administration, and this observation was significant.
CONCLUSION
Taken together, exposure to low doses of DZN leads to disturbances in IA memory performance and also alternations in amyloid beta precursors that can be related to increased risk of Alzheimer's disease.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Diazinon; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Oxidative Stress; Insecticides; Prefrontal Cortex
PubMed: 38472141
DOI: 10.1177/09603271241235408 -
Chemosphere Jun 2024In the last years, issues related to intensive agriculture have been found in protected areas potentially harming wildlife. This study aimed to analyze a wide range of...
In the last years, issues related to intensive agriculture have been found in protected areas potentially harming wildlife. This study aimed to analyze a wide range of pesticides in water and sediments of two protected areas namely Doñana Natural Park (DNP) and Tablas de Daimiel National Park (TDNP) performing an environmental risk assessment in order to highlight potential risks to living organisms derived from pesticide burden. Higher pesticide load was found in DNP than TDNP with similar distribution profiles, with pyrethroid insecticides (PYRs) the main detected class. Particularly problematic are two PYRs, cyhalothrin and fenvalerate, which were detected at high concentrations that can pose a high risk to aquatic organisms. In addition, despite being detected at lower concentrations, the presence of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and permethrin in water, and of chlorpyrifos, dicofol, and diflufenican in sediments, must be taken into account due to their potential risks for aquatic organisms. Moreover, some banned pesticides such as dimethoate, terbutryn, diazinon, and tricyclazol were detected in water at levels which deserve further investigation to assess their potential sources, including potential illegal practices.
PubMed: 38885764
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142628 -
Journal of AOAC International Nov 2023Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a fast, versatile, and solvent-efficient automatic extraction method. Despite its advantages, the results of our proficiency...
Quantitative Determination of Organophosphorus, Pyrethroid, and Dithiolane Pesticide Residues in Brown Rice Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
BACKGROUND
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a fast, versatile, and solvent-efficient automatic extraction method. Despite its advantages, the results of our proficiency tests imply that the applicability assessments of SFE for pesticide residues were insufficient.
OBJECTIVE
In this study, as analytical method using SFE was optimized and validated by testing the incurred and fortified brown rice samples with organophosphorus (OP), pyrethroid (PYR), and dithiolane (DIT) pesticides.
METHOD
A validation study using the incurred sample with etofenprox, fenitrothion, and isoprothiolane was performed by comparing the analytical results obtained using the SFE and solid-liquid extraction with homogenization (SLE), which is a well-validated official multi-residue extraction method. The tests on the fortified samples were also performed for seven pesticide residues, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate (EPN), etofenprox, fenitrothion, isoxathion, and isoprothiolane, at three fortification levels, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mg/kg.
RESULTS
In the test on the incurred samples, optimized SFE-to-SLE analytical values (CSFE/CSLE) were 99.2-100.1%, with RSD lower than 3%. In contrast, the analytical-to-spiked concentrations in the tests on the fortified samples were 96.4-105.0%, with RSD lower than 8.8%.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that the proposed SFE method, which is well validated with the incurred brown rice sample, is useful for determining OP, PYR, and DIT pesticide residues in brown rice.
HIGHLIGHTS
The proposed SFE method satisfies EU and Japanese maximum residue limits (MRLs). The consumption of solvent can be reduced to one-fourth of that of SLE using the proposed SFE method.
Topics: Pesticide Residues; Oryza; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Fenitrothion; Pyrethrins; Chromatography, Liquid; Solvents
PubMed: 37439707
DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad080 -
Journal of Environmental Science and... 2024Pesticides are on the list of substances that are routinely monitored by agencies and organizations in various natural environments and habitats. Diazinon (DZN) is the...
Pesticides are on the list of substances that are routinely monitored by agencies and organizations in various natural environments and habitats. Diazinon (DZN) is the active ingredient in more than 20 agricultural pesticides, it causes the most damage and has been prohibited in many countries around the world. The final product CoWO/g-CN Z-scheme heterojunction was successfully synthesized in this work, where CoWO nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of g-CN. CoWO/g-CN structure allowed for the efficient separation of photo-generated electron-hole pairs, with electrons at the CoWO CB migrating to the g-CN VB and preserving the electrons at the g-CN CB and holes in the CoWO VB. The photodegradation efficiency of DZN using CoWO/g-CN Z-scheme heterojunction was investigated, as compared with its precursors, such as CoWO, and g-CN. CoWO/g-CN Z-scheme heterojunction demonstrated the highest degradation capacity for DZN removal. Based on the results, the photocatalysis of the CoWO4/g-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction can be recycled for the effective removal of DZN by simple washing after three runs, proving the heterojunction's stability and suggesting CoWO4 as a promising material for the removal of DZN from contaminated water sources.
Topics: Diazinon; Hydrogen Peroxide; Photolysis; Pesticides; Agriculture
PubMed: 37966056
DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2273773 -
The Science of the Total Environment Mar 2024The presence of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems poses significant risks to non-target organisms, necessitating monitoring and environmental risk assessment. This study...
The presence of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems poses significant risks to non-target organisms, necessitating monitoring and environmental risk assessment. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics and environmental risk of pesticides in a hydro-agricultural area with intensive agricultural practices, in the Mediterranean region (South of Portugal). Seasonality and location influenced pesticide numbers and concentrations, with the highest levels observed during the dry season. Triazines, phenylureas, and organophosphates were the predominant pesticide classes, with terbuthylazine, bentazone, terbutryn, diazinon, and metolachlor exhibiting the highest detection frequencies (68 % to 72 %). Notably, 44 % of the quantified pesticides are no longer authorized in Portugal, with 33 % posing a high environmental risk. Some insecticides, including imidacloprid, methiocarb, and malathion, were occasionally detected at concentrations that posed high risks to the aquatic ecosystem (RQ ≥ 1). Irgarol, an algicide used in irrigation canals, presented a high risk in 91 % of the analysed samples. The study's distribution profile of pesticides revealed a significant transportation of these compounds from reservoirs to irrigation hydrants, establishing them as a secondary source of crop and environmental contamination. Additionally, the assessment of spatial distribution and environmental risk allowed for the identification of specific pollutants in different locations, prioritizing them based on their ecotoxicological risk to aquatic ecosystems. These findings reinforce the importance of implementing management measures at the level of hydro-agricultural areas, helping to stop the cycle of pesticide contamination. Only this type of strategy will make it possible to protect water quality, biodiversity and the health of citizens, contributing to the European Union's objectives of improving the condition of freshwater bodies and promoting the sustainable use of pesticides.
Topics: Pesticides; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Agriculture; Water Supply
PubMed: 38278229
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170304 -
The Science of the Total Environment Feb 2024Increasing concerns about public health and safety after covid-19 have raised pathogen studies, especially in aquatic environments. However, the extent to how different...
Increasing concerns about public health and safety after covid-19 have raised pathogen studies, especially in aquatic environments. However, the extent to how different location and human activities affect geographic occurrence and distribution of pathogens in response to agricultural pollution, boat tourism disturbances and municipal wastewater inflow in a degraded lake remains unclear. Since the surrounding residents depend on the lake for their livelihood, understanding the pathogens reserved in lake sediment and the regulation possibility by environmental factors are challenges with far-reaching significance. Results showed that 187 pathogens were concurrently shared by the nine sediment samples, with Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most abundant. The similar composition of the pathogens suggests that lake sediment may act as reservoirs of generalist pathogens which may pose infection risk to a wide range of host species. Of the four virulence factors (VFs) types analyzed, offensive VFs were dominant (>46 % on average) in all samples, with dominant subtypes including adherence, secretion systems and toxins. Notably, the lake sediments under the impact of agricultural use (g1) showed significantly higher diversity and abundance of pathogen species and VFs than those under the impact of boat tourism (g2) and/or municipal wastewater inflow with reed marshes filtration (g3). From the co-occurrence networks, pathogens and pesticides, aggregate fractions, EC, pH, phosphatase have strong correlations. Strong positive correlations between pathogens and diazinon in g1 and ppDDT in g2 and g3 suggest higher pesticide-pathogen co-exposure risk. These findings highlight the need to explore pathogen - environmental factor interaction mechanisms in the human-impacted water environments where the control of pathogen invasion by environmental factors may accessible.
Topics: Humans; Lakes; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Wastewater; Geologic Sediments; Metagenome; Pesticides; Virulence Factors; Environmental Monitoring; China
PubMed: 38159771
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169628 -
Frontiers in Genetics 2024Toxicological risk assessment increasingly utilizes transcriptomics to derive point of departure (POD) and modes of action (MOA) for chemicals. One essential biological...
Toxicological risk assessment increasingly utilizes transcriptomics to derive point of departure (POD) and modes of action (MOA) for chemicals. One essential biological process that allows a single gene to generate several different RNA isoforms is called alternative splicing. To comprehensively assess the role of splicing dysregulation in toxicological evaluation and elucidate its potential as a complementary endpoint, we performed RNA-seq on A549 cells treated with five oxidative stress modulators across a wide dose range. Differential gene expression (DGE) showed limited pathway enrichment except at high concentrations. However, alternative splicing analysis revealed variable intron retention events affecting diverse pathways for all chemicals in the absence of significant expression changes. For instance, diazinon elicited negligible gene expression changes but progressive increase in the number of intron retention events, suggesting splicing alterations precede expression responses. Benchmark dose modeling of intron retention data highlighted relevant pathways overlooked by expression analysis. Systematic integration of splicing datasets should be a useful addition to the toxicogenomic toolkit. Combining both modalities paint a more complete picture of transcriptomic dose-responses. Overall, evaluating intron retention dynamics afforded by toxicogenomics may provide biomarkers that can enhance chemical risk assessment and regulatory decision making. This work highlights splicing-aware toxicogenomics as a possible additional tool for examining cellular responses.
PubMed: 38846964
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1389095 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Feb 2024Pharmaceuticals and pesticides can be considered hazardous compounds for Mediterranean coastal wetland ecosystems. Although many of these compounds co-occur in...
Pharmaceuticals and pesticides can be considered hazardous compounds for Mediterranean coastal wetland ecosystems. Although many of these compounds co-occur in environmental samples, only a few studies have been dedicated to assessing the ecotoxicological risks of complex contaminant mixtures. We evaluated the occurrence of 133 pharmaceuticals and pesticides in 12 sites in a protected Mediterranean wetland, the Albufera Natural Park (ANP), based on conventional grab sampling and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). We assessed acute and chronic ecological risks posed by these contaminant mixtures using the multi-substance Potentially Affected Fraction (msPAF) approach and investigated the capacity of a constructed wetland to reduce chemical exposure and risks. This study shows that pharmaceuticals and pesticides are widespread contaminants in the ANP, with samples containing up to 75 different compounds. POCIS samplers were found to be useful for the determination of less predictable exposure profiles of pesticides occurring at the end of the rice cultivation cycle, while POCIS and grab samples provide an accurate method to determine (semi-)continuous pharmaceutical exposure. Acute risks were identified in one sample, while chronic risks were determined in most of the collected samples, with 5-25% of aquatic species being potentially affected. The compounds that contributed to the chronic risks were azoxystrobin, ibuprofen, furosemide, caffeine, and some insecticides (diazinon, imidacloprid, and acetamiprid). The evaluated constructed wetland reduced contaminant loads by 45-73% and reduced the faction of species affected from 25 to 6%. Our study highlights the need of addressing contaminant mixture effects in Mediterranean wetlands and supports the use of constructed wetlands to reduce contaminant loads and risks in areas with high anthropogenic pressure.
Topics: Pesticides; Wetlands; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Organic Chemicals; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 38277107
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31968-0 -
Journal of Separation Science Mar 2024Herein, a deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based miniaturized pressurized liquid extraction in combination with DES-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was...
Deep eutectic solvent-based pressurized liquid extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of organophosphorus pesticide residues in egg powder prior to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis.
Herein, a deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based miniaturized pressurized liquid extraction in combination with DES-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was developed for the extraction of organophosphorus pesticides (parathion-methyl, triazophos, parathion, diazinon, and phoxim) from egg powder samples prior to their analysis by a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. In this work, first, the analytes' extraction was done by a pressurized liquid phase extraction for effective extraction of the analytes from the solid matrix, and then they were concentrated on a DLLME for more concentration of the analytes to reach low limits of detections. The use of DESs was done in both steps to omit the use of toxic organic solvents. Satisfactory results including high extraction recoveries (74-90%), great repeatability (relative standard deviations equal or less than 4.3% and 5.3% for intra- and inter-day precisions), and low limits of detection (0.11-0.29 ng/g) and quantification (0.38-0.98 ng/g) were attained under the optimum conditions. Lastly, the suggested approach was utilized for the determination of the studied pesticides in various egg powder samples marketed in Tabriz, Iran.
Topics: Pesticide Residues; Liquid Phase Microextraction; Pesticides; Organophosphorus Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Deep Eutectic Solvents; Powders; Parathion
PubMed: 38466171
DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300070 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Mar 2024Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate pesticide frequently used in agriculture and released into aquatic environments. In this study, sterlet sturgeon cells were exposed...
Using heat shock protein (HSP) inducers as an approach to increase the viability of sterlet (Pisces; Acipenseridae; Acipenser ruthenus) cells against environmental diazinon toxicity.
Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate pesticide frequently used in agriculture and released into aquatic environments. In this study, sterlet sturgeon cells were exposed to DZN to investigate possible defense mechanisms via HSP induction (HSPi). Liver, kidney, and gill cells of Acipenser ruthenus were isolated and cultured and then treated with HSPi (Pro-Tex®, amygdalin, and a novel pirano-piranazole-based synthesized compound: SZ) in the presence and absence of DZN. MTT assays were used to evaluate the effects of different HSPis and their combinations with DZN. Western blotting analysis was conducted to evaluate HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 expression patterns in each group. The highest rates of caspase-3 and caspase-8 activities were found in the DZN group, whereas HSPi treatment resulted in the lowest rates. The combination of HSPi+DZN resulted in increased HSP levels and antioxidant parameters but decreased cortisol, immune parameters, and metabolic enzymes. Many of the studied parameters (caspases, acetylcholinesterase, antioxidant, immune, and metabolic parameters) showed significant correlations with HSP expression, indicating that HSPs may be associated with markers of sterlet cell health. The results of this study demonstrate that using HSP inducers may be a powerful and reliable way to increase A. ruthenus resistance prior to exposure to DZN.
Topics: Diazinon; Antioxidants; Acetylcholinesterase; Insecticides; Hazardous Substances; Heat-Shock Proteins
PubMed: 38086298
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133194