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Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition... Sep 2023This review provides an overview of most recent research studies employing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics in the assessment of effects of diet and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review provides an overview of most recent research studies employing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics in the assessment of effects of diet and food ingestion.
RECENT FINDINGS
NMR metabolomics is a useful tool in the elucidation of specific diets, for example, the Mediterranean diet, the New Nordic diet types, and also for comparing vegan, vegetarian and omnivore diets where specific diet-linked metabolite perturbations have been identified. Another core area where NMR metabolomics is employed involves research focused on examining specific food components or ingredients, including dietary fibers and other functional components. In several cases, NMR metabolomics has aided to document how specific food components exert effects on the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota. Research has also demonstrated the potential use of NMR metabolomics in assessing diet quality and interactions between specific food components such as meat and diet quality. The implications of these findings are important as they address that background diet can be decisive for if food items turn out to exert either harmful or health-promoting effects.
SUMMARY
NMR metabolomics can provide important mechanistic insight and aid to biomarker discovery with implications for compliance and food registration purposes.
Topics: Humans; Diet; Diet, Vegan; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Diet, Mediterranean; Dietary Fiber; Nutrients
PubMed: 36942870
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000906 -
International Journal of Food Sciences... Dec 2023
Topics: Diet, Mediterranean; Health Status; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 38086611
DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2290439 -
Alternative Therapies in Health and... Oct 2023Despite growing interest in nutrition as a behavioral intervention to improve cognitive health in clinical populations, many providers find it challenging to provide... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Despite growing interest in nutrition as a behavioral intervention to improve cognitive health in clinical populations, many providers find it challenging to provide specific nutritional recommendations. We aimed to review and synthesize current empirical research on this topic and provide considerations for healthcare providers working with adults who wish to optimize their cognition via dietary improvements.
METHODS
We performed a narrative review of research published between January 2009 and May 2021 on 5 popular dietary interventions: the Mediterranean diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention Diet for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), the ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Of the 5 dietary interventions, the Mediterranean diet has been the most extensively investigated, and there is evidence supporting its cognitive benefits. However, operationalization of the Mediterranean diet varies across studies, rendering the results inconclusive. The DASH diet and the MIND diet have stronger operationalization and showed evidence of cognitive benefits. More longitudinal studies and/or randomized clinical trials should be conducted on these 2 relatively new interventions. Finally, there is limited research with human participants regarding the ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting, which are found to be cognitively protective within stringent parameters. Definitions for these 5 dietary patterns and practice tips and recommendations are provided.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Diet; Nutritional Status; Diet, Mediterranean; Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension; Cognition
PubMed: 35180098
DOI: No ID Found -
Nutrients Jul 2023As the obesity pandemic worsens, cases of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and complications of this disease, such as progressive liver failure, in... (Review)
Review
As the obesity pandemic worsens, cases of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and complications of this disease, such as progressive liver failure, in young adults will continue to rise. Lifestyle changes in the form of dietary modifications and exercise are currently first-line treatments. Large pediatric-specific randomized controlled trials to support specific interventions are currently lacking. A variety of dietary modifications in children with NAFLD have been suggested and studied with mixed results, including low-sugar and high-protein diets, the Mediterranean diet, and the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH). The roles of dietary supplements such as Vitamin E, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), ginger, and probiotics have also been investigated. A further understanding of specific dietary interventions and supplements is needed to provide both generalizable and sustainable dietary recommendations to reverse the progression of NAFLD in the pediatric population.
Topics: Child; Humans; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Dietary Supplements; Obesity; Exercise; Diet, Mediterranean
PubMed: 37571287
DOI: 10.3390/nu15153350 -
Seizure Nov 2023To evaluate the effectiveness and side-effect profile of the modified Atkins diet (MAD) compared to the usual diet (UD) in reducing seizure frequency among patients with... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness and side-effect profile of the modified Atkins diet (MAD) compared to the usual diet (UD) in reducing seizure frequency among patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE).
METHODS
In February 2023, we conducted an extensive search in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases to find randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing MAD to UD in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) on standard anti-seizure medication (ASM). We used random-effects meta-analyses and the Risk of Bias 2 tool to evaluate treatment effects and assess the quality of the included RCTs, respectively.
RESULTS
Six studies were evaluated in the meta-analysis, including 575 patients, of whom 288 (50.1 %) were randomized to the MAD. Average follow-up period was 12 weeks. MAD plus standard drug therapy was associated with a higher rate of 50 % or greater reduction in seizure frequency compared to UD plus drug therapy (RR 6.28; 95 % CI 3.52-10.50; p<0.001), both in children (RR 6.28; 95 % CI 3.43-11.49; p<0.001) and adults with DRE (RR 6.14; 95 % CI 1.15-32.66; p = 0.033). MAD was also associated with a higher seizure freedom rate compared to UD (RR 5.94; 95 % CI 1.93-18.31; p = 0.002). Five studies reported adverse events with MAD; constipation was reported in 17 % of patients (95 % CI 5-44 %), lethargy in 11 % (95 % CI 4-25 %), and anorexia in 12 % (95 % CI 8-19 %). Due to limited information about the ASM regimens, we were unable to further analyze the interaction between MAD and ASM.
SIGNIFICANCE
This meta-analysis, comprising 575 patients from 6 RCTs, revealed that MAD led to higher rates of seizure freedom and underscored its role in seizure frequency reduction by 50 % or more in both adults and children, with no significant adverse events concerns.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Diet, High-Protein Low-Carbohydrate; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Drug Resistant Epilepsy; Diet, Ketogenic; Seizures; Anticonvulsants
PubMed: 37769548
DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.09.010 -
Nutrients Sep 2023(1) Background: Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease with a close relationship with metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The aim of this... (Review)
Review
(1) Background: Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease with a close relationship with metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The aim of this review was to identify the relationship between psoriasis, metabolic diseases, and dietetic therapies. According to recent findings, there is a strong association between psoriasis and obesity as well as vitamin D and micronutrient deficiencies. (2) Methods: This review was conducted via PubMed, aiming to search for studies involving psoriasis linked with metabolic disorders or with nutritional treatments. (3) Results: Our review shows that a healthy lifestyle can positively influence the course of the disease. The maintaining of a proper body weight together with physical activity and good nutritional choices are associated with an improvement in psoriasis severity. A Mediterranean diet rich in fiber, vitamins, and polyphenols may indeed be a strategy for controlling psoriasis symptoms. The effectiveness of this diet lies not only in its anti-inflammatory power, but also in its ability to favorably influence the intestinal microbiota and counteract dysbiosis, which is a risk factor for many autoimmune diseases. (4) Conclusions: In synergy with standard therapy, the adoption of an appropriate diet can be recommended to improve the clinical expression of psoriasis and reduce the incidence of comorbidities.
Topics: Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Psoriasis; Diet, Mediterranean; Obesity; Vitamins; Autoimmune Diseases
PubMed: 37764660
DOI: 10.3390/nu15183876 -
The Journal of Headache and Pain Jul 2023The evidence supporting the efficacy of dietary preventive therapy in migraine is rising, particularly regarding the ketogenic diet. However, less evidence exists for...
AIMS
The evidence supporting the efficacy of dietary preventive therapy in migraine is rising, particularly regarding the ketogenic diet. However, less evidence exists for the Low-Glycemic Index Diet and the 2:1 KD. This retrospective single-center real-life study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a 2:1 ketogenic diet and a Low-Glycemic-index Diet in chronic and high-frequency episodic migraine.
METHODS
Sixty patients with high-frequency episodic and chronic migraine were treated with either a Low-Glycemic-index diet (39 patients) or a 2:1 (21 patients) ketogenic diet for three months. We collected data on the migraine frequency and intensity and the MIDAS and HIT-6 scores through the headache diary. Anthropometric measurements (BMI, fat mass, free fat mass, and weight) were also collected and analyzed similarly. Data obtained at the baseline and after three months of each diet were compared.
RESULTS
Migraine intensity, frequency, MIDAS and HIT-6 scores, fat mass, weight, and BMI improved in both diet groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Both diets are effective in reducing migraine symptoms and migraine-related disability.
Topics: Humans; Retrospective Studies; Diet, Ketogenic; Glycemic Index; Migraine Disorders; Diet
PubMed: 37501109
DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01635-9 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jan 2024The interest in intermittent energy restriction (IER) diets as a weight-loss approach is increasing. Different IER protocols exist, including time-restricted eating... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Effects of Intermittent Energy Restriction Compared with Those of Continuous Energy Restriction on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials in Adults.
The interest in intermittent energy restriction (IER) diets as a weight-loss approach is increasing. Different IER protocols exist, including time-restricted eating (TRE), alternate-day fasting (ADF), and the 5:2 diet. This meta-analysis compared the effects of these IER diets with continuous energy restriction (CER) on anthropometrics and cardiometabolic risk markers in healthy adults. Twenty-eight trials were identified that studied TRE (k = 7), ADF (k = 10), or the 5:2 diet (k = 11) for 2-52 wk. Energy intakes between intervention groups within a study were comparable (17 trials), lower in IER (5 trials), or not reported (6 trials). Weighted mean differences (WMDs) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models. Changes in body weight [WMD: -0.42 kg; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.96 to 0.13; P = 0.132] and fat mass (FM) (WMD: -0.31 kg; 95% CI: -0.98 to 0.36; P = 0.362) were comparable when results of the 3 IER diets were combined and compared with those of CER. All IER diets combined reduced fat-free mass (WMD: -0.20 kg; 95% CI: -0.39 to -0.01; P = 0.044) and waist circumference (WMD: -0.91 cm; 95% CI: -1.76 to -0.06; P = 0.036) more than CER. Effects on body mass index [BMI (kg/m)], glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, and blood pressure did not differ. Further, TRE reduced body weight, FM, and fat-free mass more than CER, whereas ADF improved HOMA-IR more. BMI was reduced less in the 5:2 diet compared with CER. In conclusion, the 3 IER diets combined did not lead to superior improvements in anthropometrics and cardiometabolic risk markers compared with CER diets. Slightly greater reductions were, however, observed in fat-free mass and waist circumference. To what extent differences in energy intakes between groups within studies may have influenced these outcomes should be addressed in future studies.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Body Composition; Body Weight; Caloric Restriction; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet, Reducing; Insulin Resistance; Obesity; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 37827491
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.10.003 -
Nutrients Dec 2023Within the realm of aging, the nexus between diet and health has garnered considerable attention. However, only select studies have amalgamated insights into the...
Within the realm of aging, the nexus between diet and health has garnered considerable attention. However, only select studies have amalgamated insights into the correlation between plant and animal food consumption and frailty. Our aim was to appraise the connections between the overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI) and frailty in the elderly, utilizing data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). This cohort study drew upon CLHLS data spanning from 2008 to 2018. The PDI, hPDI, and uPDI were gauged using a simplified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). A frailty index, encompassing 35 variables across major health domains, was formulated. Cox proportional hazard models were employed to scrutinize the associations between the three plant-based dietary indices and frailty in older adults, including an exploration of gender disparities in these associations. A cohort of 2883 study participants was encompassed, with 1987 (68.9%) observed to be either frail or in the pre-frail stage. The Cox model with penalized spline exhibited linear associations of PDI, hPDI, and uPDI with the frailty index. Following covariate adjustments, it was discerned that older adults situated in the highest quartiles of PDI (HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.77-0.95) and hPDI (HR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.74-0.93) experienced a 14% and 17% diminished risk of frailty compared to those in the lowest quartiles of PDI and hPDI, respectively. Conversely, when contrasted with those in the lowest quartile of uPDI, older adults adhering to the highest tertile of uPDI exhibited a 21% elevated risk of frailty (HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.08-1.36), with both associations achieving statistical significance ( < 0.01). Moreover, additional subgroup analyses revealed that the protective effects of PDI and hPDI against frailty and the deleterious effects of uPDI were more conspicuous in men compared to women. To forestall or decelerate the progression of frailty in the elderly, tailored dietary interventions are imperative, particularly targeting male seniors.
Topics: Animals; Aged; Male; Female; Humans; Cohort Studies; Frailty; Diet, Plant-Based; Diet; Longevity; Diet, Vegetarian
PubMed: 38140379
DOI: 10.3390/nu15245120 -
Nutrition in Clinical Practice :... Jun 2024Diet is an environmental exposure implicated in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Dietary... (Review)
Review
Diet is an environmental exposure implicated in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Dietary therapy is also a tool for management of these conditions. Nutrition therapy for IBD has been shown to reduce intestinal inflammation, promote healing, and alleviate symptoms, as well as improve patients' nutrition status. Although the mechanisms of action of most nutrition therapies for IBD are not well understood, the diets are theorized to eliminate triggers for gut dysbiosis and mucosal immune dysfunction associated with the typical Western diet. Exclusive enteral nutrition and the Crohn's disease exclusion diet are increasingly being used as the primary treatment modality for the induction of remission and/or maintenance therapy in children, and in some adults, with CD. Several other diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, anti-inflammatory diet for IBD, and diets excluding gluten, FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols), lactose, or other compounds, may be helpful in symptom management in both CD and UC, though evidence for biochemical efficacy is limited. In this review, we discuss the role of diet components in IBD pathogenesis and examine diets currently used in the management of children and adults with IBD. We also address practical, psychosocial, and cultural considerations for dietary therapy across diverse populations.
Topics: Humans; Child; Adult; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Crohn Disease; Enteral Nutrition; Diet, Mediterranean; Colitis, Ulcerative; Diet
PubMed: 38505875
DOI: 10.1002/ncp.11146