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FP Essentials Apr 2024The average adult needs 1 to 2 g protein/kg of body weight and 25 to 30 kcal/kg of body weight per day. Caloric needs in adults differ based on height, weight, activity... (Review)
Review
The average adult needs 1 to 2 g protein/kg of body weight and 25 to 30 kcal/kg of body weight per day. Caloric needs in adults differ based on height, weight, activity level, and disease state. Malnutrition is defined as an imbalance of nutrition, including lack of adequate calories, protein, and/or other nutrients required for body functioning. Protein-calorie malnutrition is a specific type of malnutrition defined as deficient intake or uptake of protein and energy that leads to physiologic alterations such as inflammation, loss in fat-free mass, and/or decreased response to medical treatment. Worldwide, 20% to 50% of hospitalized patients have malnutrition preadmission, and up to 90% of older adult patients are at increased risk. All patients should be screened for malnutrition within 24 hours of hospital admission. If malnutrition is suspected in the outpatient setting, patients should be screened with assistance from a registered dietitian nutritionist. The treatment strategy for protein and calorie supplementation involves provision of additional calories via oral nutritional supplements, enteral tube feedings, or parenteral nutrition. Oral nutritional supplements are indicated for patients with mild cases of malnutrition who are able to consume food orally. Meal replacement products are a convenient way to modify macronutrient intake, including use as a temporary solution to increase intake in patients with malnutrition and as an intervention for weight loss.
Topics: Humans; Energy Intake; Malnutrition; Dietary Supplements; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; Nutrition Assessment; Dietary Proteins; Enteral Nutrition; Nutritional Status
PubMed: 38648171
DOI: No ID Found -
FASEB Journal : Official Publication of... Oct 2023Depletion of gut microbiota is associated with inefficient energy extraction and reduced production of short-chain fatty acids from dietary fibers, which regulates...
Depletion of gut microbiota is associated with inefficient energy extraction and reduced production of short-chain fatty acids from dietary fibers, which regulates colonic proglucagon (Gcg) expression and small intestinal transit in mice. However, the mechanism by which the gut microbiota influences dietary protein metabolism and its corresponding effect on the host physiology is poorly understood. Enteropeptidase inhibitors block host protein digestion and reduce body weight gain in diet-induced obese rats and mice, and therefore they constitute a new class of drugs for targeting metabolic diseases. Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are dispersed throughout the gut and possess the ability to sense dietary proteins and protein-derived metabolites. Despite this, it remains unclear if enteropeptidase inhibition affects EECs function. In this study, we fed conventional and antibiotic treated mice a western style diet (WSD) supplemented with an enteropeptidase inhibitor (WSD-ETPi), analyzed the expression of gut hormones along the length of the intestine, and measured small intestinal transit under different conditions. The ETPi-supplemented diet promoted higher Gcg expression in the colon and increased circulating Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels, but only in the microbiota-depleted mice. The increase in GLP-1 levels resulted in slower small intestinal transit, which was subsequently reversed by administration of GLP-1 receptor antagonist. Interestingly, small intestinal transit was normalized when an amino acid-derived microbial metabolite, p-cresol, was supplemented along with WSD-ETPi diet, primarily attributed to the reduction of colonic Gcg expression. Collectively, our data suggest that microbial dietary protein metabolism plays an important role in host physiology by regulating GLP-1-mediated intestinal transit.
Topics: Mice; Rats; Animals; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Enteropeptidase; Dietary Proteins; Dietary Supplements; Amino Acids
PubMed: 37732618
DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300982R -
Renal Failure Dec 2023Decreased dietary protein intake (DPI) may lead to protein-energy malnutrition and may be associated with increased mortality risk. We hypothesized that longitudinal...
BACKGROUND
Decreased dietary protein intake (DPI) may lead to protein-energy malnutrition and may be associated with increased mortality risk. We hypothesized that longitudinal changes in dietary protein intake have independent associations with survival in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.
METHODS
668 stable PD patients were selected in the study from January 2006 to January 2018 and were followed up until December 2019. Their three-day dietary records were collected at the baseline (the sixth month after PD) and thereafter every 3 months for two and a half years. The latent class mixed models (LCMM) were used to identify subgroups of PD patients with similar longitudinal trajectories of DPI. The relation between DPI (baseline and longitudinal data) and survival was examined using Cox model to estimate death hazard ratios. Meanwhile, different formulae were used to assess nitrogen balance.
RESULTS
The results showed that baseline DPI ≤ 0.60g/kg/day was associated with the worst outcome in PD patients. Patients with DPI 0.80-0.99g/kg/day and DPI ≥ 1.0g/kg/day both presented positive nitrogen balance; patients with DPI 0.61-0.79g/kg/day presented obviously negative nitrogen balance. Longitudinal association between time-dependent DPI and survival was found in PD patients. The consistently low DPI' (0.61-0.79g/kg/d) group was correlated with increased death risk as compared with the 'consistently median DPI' group (0.80-0.99g/kg/d, HR = 1.59, = 0.008), whereas there was no difference in survival between 'consistently median DPI' group and 'high-level DPI' group (≥1.0 g/kg/d, > 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Our study revealed that DPI ≥ 0.8 g/kg/day was beneficial to the long-term outcome for the PD population.
Topics: Humans; Dietary Proteins; Nitrogen; Peritoneal Dialysis
PubMed: 36861472
DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2023.2182605 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2024The increasing world population requires the production of nutrient-rich foods. Protein is an essential macronutrient for healthy individuals. Interest in using plant... (Review)
Review
The increasing world population requires the production of nutrient-rich foods. Protein is an essential macronutrient for healthy individuals. Interest in using plant proteins in foods has increased in recent years due to their sustainability and nutritional benefits. Dry and wet protein fractionation methods have been developed to increase protein yield, purity, and functional and nutritional qualities. This review explores the recent developments in pretreatments and fractionation processes used for producing pulse protein concentrates and isolates. Functionality differences between pulse proteins obtained from different fractionation methods and the use of fractionated pulse proteins in different food applications are also critically reviewed. Pretreatment methods improve the de-hulling efficiency of seeds prior to fractionation. Research on wet fractionation methods focuses on improving sustainability and functionality of proteins while studies on dry methods focus on increasing protein yield and purity. Hybrid methods produced fractionated proteins with higher yield and purity while also improving protein functionality and process sustainability. Dry and hybrid fractionated proteins have comparable or superior functionalities relative to wet fractionated proteins. Pulse protein ingredients are successfully incorporated into various food formulations with notable changes in their sensory properties. Future studies could focus on optimizing the fractionation process, improving protein concentrate palatability, and optimizing formulations using pulse proteins.
Topics: Chemical Fractionation; Nutritive Value; Plant Proteins; Food Handling; Humans; Dietary Proteins; Seeds
PubMed: 38708867
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2139223 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Jun 2024To explore the potential correlation between the amount and source of dietary protein and cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as the potential impact of genetic...
BACKGROUND
To explore the potential correlation between the amount and source of dietary protein and cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as the potential impact of genetic susceptibility on these connections.
METHODS
We performed a prospective analysis of 98,224 participants from the UK. We measured dietary protein intake using two 24-hour dietary recall interviews. To analyze the data, we used multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models and restricted cubic spline models. Additionally, we calculated weighted genetic risk scores.
RESULTS
A total of 8818 new cases of CVD were documented, which included 4076 cases of coronary artery disease (CAD) and 1126 cases of stroke. The study found a J-shaped association (p nonlinearity = 0.005) between CVD risk and the percentage of energy obtained from consuming plant protein. Higher intake of plant protein and whole protein was associated with a decreased risk of CVD. On the other hand, larger intakes of animal protein was linked to a higher occurrence of CAD. Additionally, increased intake of plant protein was also linked to a lower incidence of stroke. Replacing 5 % of animal protein-based energy intake with plant protein-based energy intake resulted in a 5 % decrease in CVD risk.
LIMITATIONS
There remains an effect of residual confounders.
CONCLUSION
The consumption of larger amounts of plant protein, whole protein, and nut protein was found to be associated with a lower risk of CVD events. Conversely, higher intakes of animal protein was associated with an increased risk of CAD events. Furthermore, replacing 5 % of energy intake from animal protein with energy intake from plant protein was found to reduce the risk of CVD by 5 %.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Incidence; Risk Factors; Dietary Proteins; Prospective Studies; Diet; Stroke; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 38325604
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.233 -
The Journal of the Association of... Dec 2023Obesity, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) pose a triple burden in India. Almost two-thirds of people with diabetes (PWD) in India are found to have... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Obesity, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) pose a triple burden in India. Almost two-thirds of people with diabetes (PWD) in India are found to have suboptimal glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid control. Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) in diabetes has emphasized on the amount and type of carbohydrates for years. However, protein, an important macronutrient in diabetes management, needs to be focused upon, especially in India, where the consumption is found to be lower than the recommendations provided by most guidelines.
AIM
An expert committee attempted to review the role of dietary protein in the management of T2DM, arrive at a consensus on the significance of increasing dietary protein for various benefits, and offer practical guidance on ways to improve protein intake among Indians.
METHODOLOGY
A total of 10 endocrinologists and diabetologists, one nephrologist, and three registered dietitians representing four zones of India formed the expert committee. An in-depth review of literature in the Indian context was carried out, and the draft document was shared with the expert committee, and their views were incorporated into the same. The expert committee then assembled virtually to deliberate on various aspects of the role of protein in T2DM management. The experts from various specialties gave their valuable inputs and suggestions from their extensive personal clinical experience and research work, which helped to reach a consensus on the role and significance of protein in the management of T2DM and its complications in India.
RESULTS
There is abundant evidence that MNT is essential for the prevention and management of T2DM and its complications. Experts agreed that increasing protein intake offers myriad health benefits, namely reducing glycemic variability, improving glycemic control, increasing insulin sensitivity, improvement in lipid profile and immunity, and helping in weight management and preservation of muscle mass in PWD. The expert committee suggested aiming for an increase in protein intake by at least 5-10% of the current intake in lieu of carbohydrates in PWD. Experts also highlighted the need for more data quantifying the unmet protein needs in the Indian PWD, especially among vegetarians. Randomized controlled trials to study the effect of protein in diabetes complications such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and comorbid conditions such as sarcopenia among the Indian population are also warranted.
CONCLUSION
Increasing protein quantity and quality in the diets of Indian PWD could significantly contribute to positive health outcomes. Increased protein intake, preferably through dietary sources to meet the requirements and, when required using diabetes-specific protein supplements (DSPS), is recommended in the prevention and control of T2DM.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Dietary Proteins; India
PubMed: 38736053
DOI: 10.59556/japi.71.0339 -
Plant Communications Nov 2023Rising demands for protein worldwide are likely to drive increases in livestock production, as meat provides ∼40% of dietary protein. This will come at a significant... (Review)
Review
Rising demands for protein worldwide are likely to drive increases in livestock production, as meat provides ∼40% of dietary protein. This will come at a significant environmental cost, and a shift toward plant-based protein sources would therefore provide major benefits. While legumes provide substantial amounts of plant-based protein, cereals are the major constituents of global foods, with wheat alone accounting for 15-20% of the required dietary protein intake. Improvement of protein content in wheat is limited by phenotyping challenges, lack of genetic potential of modern germplasms, negative yield trade-offs, and environmental costs of nitrogen fertilizers. Presenting wheat as a case study, we discuss how increasing protein content in cereals through a revised breeding strategy combined with robust phenotyping could ensure a sustainable protein supply while minimizing the environmental impact of nitrogen fertilizer.
Topics: Edible Grain; Dietary Proteins; Plant Proteins; Fabaceae; Nitrogen
PubMed: 37710958
DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100716 -
Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior Jul 2024Milk varieties and specific proteins exhibit anxiolytic-like actions in mice and rats exposed to several tests, the most prominent being the elevated plus-maze.... (Review)
Review
Milk varieties and specific proteins exhibit anxiolytic-like actions in mice and rats exposed to several tests, the most prominent being the elevated plus-maze. Administrations of α-casein, its 91-100 (α-casozepine), 91-97, 91-93, and 91-92 fragments, the 60-69 fragment of β-casein, lactoferrin, β-lactotensin, wheylin-1, wheylin-2, and α-lactalbumin have been reported to increase open arm exploration relative to enclosed arm exploration. Anxiolytic-like actions have also been described for 91-93 and 91-92 fragments of α-casein, wheylin-1, α-lactalbumin, and lactoferrin in the open-field. Some effects appear to be mediated by the GABA receptor complex, since antagonists mitigated the anxiolytic-like actions of α-casein, the 91-92 fragment of α-casein, and wheylin-1. Other neurotransmitters purported to affect such behaviors include 5HT, dopamine, and neurotensin. Further research is needed to identify their neuropharmacological actions.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Mice; Milk Proteins; Anxiety; Rats; Behavior, Animal; Humans; Caseins
PubMed: 38735399
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173789 -
Dietary protein intake and mortality among survivors of liver cirrhosis: a prospective cohort study.BMC Gastroenterology Jul 2023Liver cirrhosis is a worldwide burden and is associated with poor clinical outcomes, including increased mortality. The beneficial effects of dietary modifications in...
BACKGROUND
Liver cirrhosis is a worldwide burden and is associated with poor clinical outcomes, including increased mortality. The beneficial effects of dietary modifications in reducing morbidity and mortality are inevitable.
AIM
The current study aimed to evaluate the potential association of dietary protein intake with the cirrhosis-related mortality.
METHODS
In this cohort study, 121 ambulatory cirrhotic patients with at least 6 months of cirrhosis diagnosis were followed-up for 48 months. A 168-item validated food frequency questionnaire was used for dietary intake assessment. Total dietary protein was classified as dairy, vegetable and animal protein. We estimated crude and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), applying Cox proportional hazard analyses.
RESULTS
After full adjustment for confounders, analyses showed that total (HR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.2-1.1, p trend = 0.045) and dairy (HR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.13-1.1, p trend = 0.046) protein intake was associated with a 62% lower risk of cirrhosis-related mortality. While a higher intake of animal protein was associated with a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of mortality in patients (HR = 3.8, 95% CI = 1.7-8.2, p trend = 0.035). Higher intake of vegetable protein was inversely but not significantly associated with mortality risk.
CONCLUSION
A comprehensive evaluation of the associations of dietary protein intake with cirrhosis-related mortality indicated that a higher intakes of total and dairy protein and a lower intakes of animal protein are associated with a reduced risk of mortality in cirrhotic patients.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Cohort Studies; Prospective Studies; Dietary Proteins; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Liver Cirrhosis; Survivors; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37400778
DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02832-1 -
Journal of the International Society of... Dec 2023Exercise and diet have positive effects on hepatic fat reduction, and protein supplementation is known to lower hepatic fat accumulation. However, the effect of a... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Exercise and diet have positive effects on hepatic fat reduction, and protein supplementation is known to lower hepatic fat accumulation. However, the effect of a combination of exercise and whey protein supplementation (WPS) on hepatic fat content (HFC) is unknown.
METHODS
We investigated the effect of WPS on HFC during resistance exercise and diet control intervention for four weeks. A total of 34 sedentary males participated and were randomly assigned to two groups: a protein supplement group (PSG, = 18) and a control group (CG, = 16). The PSG took 60 g of WPS per day, and the CG took 60 g of an isocaloric placebo per day. All participants were fed a calorie-controlled diet throughout the study period, with their daily caloric intake determined by their resting metabolic rate and physical activity level. Both groups performed resistance exercises supervised by experts at 60-70% of their maximum efforts for 60 min/day, 6 days/week for 4 weeks. HFC was assessed using the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) after an 8 h fast, at pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. Liver enzymes and lipid profile were also analyzed after an 8 h fast and pre- and post-intervention.
RESULTS
The CAP was significantly reduced after 4 weeks of intervention in both groups (PSG, < .001; CG, = .002). However, there was no significant interaction between the group and changes in CAP. Interestingly, when comparing the pre- and mid-tests, both groups also had significantly reduced CAP (PSG, = .027; CG, = .028), but there was a significant difference in the amount of change in CAP between the two groups (PSG, -47.2 ± 25.4 dB/m; CG, -19.5 ± 15.1 dB/m; = .042). For liver enzymes, there was a significant interaction between the two groups and a change in aspartate transaminase (AST) ( = .038). However, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly decreased only in the PSG group ( = .002). In lipids, both groups showed significantly decreased total cholesterol ( < .001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( < .001) after the intervention.
CONCLUSION
Our data showed that WPS may not enhance the overall effects of resistance exercise on HFC and lipid profiles. However, in part, WPS may have a beneficial effect on liver enzymatic changes and rapid response to resistance exercise-induced HFC reduction.
Topics: Male; Humans; Whey Proteins; Resistance Training; Liver; Dietary Supplements; Exercise; Cholesterol, LDL
PubMed: 37245070
DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2217783