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Advances in Kidney Disease and Health Nov 2023Immunoglobulin A nephropathy is the most common glomerulonephritis syndrome in the world, yet there is currently no cure. While blood pressure control,... (Review)
Review
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy is the most common glomerulonephritis syndrome in the world, yet there is currently no cure. While blood pressure control, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition, and immunosuppression may slow disease progression, low-protein diets, defined as a daily dietary protein intake of 0.6 to 0.8 g/kg body weight, may also decrease immune complex deposition and disease severity, as evidenced in animal models. The link between secondary immunoglobulin A nephropathy and celiac disease has also led to the rise of gluten-free diets and zinc supplementation as potential lifestyle modifications to help manage common immunoglobulin A nephropathy symptoms such as proteinuria and hematuria. In addition, case reports and prospective studies suggest that patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, which manifests as steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome may also benefit from a gluten-free diet. We highlight the example of a gluten-free, plant-dominant low-protein diet (a different type of low-protein diet that addresses both protein quantity and quality) for patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Diet, Gluten-Free; Prospective Studies; Dietary Proteins; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 38453268
DOI: 10.1053/j.akdh.2023.09.001 -
Neurogastroenterology and Motility Jun 2024The association between dietary protein intake and constipation remains inconclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dietary protein intake is...
BACKGROUND
The association between dietary protein intake and constipation remains inconclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dietary protein intake is associated with constipation.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study included 13,941 adults from the 2005 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A weighted logistic regression analysis was used to control for confounding factors. In addition, weighted interaction and stratified analyses were conducted to ascertain the potential modifying factors.
RESULTS
The prevalence of constipation was 7.5% when constipation was defined by stool consistency and 3.5% when constipation was defined by stool frequency. After adjusting for covariates, an increase in dietary protein intake of 10 g was not associated with constipation, as defined by stool frequency (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.54, 1.62) or stool consistency (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.75, 1.39). Subgroup analyses revealed that dietary protein intake was associated with an increase in constipation defined by stool consistency risk in participants who consumed a low amount of carbohydrates (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.02-1.14 for every 10-g increase in protein intake), but a decrease in risk in participants in the moderate-carbohydrate group (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89-0.99 for every 10-g increase in protein intake), suggesting a significant interaction (p = 0.001).
CONCLUSION & INFERENCES
Dietary protein intake is not associated with stool consistency or frequency-defined constipation. However, the association between dietary protein intake and constipation defined by stool consistency in participants with a low carbohydrate intake differed from that in participants with a moderate carbohydrate intake.
Topics: Humans; Constipation; Dietary Proteins; Female; Male; Cross-Sectional Studies; Nutrition Surveys; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Young Adult; Prevalence
PubMed: 38651659
DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14795 -
Poultry Science Aug 2023The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) levels on production performance, nitrogen balance, and odor emission of excreta...
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) levels on production performance, nitrogen balance, and odor emission of excreta in growing pullets and laying hens from 13 to 32 wk of age. Two hundred and forty pullets (Hy-Line Brown) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary groups with 10 replicates per group, and 6 birds per replicate. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 4 graded CP levels in the diets of pullets ranging from 180, 160, 140, and 120 g/kg of diet during 13 to 18 wk (phase 1) and in the diets of laying hens from 190, 170, 150, and 130 g/kg of diet during 19 to 32 wk (phase 2). The limiting amino acids including lysine, methionine, and threonine were supplemented to maintain constant equal amino acid concentrations in all experiment diets. In phase 1, decreasing dietary CP levels did not affect growth performance but increased (linear and quadratic effect, P < 0.05) the relative abdominal fat contents and triglyceride concentration in serum samples. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum samples decreased as the CP levels decreased in the diets of pullets. Dietary CP levels quadratically increased (P < 0.05) the villus height and the villus height to crypt depth ratio but did not affect tibia traits and relative organ weights in pullets at 18 wk. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and ether extract increased with decreasing dietary CP levels in pullets. Graded CP levels linearly increased the digestibility of dry matter, CP, and ether extracts but lowered that of crude ash in laying hens. Nitrogen excretion was linearly decreased (P < 0.05) as the dietary CP levels decreased in both pullets and laying hens. Dietary CP levels only affected carbon dioxide emission in pullets. In phase 2, dietary CP levels did not affect growth performance and the ages at first egg laying and to reach 50% egg production in laying hens. However, egg weights were decreased (linear and quadratic effect, P < 0.05) as the dietary CP level decreased in laying hens. Increasing dietary CP levels increased Haugh unit at 26 wk but lowered corticosterone concentrations in yolk samples at 22 wk. Collectively, this study shows that dietary CP levels could be decreased to reduce nitrogen excretion without adverse effects on performance and egg quality of growing pullets and laying hens.
Topics: Animals; Female; Chickens; Nitrogen; Odorants; Dietary Supplements; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Amino Acids; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 37354615
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102798 -
The Journal of Nutrition Dec 2023Spirulina [SPIR] (cyanobacterium) and chlorella [CHLO] (microalgae) are foods rich in protein and essential amino acids; however, their capacity to stimulate... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Spirulina [SPIR] (cyanobacterium) and chlorella [CHLO] (microalgae) are foods rich in protein and essential amino acids; however, their capacity to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) in humans remains unknown.
OBJECTIVES
We assessed the impact of ingesting SPIR and CHLO compared with an established high-quality nonanimal-derived dietary protein source (fungal-derived mycoprotein [MYCO]) on plasma amino acid concentrations, as well as resting and postexercise MyoPS rates in young adults.
METHODS
Thirty-six healthy young adults (age: 22 ± 3 y; BMI: 23 ± 3 kg·m; male [m]/female [f], 18/18) participated in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Participants received a primed, continuous infusion of L-[ring-H]-phenylalanine and completed a bout of unilateral-resistance leg exercise before ingesting a drink containing 25 g protein from MYCO (n = 12; m/f, 6/6), SPIR (n = 12; m/f, 6/6), or CHLO (n = 12; m/f, 6/6). Blood and bilateral muscle samples were collected at baseline and during a 4-h postprandial and postexercise period to assess the plasma amino acid concentrations and MyoPS rates in rested and exercised tissue.
RESULTS
Protein ingestion increased the plasma total and essential amino acid concentrations (time effects; all P < 0.001), but most rapidly and with higher peak responses following the ingestion of SPIR compared with MYCO and CHLO (P < 0.05), and MYCO compared with CHLO (P < 0.05). Protein ingestion increased MyoPS rates (time effect; P < 0.001) in both rested (MYCO, from 0.041 ± 0.032 to 0.060 ± 0.015%·h; SPIR, from 0.042 ± 0.030 to 0.066 ± 0.022%·h; and CHLO, from 0.037 ± 0.007 to 0.055 ± 0.019%·h, respectively) and exercised tissue (MYCO, from 0.046 ± 0.014 to 0.092 ± 0.024%·h; SPIR, from 0.038 ± 0.011 to 0.086 ± 0.028%·h; and CHLO, from 0.048 ± 0.019 to 0.090 ± 0.024%·h, respectively), with no differences between groups (interaction effect; P > 0.05), but with higher rates in exercised compared with rested muscle (time × exercise effect; P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The ingestion of a single bolus of algae-derived SPIR and CHLO increases resting and postexercise MyoPS rates to a comparable extent as MYCO, despite divergent postprandial plasma amino acid responses.
Topics: Humans; Male; Young Adult; Female; Adult; Chlorella; Muscle Proteins; Amino Acids, Essential; Phenylalanine; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Muscle, Skeletal; Resistance Training
PubMed: 37716611
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.035 -
Ageing Research Reviews Mar 2024Cellular senescence has been regarded as a therapeutic target for ageing and age-related diseases. Several senotherapeutic agents have been proposed, including compounds... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cellular senescence has been regarded as a therapeutic target for ageing and age-related diseases. Several senotherapeutic agents have been proposed, including compounds derived from natural products which hold the translational potential to promote healthy ageing. This systematic review examined the association of dietary ingredients with cellular senescence in animals and humans, with an intent to identify dietary ingredients with senotherapeutic potential.
METHODS
This systematic review was registered at PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (Reg #: CRD42022338885). The databases PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for key terms related to cellular senescence, senescence markers, diets, nutrients and bioactive compounds. Intervention and observational studies on human and animals investigating the effects of dietary ingredients via oral administration on cellular senescence load were included. The SYRCLE's risk of bias tool and Cochrane risk of bias tool v2.0 were used to assess the risk of bias for animal and human studies respectively.
RESULTS
Out of 5707 identified articles, 83 articles consisting of 78 animal studies and 5 human studies aimed to reduce cellular senescence load using dietary ingredients. In animal studies, the most-frequently used senescence model was normative ageing (26 studies), followed by D-galactose-induced models (17 studies). Resveratrol (8 studies), vitamin E (4 studies) and soy protein isolate (3 studies) showed positive effects on reducing the level of senescence markers such as p53, p21, p16 and senescence-associated ß-galactosidase in various tissues of physiological systems. In three out of five human studies, ginsenoside Rg1 had no positive effect on reducing senescence in muscle tissues after exercise. The risk of bias for both animal and human studies was largely unclear.
CONCLUSION
Resveratrol, vitamin E and soy protein isolate are promising senotherapeutics studied in animal models. Studies testing dietary ingredients with senotherapeutic potential in humans are limited and translation is highly warranted.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Resveratrol; Soybean Proteins; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Cellular Senescence; Diet; Vitamin E
PubMed: 38382678
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102238 -
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) Nov 2023The protein leverage hypothesis (PLH) proposed that strict regulation of protein intake drives energy overconsumption and obesity when diets are diluted by fat and/or...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
The protein leverage hypothesis (PLH) proposed that strict regulation of protein intake drives energy overconsumption and obesity when diets are diluted by fat and/or carbohydrates. Evidence about the PLH has been found in adults, while studies in children are limited. Thus, we aimed to test the PLH by assessing the role of dietary protein on macronutrients, energy intake, and obesity risk using data from preschool children followed for 1.3 years.
METHODS
553 preschool children aged 2-6 years from the 'Healthy Start' project were included.
EXPOSURES
The proportion of energy intake from protein, fat, and carbohydrates collected from a 4-day dietary record.
OUTCOMES
Energy intake, BMI z-score, fat mass (FM) %, waist- (WHtR) and hip-height ratio (HHtR). Power function analysis was used to test the leverage of protein on energy intake. Mixture models were used to explore interactive associations of macronutrient composition on all these outcomes, with results visualized as response surfaces on the nutritional geometry.
RESULTS
Evidence for the PLH was confirmed in preschool children. The distribution of protein intake (% of MJ, IQR: 3.2) varied substantially less than for carbohydrate (IQR: 5.7) or fat (IQR: 6.3) intakes, suggesting protein intake is most tightly regulated. Absolute energy intake varied inversely with dietary percentage energy from protein (L = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.25, -0.04). Compared to children with high fat or carbohydrate intakes, children with high dietary protein intake (>20% of MJ) had a greater decrease in WHtR and HHtR over the 1.3-year follow-up, offering evidence for the PLH in prospective analysis. But no association was observed between macronutrient distribution and changes in BMI z-score or FM%.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study in preschool children, protein intake was the most tightly regulated macronutrient, and energy intake was an inverse function of dietary protein concentration, indicating the evidence for protein leverage. Increases in WHtR and HHtR were principally associated with the dietary protein dilution, supporting the PLH. These findings highlight the importance of protein in children's diets, which seems to have significant implications for childhood obesity risk and overall health.
Topics: Child; Adult; Humans; Child, Preschool; Dietary Proteins; Pediatric Obesity; Diet; Energy Intake; Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Carbohydrates
PubMed: 37820518
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.09.025 -
Journal of Dairy Science Aug 2023The objective was to investigate the effect of nonprotein nitrogen source, dietary protein supply, and genetic yield index on methane emission, N metabolism, and ruminal...
The objective was to investigate the effect of nonprotein nitrogen source, dietary protein supply, and genetic yield index on methane emission, N metabolism, and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows. Forty-eight Danish Holstein dairy cows (24 primiparous cows and 24 multiparous cows) were used in a 6 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 4 periods of 21-d duration. Cows were fed ad libitum with the following 6 experimental diets: diets with low, medium, or high rumen degradable protein (RDP):rumen undegradable protein (RUP) ratio (manipulated by changing the proportion of corn meal, corn gluten meal, and corn gluten feed) combined with either urea or nitrate (10 g NO/kg of dry matter) as nonprotein nitrogen source. Samples of ruminal fluid and feces were collected from multiparous cows, and total-tract nutrient digestibility was estimated using TiO as flow marker. Milk samples were collected from all 48 cows. Gas emission (CH, CO, and H) was measured by 4 GreenFeed units. We observed no significant interaction between dietary RDP:RUP ratio and nitrate supplementation, and between nitrate supplementation and genetic yield index on CH emission (production, yield, intensity). As dietary RDP:RUP ratio increased, intake of crude protein, RDP, and neutral detergent fiber and total-tract digestibility of crude protein linearly increased, and RUP intake linearly decreased. Yield of milk, energy-corrected milk, and milk protein and lactose linearly decreased, whereas milk fat and milk urea nitrogen concentrations linearly increased as dietary RDP:RUP ratio increased. The increase in dietary RDP:RUP ratio resulted in a linear increase in the excretion of total purine derivatives and N in urine, but a linear decrease in N efficiency (milk N in % of N intake). Nitrate supplementation reduced dry matter intake (DMI) and increased total-tract organic matter digestibility compared with urea supplementation. Nitrate supplementation resulted in a greater reduction in DMI and daily CH production and a greater increase in daily H production in multiparous cows compared with primiparous cows. Nitrate supplementation also showed a greater reduction in milk protein and lactose yield in multiparous cows than in primiparous cows. Milk protein and lactose concentrations were lower for cows receiving nitrate diets compared with cows receiving urea diets. Nitrate supplementation reduced urinary purine derivatives excretion from the rumen, whereas N efficiency tended to increase. Nitrate supplementation reduced proportion of acetate and propionate in ruminal volatile fatty acids. In conclusion, no interaction was observed between dietary RDP:RUP ratio and nitrate supplementation, and no interaction between nitrate supplementation and genetic yield index on CH emission (production, yield, intensity) was noted. Nitrate supplementation resulted in a greater reduction in DMI and CH production, and a greater increase in H production in multiparous cows than in primiparous cows. As the dietary RDP:RUP ratio increased, CH emission was unaffected and RDP intake increased, but RUP intake and milk yield decreased. Genetic yield index did not affect CH production, yield, or intensity.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Lactation; Nitrates; Digestion; Nitrogen; Methane; Lactose; Milk Proteins; Zea mays; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Urea; Glutens; Dietary Supplements; Purines; Rumen
PubMed: 37419744
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22906 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) May 2024The food systems sustainability framework has 4 domains: nutrition, economics, environment, and society. To qualify as sustainable, individual foods and total diets need... (Review)
Review
The food systems sustainability framework has 4 domains: nutrition, economics, environment, and society. To qualify as sustainable, individual foods and total diets need to be nutrient-rich, affordable, environmentally friendly, and socially acceptable. Pork is the most consumed meat globally, providing high-quality protein and several priority micronutrients. With research attention focused on plant-based diets, it is time to assess the place of pork meat protein in the global sustainability framework. First, not all proteins are equal. The United States Department of Agriculture category of protein foods includes meat, poultry and fish, eggs, beans and legumes, and nuts and seeds. These protein sources have different protein digestibility profiles, different per-calorie prices, and different environmental footprints, measured in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Second, most analyses of animal-source proteins combine beef, pork, and lamb into a single category of red meat. Beef, pork, and lamb have different nutrient profiles, different protein costs, and different impacts on the environment. Future analyses of nutrient density and monetary and carbon costs of alternative diets would do well to separate pork from beef, lamb, and chicken. There are also different profiles of global food demand. Prior analyses of global Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database food balance sheets joined with World Bank country incomes have consistently shown that rising incomes across lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC) create a growing demand for meat to replace traditional plant proteins. Most of the observed increase has been for pork and chicken rather than beef. This ongoing LMIC protein transition toward more animal proteins may be irreversible as long as incomes grow. The present analyses explore the place of pork in sustainable healthy diets worldwide, given the need for high-quality protein and the predictable patterns of global food demand.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Diet, Healthy; Pork Meat; Dietary Proteins; Nutritive Value; Food Supply; Swine; Meat; Sustainable Development; Diet
PubMed: 38508316
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100213 -
Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology... Oct 2023Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is increasingly found in adults. FPIES requires different treatment from immediate-type food allergy (FA) in...
BACKGROUND
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is increasingly found in adults. FPIES requires different treatment from immediate-type food allergy (FA) in emergency medicine. However, no comparison of the clinical presentations of these diseases has been reported.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the clinical presentations and causative crustaceans of adult FPIES and FA using a standardized questionnaire and to thereby lay the groundwork for establishing an algorithm that distinguishes those diseases.
METHODS
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of crustacean-avoidant adults by telephone interview based on the previously reported diagnostic criteria for adult FPIES to compare the clinical features and crustacean intake status between FPIES and FA.
RESULTS
Of 73 adult patients with crustacean allergy, 8 (11%) were diagnosed with having FPIES and 53 (73%) FA. Compared with the patients with FA, those with FPIES had a longer latency period (P < .01), more episodes (P = .02), longer duration of symptoms (P = .04), more frequent abdominal distention (P = .02), and severe colic pain (P = .02). Half of the patients with FPIES experienced fear of death during an episode. Panulirus japonicus (Japanese spiny lobster) and Homarus weber (lobster) were significantly common FPIES-causing foods. A statistically significant 62.5% of patients with FPIES were able to ingest some type of crustacean.
CONCLUSION
FPIES and FA can be clearly differentiated by the abdominal symptoms, latency period, and duration of episodes. Furthermore, some patients with FPIES do not necessarily need to avoid all crustaceans. Our findings lay the groundwork for establishing an algorithm that distinguishes FPIES from FA in adults.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Adult; Infant; Food Hypersensitivity; Retrospective Studies; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Crustacea; Enterocolitis; Dietary Proteins; Allergens
PubMed: 37330046
DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.06.007 -
Natural Product Research May 2024Quality control of protein supplements intended for a large audience of consumers such as sportspeople is particularly important. A case study on quality control of...
Quality control of protein supplements intended for a large audience of consumers such as sportspeople is particularly important. A case study on quality control of dietary supplements containing protein and protein components is presented. The objective of the study was to evaluate the conformity of the quantities of amino acids, essential and branched-chain amino acids, declared on the label through measurements with chromatographic analytical tools. 16 sportspeople supplements from different European countries were tested. Analysis of concentrated whey protein highlighted some differences between the label and what was experimentally determined; in these samples some amino acids (6 amino acids out of 19) exceeded the maximum tolerance (>20%) regulated by the European Commission. To a lesser extent, analysis of the other classes revealed amino acid concentrations that exceeded the maximum analytical tolerance percentage. As regards the essential and branched amino acid supplements, it was seen that the declared quantity conforms with that determined experimentally.
Topics: Dietary Supplements; Amino Acids; Whey Proteins; Europe; Quality Control; Dietary Proteins
PubMed: 37306337
DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2218974