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Nutrients Dec 2023Migraines display atypical age dependence, as the peak of their prevalence occurs between the ages of 20-40 years. With age, headache attacks occur less frequently and... (Review)
Review
Migraines display atypical age dependence, as the peak of their prevalence occurs between the ages of 20-40 years. With age, headache attacks occur less frequently and are characterized by a lower amplitude. However, both diagnosis and therapy of migraines in the elderly are challenging due to multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy. Dietary components and eating habits are migraine triggers; therefore, nutrition is a main target in migraine prevention. Several kinds of diets were proposed to prevent migraines, but none are commonly accepted due to inconsistent results obtained in different studies. The ketogenic diet is featured by very low-carbohydrate and high-fat contents. It may replace glucose with ketone bodies as the primary source of energy production. The ketogenic diet and the actions of ketone bodies are considered beneficial in several aspects of health, including migraine prevention, but studies on the ketogenic diet in migraines are not standardized and poorly evidenced. Apart from papers claiming beneficial effects of the ketogenic diet in migraines, several studies have reported that increased levels of ketone bodies may be associated with all-cause and incident heart failure mortality in older adults and are supported by research on mice showing that the ketogenic diets and diet supplementation with a human ketone body precursor may cause life span shortening. Therefore, despite reports showing a beneficial effect of the ketogenic diet in migraines, such a diet requires further studies, including clinical trials, to verify whether it should be recommended in older adults with migraines.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Aged; Young Adult; Adult; Diet, Ketogenic; Migraine Disorders; Ketone Bodies; Headache; Diet
PubMed: 38068855
DOI: 10.3390/nu15234998 -
Progress in Lipid Research Nov 2023Recently, omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) have gained substantial interest due to their specific structure and biological functions. Humans... (Review)
Review
Recently, omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) have gained substantial interest due to their specific structure and biological functions. Humans cannot naturally produce these fatty acids (FAs), making it crucial to obtain them from our diet. This comprehensive review details n-3 LC-PUFAs and their role in promoting and maintaining optimal health. The article thoroughly analyses several sources of n-3 LC-PUFAs and their respective bioavailability, covering marine, microbial and plant-based sources. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth analysis of the biological impacts of n-3 LC-PUFAs on health conditions, with particular emphasis on cardiovascular disease (CVD), gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, diabetes, depression, arthritis, and cognition. In addition, we highlight the significance of fortification and supplementation of n-3 LC-PUFAs in both functional foods and dietary supplements. Additionally, we conducted a detailed analysis of the several kinds of n-3 LC-PUFAs supplements currently available in the market, including an assessment of their recommended intake, safety, and effectiveness. The dietary guidelines associated with n-3 LC-PUFAs are also highlighted, focusing on the significance of maintaining a well-balanced intake of n-3 PUFAs to enhance health benefits. Lastly, we highlight future directions for further research in this area and their potential implications for public health.
Topics: Humans; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Dietary Supplements; Diet; Fatty Acids
PubMed: 37838255
DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101255 -
Nutrients Oct 2023Plant sterols are well-known natural lipid-lowering agents. The DESCO (Diet and plant sterols in the control of cholesterolemia) study was a single-center, randomized,... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Plant Sterols on Total and LDL-Cholesterol in Plasma Is Affected by Adherence to Mediterranean Diet: Insights from the DESCO Randomized Clinical Study.
Plant sterols are well-known natural lipid-lowering agents. The DESCO (Diet and plant sterols in the control of cholesterolemia) study was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover clinical trial designed to investigate the effect of a once-a-day ready-to-drink dietary supplement containing 2.5 g of phytosterols on the lipid profile, also in relation to the quality of the diet, in a cohort of 50 Italian individuals with polygenic hypercholesterolemia and low global cardiovascular risk. Eligible individuals were enrolled in a run-in period of 2 weeks. Then, participants who qualified for continuation in the study were randomly allocated (1:1) to a 3-week treatment with either phytosterols or placebo. After a 2-week washout period, enrolled individuals were crossed over to receive the alternative treatment. Dietary supplementation with phytosterols was associated with significant improvement in plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC; -11.8 ± 4.0 mg/dL, = 0.016), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; -7.8 ± 7.7 mg/dL, = 0.021), and apolipoprotein B-100 (Apo B-100, -3.7 ± 4.1 mg/dL, = 0.048) compared to baseline. The changes in TC and LDL-C were also significant compared to placebo, and greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet was significantly associated with greater reductions in LDL-C. Dietary supplementation with phytosterols was well tolerated and adherence to treatment was high. According to the findings of DESCO, the once-a-day ready-to-drink dietary supplement we tested is able to quickly and significantly decrease plasma levels of TC, LDL-C, and Apo B-100, with a greater effect in individuals more adhering to the Mediterranean dietary pattern.
Topics: Humans; Cholesterol, LDL; Phytosterols; Cholesterol; Apolipoprotein B-100; Diet, Mediterranean; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method
PubMed: 37960208
DOI: 10.3390/nu15214555 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Oct 2023It is presumed that diet plays a role in the prevention and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
It is presumed that diet plays a role in the prevention and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) often report a link between their disease and diet. However, studies evaluating patient perceptions on diet in IBD are lacking. This study aimed to assess patient beliefs on the role of diet in IBD and the adequacy of dietary advice they received.
METHODS
A self-administered questionnaire was offered to consecutive patients attending two IBD centers in Switzerland. Data were collected regarding patient dietary beliefs and behaviors and whether they received medical advice on their diet.
RESULTS
Of 210 questionnaires distributed, 171 were completed. Participants were mainly female (53%), young (median age 38 years) with either CD (66%) or UC (34%). Most patients believed that diet plays a role in their disease (74%), whereas only 15% believed that diet could be the trigger of their disease. Since their IBD diagnosis, more than half of patients (56%) modified their diet, and 39% did not receive dietary advice from their physicians or a dietician. Most patients (91-95%) ingested gluten, lactose, red and white meat. 20% of patients practiced intermittent fasting and only a minority had previously tried a low-FODMAP (9%) diet or probiotics supplementation (16%).
CONCLUSION
The majority of IBD patients believe that diet plays a role in their disease but have never received dietary advice from their doctor or a dietician. This highlights a need for more information for IBD patients on dietary advice from the medical profession.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adult; Male; Diet; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Habits; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 37739715
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.07.090 -
Nutrients Sep 2023In recent years, ketogenic diets and ketone supplements have increased in popularity, particularly as a mechanism to improve exercise performance by modifying... (Review)
Review
In recent years, ketogenic diets and ketone supplements have increased in popularity, particularly as a mechanism to improve exercise performance by modifying energetics. Since the skeletal muscle is a major metabolic and locomotory organ, it is important to take it into consideration when considering the effect of a dietary intervention, and the impact of physical activity on the body. The goal of this review is to summarize what is currently known and what still needs to be investigated concerning the relationship between ketone body metabolism and exercise, specifically in the skeletal muscle. Overall, it is clear that increased exposure to ketone bodies in combination with exercise can modify skeletal muscle metabolism, but whether this effect is beneficial or detrimental remains unclear and needs to be further interrogated before ketogenic diets or exogenous ketone supplementation can be recommended.
Topics: Ketones; Diet, Ketogenic; Exercise; Muscle, Skeletal; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 37836512
DOI: 10.3390/nu15194228 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023Single amino acid (AA) supplementations in foods are increasing, however their potential nutritional and physiological impacts are not fully understood. This study...
Single amino acid (AA) supplementations in foods are increasing, however their potential nutritional and physiological impacts are not fully understood. This study examined the effects of L-lysine (Lys) supplementation on protein quality of diets, serum AA concentrations and associations between the ratio of supplemental Lys to dietary protein (X) with body weight gain (BWG) in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Rats were fed one of 10 diets containing either 7% or 20% casein and supplemented with 0% (Control), 1.5%, 3%, 6% Lys or 6% Lys + 3% L-arginine (Arg) (8 rats/diet group) for 1 week. Lys supplementation reduced the protein quality of the casein-based diets (p < 0.01). BWG was reduced by supplemental Lys when X > 0.18. Free Lys supplementation dose-dependently increased serum Lys levels (p < 0.01), while increased protein-bound Lys (1.4% vs 0.52%) had little effect on serum Lys (p > 0.05). In the 7% casein diets, ≥ 1.5% supplemental Lys reduced serum alanine, asparagine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, serine, tyrosine, valine, carnitine, ornithine, and increased urea. Supplementation of ≥ 3% Lys additionally reduced tryptophan and increased histidine, methionine and α-aminoadipic acid (α-AAA) compared to the Control (p < 0.05). In the 20% casein diets, addition of ≥ 1.5% Lys reduced serum asparagine and threonine, and ≥ 3% Lys reduced leucine, proline, tryptophan, valine, and ornithine, and 6% Lys reduced carnitine, and increased histidine, methionine, and α-AAA. Overall, this study showed that free Lys supplementation in a Lys-sufficient diet reduced the protein quality of the diets and modified the serum concentrations of many amino acids. Excess free Lys intake adversely affected growth and utilization of nutrients due to AA imbalance or antagonism. Overall lower protein intake increases susceptibility to the adverse effects of Lys supplementation.
Topics: Male; Animals; Rats; Lysine; Tryptophan; Leucine; Caseins; Histidine; Asparagine; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Dietary Supplements; Amino Acids; Diet; Methionine; Dietary Proteins; Weight Gain; Valine; Racemethionine; Carnitine; Ornithine
PubMed: 37968448
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47321-3 -
Paediatrics and International Child... Nov 2023Increasing numbers of populations in the West are restricting their intake of meat and other animal products for reasons relating to health or ethics; in many countries,... (Review)
Review
Increasing numbers of populations in the West are restricting their intake of meat and other animal products for reasons relating to health or ethics; in many countries, these restrictions are already common for cultural, religious, or socio-economic reasons. By following their parent's diet, children are exposed in parallel. This narrative review aims at assessing current data regarding vegetarian diets in children from birth to 18 years of age, which include, by increasing degree of restriction, flexitarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, lacto-vegetarian, pescatarian, vegan and macrobiotic diets. The 202 references include 45 studies in children. The more restrictive the diet and the younger the child, the greater the risk of nutritional deficiency. Of particular concern are vitamin B, iron, zinc, calcium, -3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and protein and energy intake, especially in pregnant and nursing women, infants and young children. Providing an adequate lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet is relatively easy, whereas the maintenance of more restrictive diets may be challenging. The benefits and risks of vegetarian diets in adults are relatively well documented, but data for children are scarce. Vegan and macrobiotic diets should be discouraged in pregnant and lactating mothers as well as in young children, who, otherwise, should pay careful attention to ensuring nutritional adequacy, blood testing and appropriate supplementation. The health consequences of a chosen diet should be discussed with parents and adolescents to ensure the best possible adherence to advice and prescriptions. There is a need for well conducted studies in children but also for better knowledge of nutrition in healthcare professionals. ALA: α-linolenic acid; ARA: arachidonic acid; ASF: animal source foods; BMC: bone mineral content; BMD: bone mineral density; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; DRV: dietary reference value; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; FLD: flexitarian diet; LA: linoleic acid; LC-PUFA: long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; LOVD: lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet; LVD: lacto-vegetarian diet; MAD: macrobiotic diet; OMD: omnivorous diet; PSF: plant-source foods; SFA: saturated fatty acids; VGD: vegetarian diets; VND: vegan diet.
Topics: Infant; Child; Adult; Adolescent; Pregnancy; Humans; Female; Animals; Child, Preschool; Lactation; Developed Countries; Diet, Vegetarian; Diet; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
PubMed: 37649436
DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2023.2245186 -
Journal of the American College of... Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Atrial Fibrillation; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Diet; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 37968026
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.08.057 -
Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) Sep 2023Maternal taurine supplementation has been shown to exert protective effects following a maternal obesogenic diet on offspring growth and metabolism. However, the...
Maternal taurine supplementation has been shown to exert protective effects following a maternal obesogenic diet on offspring growth and metabolism. However, the long-term effects of maternal cafeteria diet on adiposity, metabolic profile, and hepatic gene expression patterns following supplementation of taurine in adult offspring remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that exposure to maternal taurine supplementation would modulate the effects of maternal cafeteria diet by reducing adiposity and hepatic gene expression patterns involved in lipid metabolism in adult offspring. Female Wistar rats were fed a control diet, control diet supplemented with 1.5% taurine in drinking water, cafeteria diet (CAF) or CAF supplemented with taurine (CAFT) from weaning. After 8 weeks, all animals were mated and maintained on the same diets during pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, all offspring were fed with control chow diet until the age of 20 weeks. Despite similar body weights, CAFT offspring had significantly lower fat deposition and body fat when compared with CAF offspring. Microarray analysis revealed that genes (Akr1c3, Cyp7a1, Hsd17b6, Cd36, Acsm3, and Aldh1b1) related to steroid hormone biosynthesis, cholesterol metabolism, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, butanoate metabolism, and fatty acid degradation were down-regulated in CAFT offspring. The current study shows that exposure to maternal cafeteria diet promoted adiposity and taurine supplementation reduced lipid deposition and in both male and female offspring and led to alterations in hepatic gene expression patterns, reducing the detrimental effects of maternal cafeteria diet.
Topics: Rats; Pregnancy; Animals; Male; Female; Humans; Adiposity; Rats, Wistar; Taurine; Obesity; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Lactation; Lipids; Diet, High-Fat; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
PubMed: 37423013
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.06.003 -
Journal of Mother and Child Jun 2023Increased uptake of essential fatty acids during pregnancy through seafood and supplementation has been shown to positively correlate with gestational age and increased... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Increased uptake of essential fatty acids during pregnancy through seafood and supplementation has been shown to positively correlate with gestational age and increased infant birth weight. We aimed to evaluate the effect of maternal dietary intake of essential fatty acids, supplementation on gestational period and infant birth weight.
MATERIALS
A literature search with the help of various databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus was conducted.
METHODS
Original research articles and intervention-based studies, which involve an association between dietary intake and supplementation of essential fatty acids during full-term pregnancy on human infant birth outcomes and published from 2011 to 2021, were included.
RESULTS
In total, there were 21 intervention-based studies, including full-term pregnant women with or without existing comorbidities, which compared essential fatty acids in the form of dietary sources and supplementation with dietary counseling and with or without placebo. The intervention trials included in this review were conducted in developed and developing countries. Half of the pregnant women who enrolled in the study had comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension, which might increase their risk of adverse maternal and infant birth outcomes. Most of the studies included in the review have reported a positive association between improvised dietary and supplementation intake of essential fatty acids with increased length of gestation, infant birth weight and other parameters such as head circumference, infant birth length and growth velocity.
CONCLUSION
Positive correlations were found between increased consumption of essential fatty acids in food sources and supplements with improvised infant birth weight and gestational period.
Topics: Humans; Pregnancy; Infant; Female; Birth Weight; Dietary Supplements; Diet; Pregnant Women; Fatty Acids, Essential
PubMed: 37843970
DOI: 10.34763/jmotherandchild.20232701.d-22-00052