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Scientific Reports Jul 2023Dietary supplementations with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) have been explored in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but their efficiency and potential in...
Dietary supplementations with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) have been explored in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but their efficiency and potential in ameliorating cardinal symptoms of the disease remain elusive. Here, we compared a n-3 long-chain (LC) PUFA dietary supplementation (n-3 supp) obtained from fatty fish with a n-3 PUFA precursor diet (n-3 bal) obtained from plant oils in the valproic acid (VPA, 450 mg/kg at E12.5) ASD mouse model starting from embryonic life, throughout lactation and until adulthood. Maternal and offspring behaviors were investigated as well as several VPA-induced ASD biological features: cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) number, inflammatory markers, gut microbiota, and peripheral and brain PUFA composition. Developmental milestones were delayed in the n-3 supp group compared to the n-3 bal group in both sexes. Whatever the diet, VPA-exposed offspring did not show ASD characteristic alterations in social behavior, stereotypies, PC number, or gut microbiota dysbiosis while global activity, gait, peripheral and brain PUFA levels as well as cerebellar TNF-alpha levels were differentially altered by diet and treatment according to sex. The current study provides evidence of beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA based diets, including one without LCPUFAs, on preventing several behavioral and cellular symptoms related to ASD.
Topics: Female; Male; Animals; Mice; Autistic Disorder; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Valproic Acid; Diet; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 37433863
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38423-z -
Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins Aug 2023We investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis on the intestinal immune response, intestinal barrier...
Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis on Mucosal Immunity and Intestinal Barrier Are Associated with Its Modulation of Gut Metabolites and Microbiota in Late-Phase Laying Hens.
We investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis on the intestinal immune response, intestinal barrier function, cecal microbiota profile, and metabolite profile in late-phase laying hens. Hens were divided into three groups and fed with the basal diet (NC group), basal diet supplementation with 250 mg/kg B. subtilis and L. acidophilus mixture powder (LD group), and basal diet supplementation with 500 mg/kg B. subtilis and L. acidophilus mixture powder (HD group), respectively. The results indicated that the dietary supplementation with L. acidophilus and B. subtilis increased the integrity of the intestinal barrier as evidenced by the significant increase in the number of ileal goblet cells and improve the expression of occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1 genes in the HD group. Moreover, the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly decreased in the LD and HD groups. The levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) increased in the LD and HD group, and the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) increased with the HD treatment. Furthermore, 16 s rRNA sequencing revealed L. acidophilus in combination with B. subtilis increased the diversity of gut microbiota. The metabolomic analysis revealed beneficial changes in the amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism (decrease in LysoPC and LysoPE levels). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with L. acidophilus and B. subtilis could improve intestinal barrier function and maintain immune homeostasis. These beneficial effects may be associated with the modulation of the intestinal microbiome and metabolites.
Topics: Animals; Female; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Bacillus subtilis; Immunity, Mucosal; Chickens; Powders; Probiotics; Diet; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Animal Feed; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 35138584
DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09923-7 -
Animal Biotechnology Nov 2023Vitamins are needed in trace amounts in dietary formulations for poultry; however, they are critical for the health, maintenance, and performance of important body... (Review)
Review
Vitamins are needed in trace amounts in dietary formulations for poultry; however, they are critical for the health, maintenance, and performance of important body organs. Broilers have a lot of leg issues because of their rapid development and lack of exercise. Because of commercial broilers have limited access to direct sunlight, vitamin D supplementation in the feed is critical to reducing the risk of bone deformation and maximizing development. Vitamin D deficiency causes skeletal abnormalities, which may lead also to financial problems. The latest scientific findings on the source, metabolism, mechanisms of action, and functions of vitamin D in broilers are the subject of this review paper.
Topics: Animals; Vitamin D; Dietary Supplements; Chickens; Vitamins; Diet; Animal Feed
PubMed: 34923931
DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.2013861 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jan 2024Attempts to use dietary lysozyme (LYZ) as an alternative to antibiotics in broilers have been successful, but further research is needed for effective use. Here, we...
BACKGROUND
Attempts to use dietary lysozyme (LYZ) as an alternative to antibiotics in broilers have been successful, but further research is needed for effective use. Here, we compared the differences between LYZ and avilamycin (AVI) feed additives for growth performance, gut health and immunity of broilers. One-day old, one hundred and twenty broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated into three groups consisting forty birds in each group. Standard diet without supplementation was applied as the control group (I), while the chicks of the other groups were supplemented with 100 mg of AVI per kg diet (AVI, group II), and 90 mg LYZ per kg diet (LYZ, group III) for five consecutive weeks.
RESULTS
Body weight, feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, and European production efficiency factor were markedly (p < 0.05) increased in both AVI and LYZ groups in relation to CON group, but the feed intake and protein efficiency ratio were not affected. Both AVI and LYZ significantly (p < 0.001) upregulated the mRNA expression of ileal interleukin-18 (IL-18), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) genes compared to CON group. However, IL-2, IL-10, IL-18, and GSH-PX genes were markedly (p < 0.01) upregulated in LYZ compared to the AVI group. LYZ treated group had a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the serological haemagglutination inhibition titers of H5N1 vaccination and a significant decrease (p < 0.0001) in coliform counts compared to control and AVI groups, but all growth parameters were nearly similar between AVI and LYZ groups. The VH and VH/CD were markedly higher in LYZ than AVI and control groups.
CONCLUSION
Exogenous dietary lysozyme supplementation by a dose of 90 mg/kg broilers' diet induced better effects on intestinal integrity, fecal bacterial counts, immune response, and growth performance which were comparable to avilamycin. Therefore, dietary lysozyme could safely replace avilamycin in the broiler chickens' diet. However, further experimental studies regarding the use of lysozyme in commercial broilers, both in vitro and in vivo, targeting more communities of intestinal microbiome and explaining more details about its beneficial effects need to be conducted.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-18; Muramidase; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Body Weight; Animal Feed; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 38245745
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03871-2 -
Journal of Developmental Origins of... Aug 2023Most human studies investigating the relationship between maternal diet in pregnancy and infant epigenetic state have focused on macro- and micro-nutrient intake, rather... (Review)
Review
Most human studies investigating the relationship between maternal diet in pregnancy and infant epigenetic state have focused on macro- and micro-nutrient intake, rather than the whole diet. This makes it difficult to translate the evidence into practical prenatal dietary recommendations.To review the evidence on how the prenatal diet relates to the epigenetic state of infants measured in the first year of life via candidate gene or genome-wide approaches.Following the PRISMA guidelines, this systematic literature search was completed in August 2020, and updated in August 2021 and April 2022. Studies investigating dietary supplementation were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed, and the certainty of results was analysed with consideration of study quality and validity.Seven studies were included, encompassing 6852 mother-infant dyads. One study was a randomised controlled trial and the remaining six were observational studies. There was heterogeneity in dietary exposure measures. Three studies used an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) design and four focused on candidate genes from cord blood samples. All studies showed inconsistent associations between maternal dietary measures and DNA methylation in infants. Effect sizes of maternal diet on DNA methylation ranged from very low (< 1%) to high (> 10%). All studies had limitations and were assessed as having moderate to high risk of bias.The evidence presented here provides very low certainty that dietary patterns in pregnancy relate to epigenetic state in infants. We recommend that future studies maximise sample sizes and optimise and harmonise methods of dietary measurement and pipelines of epigenetic analysis.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Infant; Diet; Mothers; Epigenesis, Genetic; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 37496159
DOI: 10.1017/S2040174423000211 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Oct 2023Intestinal damage and inflammation are major health and welfare issues in aquaculture. Considerable efforts have been devoted to enhancing intestinal health, with a...
Intestinal damage and inflammation are major health and welfare issues in aquaculture. Considerable efforts have been devoted to enhancing intestinal health, with a specific emphasis on dietary additives. Branch chain amino acids, particularly leucine, have been reported to enhance growth performance in various studies. However, few studies have focused on the effect of leucine on the intestinal function and its underlying molecular mechanism is far from fully illuminated. In the present study, we comprehensively evaluated the effect of dietary leucine supplementation on intestinal physiology, signaling transduction and microbiota in fish. Juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) (10.13 ± 0.01g) were fed with control diet (Con diet) and leucine supplementation diet (Leu diet) for 10 weeks. The findings revealed significant improvements in intestinal morphology and function in the turbot fed with Leu diet. Leucine supplementation also resulted in a significant increase in mRNA expression levels of mucosal barrier genes, indicating enhanced intestinal integrity. The transcriptional levels of pro-inflammatory factors il-1β, tnf-α and irf-1 was decreased in response to leucine supplementation. Conversely, the level of anti-inflammatory factors tgf-β, il-10 and nf-κb were up-regulated by leucine supplementation. Dietary leucine supplementation led to an increase in intestinal complement (C3 and C4) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels, along with elevated antioxidant activity. Moreover, dietary leucine supplementation significantly enhanced the postprandial phosphorylation level of the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway in the intestine. Finally, intestinal bacterial richness and diversity were modified and intestinal bacterial composition was re-shaped by leucine supplementation. Overall, these results provide new insights into the beneficial role of leucine supplementation in promoting intestinal health in turbot, offering potential implications for the use of leucine as a nutritional supplement in aquaculture practices.
Topics: Animals; Leucine; Flatfishes; Intestines; Signal Transduction; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Microbiota; Animal Feed
PubMed: 37678482
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109060 -
Animal Biotechnology Dec 2023Twenty-four cross-breed (Alpine × Beetal) lactating goats (average body weight: 37.5 ± 2.7 kg and milk yield: 1.78 ± 0.31 kg/day) were chosen for the...
Dietary supplementation of extract modulates rumen microbes and improves the functional food value of milk by altering phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acid profile in lactating goats.
Twenty-four cross-breed (Alpine × Beetal) lactating goats (average body weight: 37.5 ± 2.7 kg and milk yield: 1.78 ± 0.31 kg/day) were chosen for the ninety days duration of the experiment and divided into three groups following a completely randomized design. Group I acted as control (T) and received only a basal diet as per requirement, whereas group II (T) and group III (T) received basal diet added with extract at 2% and 4% of dry matter intake (DMI), respectively. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) and milk antioxidant status were higher ( < 0.05) in T and T than T. Relative abundance of methanogen, protozoa, and in the rumen were lower, while population was higher ( < 0.05) in T and T compared to T Saturated fatty acids levels in milk were lower, whereas different polyunsaturated fatty acids levels were higher ( < 0.05) in T and T than T. Nutritional indices of milk increased in both supplemented groups. Overall, it may be concluded that dietary supplementation of extract at 2% and 4% of DMI may enhance the functional characteristics of milk by boosting TPC and antioxidant status, as well as the FA profile and nutritional quality indices of milk fat.
Topics: Female; Animals; Milk; Fatty Acids; Antioxidants; Lactation; Aloe; Rumen; Functional Food; Plant Breeding; Dietary Supplements; Diet; Goats; Plant Extracts; Animal Feed
PubMed: 36200859
DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2127748 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Jul 2023The present study aimed to assess the effects of replacing the starchy ingredients of concentrate by increasing the levels of sunflower oil on the production,...
The present study aimed to assess the effects of replacing the starchy ingredients of concentrate by increasing the levels of sunflower oil on the production, composition, fatty acid profile, and evaluate the atherogenicity and thrombogenic index of Jersey cow's milk. Eight Jersey cows were arranged in a double Latin square and distributed in treatments consisting of supplementation with increasing levels of sunflower oil replacing the corn grain and wheat bran of concentrate, including the following: T0 (control diet), without sunflower oil and with 38 g ether extract (EE)/kg dry matter (DM); T1 = 65 g EE/kg DM; T2 = 86 g EE/kg DM; and T3 = 110 g EE/kg DM. The daily milk production was measured, and the corrected milk production was calculated. Milk samples were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy to determine fat, protein, lactose, and total solids, whereas the lipid profile was assessed by gas chromatography. Milk production, energy-corrected milk production, fat content, daily fat production, lactose, and total solids were not affected by the treatments. Protein, lactose, and total solids concentrations decreased. Short-, medium-, and odd-chain fatty acids decreased with an increase in sunflower oil levels. Conversely, linear increases in long-chain, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations were observed. There were significant increases in stearic and elaidic acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers, especially in vaccenic and rumenic acids. There was a positive effect on the milk atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, and nutraceutical indices. Dietary supplementation with sunflower oil changes the milk FA profile, decreases the atherogenicity and the thrombogenicity indices, and improve the nutraceutical index up to the addition of 86 g EE/kg DM de sunflower oil in the diets of Jersey cows.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Milk; Fatty Acids; Sunflower Oil; Plant Oils; Biofortification; Lactose; Lactation; Dietary Supplements; Diet
PubMed: 37452970
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03670-9 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Mar 2024Food allergies affect growth in children by decreasing the availability of nutrients through decreased dietary intake, increased dietary needs, food-medication... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Food allergies affect growth in children by decreasing the availability of nutrients through decreased dietary intake, increased dietary needs, food-medication interactions, and psychosocial burden. Guidelines on food allergy management frequently recommend nutrition counseling and growth monitoring of children with food allergies.
OBJECTIVE
To provide clear guidance for clinicians to identify children with food allergies who are at nutritional risk and ensure prompt intervention.
METHODS
We provide a narrative review summarizing information from national and international guidelines, retrospective studies, population studies, review articles, case reports, and case series to identify those with food allergy at greatest nutritional risk, determine the impact of nutritional interventions on growth, and develop guidance for risk reduction in children with food allergies.
RESULTS
Children with food allergies are at increased risk of nutritional deficiencies and poor growth. Nutritional assessment and intervention can improve outcomes. Identifying poor growth is an important step in the nutrition assessment. Therefore, growth should be assessed at each allergy evaluation. Interventions to ensure adequate dietary intake for growth include appropriately prescribed elimination diets, breast-feeding support and assessment, supplemental formula, vitamin and/or mineral supplementation, appropriate milk substitutes, and timely introduction of nutrient-dense complementary foods. Access to foods of appropriate nutritional value is an ongoing concern.
CONCLUSION
Nutrition intervention or referral to registered dietitian nutritionists with additional training and/or experience in food allergy may result in improved growth and nutrition outcomes.
Topics: Child; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Food Hypersensitivity; Diet; Nutrients; Vitamins; Allergens
PubMed: 38280452
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.01.027 -
Nutrients Feb 2024Epilepsy often occurs with other neurological disorders, such as autism, affective disorders, and cognitive impairment. Research indicates that many neurological... (Review)
Review
Dietary and Metabolic Approaches for Treating Autism Spectrum Disorders, Affective Disorders and Cognitive Impairment Comorbid with Epilepsy: A Review of Clinical and Preclinical Evidence.
Epilepsy often occurs with other neurological disorders, such as autism, affective disorders, and cognitive impairment. Research indicates that many neurological disorders share a common pathophysiology of dysfunctional energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis. The past decade has witnessed a growing interest in the use of metabolic therapies for these disorders with or without the context of epilepsy. Over one hundred years ago, the high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) was formulated as a treatment for epilepsy. For those who cannot tolerate the KD, other diets have been developed to provide similar seizure control, presumably through similar mechanisms. These include, but are not limited to, the medium-chain triglyceride diet, low glycemic index diet, and calorie restriction. In addition, dietary supplementation with ketone bodies, polyunsaturated fatty acids, or triheptanoin may also be beneficial. The proposed mechanisms through which these diets and supplements work to reduce neuronal hyperexcitability involve normalization of aberrant energy metabolism, dampening of inflammation, promotion of endogenous antioxidants, and reduction of gut dysbiosis. This raises the possibility that these dietary and metabolic therapies may not only exert anti-seizure effects, but also reduce comorbid disorders in people with epilepsy. Here, we explore this possibility and review the clinical and preclinical evidence where available.
Topics: Humans; Diet, Ketogenic; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Dysbiosis; Epilepsy; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Ketone Bodies; Cognitive Dysfunction; Mood Disorders
PubMed: 38398876
DOI: 10.3390/nu16040553