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Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &... Apr 2024Pouchitis is an acute or chronic inflammatory disease of the ileal reservoir. It is common after restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, and... (Review)
Review
Pouchitis is an acute or chronic inflammatory disease of the ileal reservoir. It is common after restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, and treatment of chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis has proven challenging. Most cases of acute pouchitis evolve into chronic pouchitis. The aetiology of acute pouchitis is likely to be partly related to the gut microbiota, whereas the pathophysiology of chronic pouchitis involves abnormal interactions between genetic disposition, faecal stasis, the gut microbiota, dysregulated host immunity, surgical techniques, ischaemia and mesentery-related factors. Pouchoscopy with biopsy is the most valuable modality for diagnosis, disease monitoring, assessment of treatment response, dysplasia surveillance and delivery of endoscopic therapy. Triggering or risk factors, such as Clostridioides difficile infection and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, should be modified or eradicated. In terms of treatment, acute pouchitis usually responds to oral antibiotics, whereas chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis often requires induction and maintenance therapy with integrin, interleukin or tumour necrosis factor inhibitors. Chronic pouchitis with ischaemic features, fistulae or abscesses can be treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
PubMed: 38664536
DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00920-5 -
The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery Sep 2023Slit ventricle syndrome (SVS) is a complication after ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) or cystoperitoneal shunt(CPS), mostly due to excessive drainage of cerebrospinal....
Slit ventricle syndrome (SVS) is a complication after ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) or cystoperitoneal shunt(CPS), mostly due to excessive drainage of cerebrospinal. The disease is most often seen in children and has a complex pathogenesis. Clinical manifestations are mainly intermittent headache, slow refilling of the shunt reservoir, and slit-like ventricles on imaging. Surgery is the main treatment. We present a 22-year-old female patient with a previous 14-year history of CPS. The patient recently presented with typical symptoms but her ventricular morphology was normal. We performed VPS after diagnosis of SVS. After the surgery, the patient's symptoms improved and her condition was stable.
Topics: Humans; Child; Female; Young Adult; Adult; Slit Ventricle Syndrome; Hydrocephalus; Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt; Headache; Reoperation
PubMed: 37226307
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000009400 -
Viruses Dec 2023Influenza D virus (IDV) infections have been observed in animals worldwide, confirmed through both serological and molecular tests, as well as virus isolation. IDV... (Review)
Review
Influenza D virus (IDV) infections have been observed in animals worldwide, confirmed through both serological and molecular tests, as well as virus isolation. IDV possesses unique properties that distinguish it from other influenza viruses, primarily attributed to the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) surface glycoprotein, which determines the virus' tropism and wide host range. Cattle are postulated to be the reservoir of IDV, and the virus is identified as one of the causative agents of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) syndrome. Animals associated with humans and susceptible to IDV infection include camels, pigs, small ruminants, and horses. Notably, high seroprevalence towards IDV, apart from cattle, is also observed in camels, potentially constituting a reservoir of the virus. Among wild and captive animals, IDV infections have been confirmed in feral pigs, wild boars, deer, hedgehogs, giraffes, wildebeests, kangaroos, wallabies, and llamas. The transmission potential and host range of IDV may contribute to future viral differentiation. It has been confirmed that influenza D may pose a threat to humans as a zoonosis, with seroprevalence noted in people with professional contact with cattle.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Cattle; Swine; Horses; Influenza, Human; Animals, Wild; Thogotovirus; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Camelus; Deer; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Orthomyxoviridae; Cattle Diseases; Ruminants
PubMed: 38140674
DOI: 10.3390/v15122433 -
Seminars in Perinatology Dec 2023Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are caused by infectious pathogens that spread from an infected human or animal reservoir to an uninfected human via a vector (mosquito,... (Review)
Review
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are caused by infectious pathogens that spread from an infected human or animal reservoir to an uninfected human via a vector (mosquito, tick, rodent, others) and remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pregnant individuals and their fetuses are especially at risk, as certain pathogens, such as Zika virus, have specific implications in pregnancy and for neonatal health. Global climate change is affecting the incidence and geographic spread of many VBDs. Thus, it is important for clinicians in the fields of obstetrics/gynecology and newborn medicine, regardless of geographic location, to familiarize themselves with a basic understanding of these conditions and how climate change is altering their distributions. In this chapter, we review the incidence, clinical presentation, implications during pregnancy and intersection with climate change for four of the most important VBDs in pregnancy: malaria, Zika, dengue and Chagas disease. Although not exhaustive of all VBDs, a more extensive table is included for reference, and our discussion provides a helpful framework for understanding other vector-borne pathogens and perinatal health.
Topics: Animals; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Climate Change; Mosquito Vectors; Vector Borne Diseases; Malaria; Zika Virus Infection; Zika Virus
PubMed: 37852894
DOI: 10.1016/j.semperi.2023.151841 -
Viruses Jan 2024Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus to which is attributed numerous high mortality outbreaks in South and South-East Asia; Bangladesh's Nipah belt... (Review)
Review
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus to which is attributed numerous high mortality outbreaks in South and South-East Asia; Bangladesh's Nipah belt accounts for the vast majority of human outbreaks, reporting regular viral emergency events. The natural reservoir of NiV is the Pteropus bat species, which covers a wide geographical distribution extending over Asia, Oceania, and Africa. Occasionally, human outbreaks have required the presence of an intermediate amplification mammal host between bat and humans. However, in Bangladesh, the viral transmission occurs directly from bat to human mainly by ingestion of contaminated fresh date palm sap. Human infection manifests as a rapidly progressive encephalitis accounting for extremely high mortality rates. Despite that, no therapeutic agents or vaccines have been approved for human use. An updated review of the main NiV infection determinants and current potential therapeutic and preventive strategies is exposed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Nipah Virus; Chiroptera; Disease Outbreaks; Asia; Bangladesh; Henipavirus Infections
PubMed: 38399954
DOI: 10.3390/v16020179 -
Primary Care Sep 2023Abnormal liver tests are one of the most common challenges in the primary care setting. Primary care practitioners order these tests for numerous reasons, including... (Review)
Review
Abnormal liver tests are one of the most common challenges in the primary care setting. Primary care practitioners order these tests for numerous reasons, including investigating abdominal signs and symptoms or suspected alcohol-use disorder, or to determine medication adverse effects. Evaluation should be guided by both the clinical presentation and the pattern of injury. In this article, we will focus on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic work-up, and management of elevated liver enzymes, with an emphasis on the most common causes of abnormal liver testing.
Topics: Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases
PubMed: 37516508
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2023.03.007 -
Archives of Microbiology Dec 2023Many zoonotic disease emergencies are associated with RNA viruses in rodents that substantially impact public health. With the widespread application of meta-genomics... (Review)
Review
Many zoonotic disease emergencies are associated with RNA viruses in rodents that substantially impact public health. With the widespread application of meta-genomics and meta-transcriptomics for virus discovery over the last decade, viral sequences deposited in public databases have expanded rapidly, and the number of novel viruses discovered in rodents has increased. As important reservoirs of zoonotic viruses, rodents have attracted increasing attention for the risk of potential spillover of rodent-borne viruses. However, knowledge of rodent viral diversity and the major factors contributing to the risk of zoonotic epidemic outbreaks remains limited. Therefore, this study analyzes the diversity and composition of rodent RNA viruses using virus records from the Database of Rodent-associated Viruses (DRodVir/ZOVER), which covers the published literatures and records in GenBank database, reviews the main rodent RNA virus-induced human infectious diseases, and discusses potential challenges in this field.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Rodentia; Zoonoses; Viruses; RNA Viruses; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 38038743
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03732-4