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Veterinary Clinical Pathology Jun 2024A 6-year-old 21.5 kg castrated male Siberian Husky was presented for acute onset of lethargy, vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and inappetence. Physical examination...
A 6-year-old 21.5 kg castrated male Siberian Husky was presented for acute onset of lethargy, vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and inappetence. Physical examination revealed marked discomfort upon abdominal palpation and 5%-7% dehydration. The CBC and biochemical profile revealed changes consistent with mild to moderate inflammation, dehydration, and gastrointestinal (GI) disease. Despite aggressive gastrointestinal support, anorexia persisted, and an upper GI endoscopy was performed in conjunction with esophagostomy tube placement. Endoscopy revealed abnormal gastric mucosa characterized by moderately well-demarcated areas of blue-black discoloration. Impression smears of a gastric biopsy revealed abundant extracellular yeasts with morphology most consistent with Candida spp. and frequent extracellular cocci. Similar yeast and bacteria, in lower numbers, were observed on cytologic analysis of a direct smear of the rectal mucosa. A rectal swab submitted for fungal culture yielded pure growth of fungal yeasts identified as Diutina (formerly Candida) rugosa by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The dog's clinical signs improved with fluconazole, and he was discharged. Follow-up fungal culture of a rectal swab showed no growth of D. rugosa. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report that describes the clinical, hematologic, cytologic, and gross findings of enteric colonization by D. rugosa in a dog.
Topics: Animals; Male; Dogs; Dog Diseases; Candida; Candidiasis; Antifungal Agents; Fluconazole
PubMed: 38418373
DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13335 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Clopidogrel is a chiral compound widely used as an antiplatelet medication that lowers the risk of blood clots, strokes, and heart attacks. The main aim of the study...
Clopidogrel is a chiral compound widely used as an antiplatelet medication that lowers the risk of blood clots, strokes, and heart attacks. The main aim of the study presented herein was to obtain ()-clopidogrel, which is commercially available in treatments, via the kinetic resolution of racemic clopidogrel carboxylic acid with the use of lipase from and a two-phase reaction medium containing an ionic liquid. For this purpose, the enantioselective biotransformation of clopidogrel carboxylic acid and chiral chromatographic separation with the use of a UPLC-MS/MS system were optimized. The best kinetic resolution parameters were obtained by using a catalytic system containing lipase from OF as a biocatalyst, cyclohexane and [EMIM][BF4] as a two-phase reaction medium, and methanol as an acyl acceptor. The enantiomeric excess of the product was ee = 94.21% ± 1.07 and the conversion was c = 49.60% ± 0.57%, whereas the enantioselectivity was E = 113.40 ± 1.29. The performed study proved the possibility of obtaining ()-clopidogrel with the use of lipase as a biocatalyst and a two-phase reaction medium containing an ionic liquid, which is in parallel with green chemistry methodology and does not require environmentally harmful conditions.
Topics: Ionic Liquids; Clopidogrel; Chromatography, Liquid; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Lipase; Stereoisomerism
PubMed: 37446300
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311124 -
Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023This work demonstrated the feasibility of an industrial-scale aerated static pile composting system for treating one of the common biowastes-soybean curd residue. The...
This work demonstrated the feasibility of an industrial-scale aerated static pile composting system for treating one of the common biowastes-soybean curd residue. The mixing ratios of the feedstock were optimized to achieve a carbon-nitrogen ratio and a moisture level in the ranges of 25-35 and 60-70%, respectively. This open-air composting system required 6-7 months to obtain a mature compost. Solvita and seed germination tests further confirmed the maturity of the compost, with 25% compost extract concentration yielding the best germination index in the absence of phytotoxicity. The bacterial and fungal compositions of the compost piles were further examined with metagenomic analysis. spp., spp., and spp. were among the unique bacteria found, and , , and were among the unique fungi found in the compost piles, suggesting the presence of good microorganisms for degrading the organic biowastes.
PubMed: 37627823
DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080938 -
Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins Feb 2024Probiotic microorganisms are incorporated in foods due to their numerous health benefits. We investigated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts isolated from goat milk...
Probiotic microorganisms are incorporated in foods due to their numerous health benefits. We investigated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts isolated from goat milk in Nigeria for novel probiotic strains. In this study, a total of 27 LAB and 23 yeast strains were assessed for their probiotic potentials. Only six LAB strains (Weissella cibaria GM 93m3, Weissella confusa GM 92m1, Pediococcus acidilactici GM 18a, Pediococcus pentosaceus GM 23d, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus GM 102s4, Limosilactobacillus fermentum GM 30m1) and four yeast strains (Candida tropicalis 12a, C. tropicalis 33d, Diutina rugosa 53b, and D. rugosa 77a) identified using partial 16S and 26S rDNA sequencing, respectively, showed survival at pH 2.5, 0.3% bile salt, and simulated gastrointestinal conditions and possessed auto-aggregative and hydrophobic properties, thus satisfying key in vitro criteria as probiotics. All LAB strains showed coaggregation properties and antimicrobial activities against pathogens. Pediococcus pentosaceus GM 23d recorded the strongest coaggregation percentage (34-94%) against 14 pathogens, while W. cibaria GM 93m3 showed the least (6-57%) against eight of the 14 pathogens. The whole cell and extracellular extracts of LAB and yeast strains, with the exception of D. rugosa 77a, had either 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl and/or hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In conclusion, all six LAB and four yeast strains are important probiotic candidates that can be further investigated for use as functional starter cultures.
Topics: Animals; Lactobacillales; Milk; Nigeria; Goats; Probiotics; Yeasts; Pediococcus pentosaceus
PubMed: 36520357
DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-10022-w -
Journal of Biotechnology Jul 2023Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are used as ideal support materials thanks to their unique properties and have become the focus of interest in enzyme immobilization...
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are used as ideal support materials thanks to their unique properties and have become the focus of interest in enzyme immobilization studies, especially in recent years. In order to increase the catalytic activity and stability of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), a new fluorescence-based MOF (UiO-66-Nap) derived from UiO-66 was synthesized. The structures of the materials were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, H NMR, SEM, and PXRD. CRL was immobilized on UiO-66-NH and UiO-66-Nap by adsorption technique and immobilization and stability parameters of UiO-66-Nap@CRL were examined. Immobilized lipases UiO-66-Nap@CRL exhibited higher catalytic activity (204 U/g) than UiO-66-NH @CRL (168 U/g), which indicates that the immobilized lipase (UiO-66-Nap@CRL) carries sulfonate groups, this is due to strong ionic interactions between the surfactant's polar groups and certain charged locations on the protein surface. The Free CRL lost its catalytic activity completely at 60 °C after 100 min, while UiO-66-NH @CRL and UiO-66-Nap@CRL retained 45 % and 56 % of their catalytic activity at the end of 120 min, respectively. After 5 cycles, the activity of UiO-66-Nap@CRL remained 50 %, while the activity of UiO-66-NH @CRL was about 40 %. This difference is due to the surfactant groups (Nap) in UiO-66-Nap@CRL. These results show that the newly synthesized fluorescence-based MOF derivative (UiO-66-Nap) can be an ideal support material for enzyme immobilization and can be used successfully to protect and increase the activities of enzymes.
Topics: Biocatalysis; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Surface-Active Agents; Candida; Enzymes, Immobilized; Lipase
PubMed: 37301292
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.06.003 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024The use of lipase immobilized on an octyl-agarose support to obtain the optically pure enantiomers of chiral drugs in reactions carried out in organic solvents is a...
The use of lipase immobilized on an octyl-agarose support to obtain the optically pure enantiomers of chiral drugs in reactions carried out in organic solvents is a great challenge for chemical and pharmaceutical sciences. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop optimal procedures to achieve a high enantioselectivity of the biocatalysts in the organic medium. Our paper describes a new approach to biocatalysis performed in an organic solvent with the use of CALB-octyl-agarose support including the application of a polypropylene reactor, an appropriate buffer for immobilization (Tris base-pH 9, 100 mM), a drying step, and then the storage of immobilized lipases in a climatic chamber or a refrigerator. An immobilized lipase B from (CALB) was used in the kinetic resolution of (,)-flurbiprofen by enantioselective esterification with methanol, reaching a high enantiomeric excess (ee = 89.6 ± 2.0%). As part of the immobilization optimization, the influence of different buffers was investigated. The effect of the reactor material and the reaction medium on the lipase activity was also studied. Moreover, the stability of the immobilized lipases: lipase from (CRL) and CALB during storage in various temperature and humidity conditions (climatic chamber and refrigerator) was tested. The application of the immobilized CALB in a polypropylene reactor allowed for receiving over 9-fold higher conversion values compared to the results achieved when conducting the reaction in a glass reactor, as well as approximately 30-fold higher conversion values in comparison with free lipase. The good stability of the CALB-octyl-agarose support was demonstrated. After 7 days of storage in a climatic chamber or refrigerator (with protection from humidity) approximately 60% higher conversion values were obtained compared to the results observed for the immobilized form that had not been stored. The new approach involving the application of the CALB-octyl-agarose support for reactions performed in organic solvents indicates a significant role of the polymer reactor material being used in achieving high catalytic activity.
Topics: Lipase; Enzymes, Immobilized; Biocatalysis; Fungal Proteins; Sepharose; Propionates; Stereoisomerism; Kinetics; Esterification; Temperature; Enzyme Stability; Candida; Solvents; Saccharomycetales
PubMed: 38791124
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105084 -
Microbiome Sep 2023Changes in population heterozygosity and genetic diversity play important roles in mediating life history traits of organisms; these changes often lead to phenotypic...
BACKGROUND
Changes in population heterozygosity and genetic diversity play important roles in mediating life history traits of organisms; these changes often lead to phenotypic evolution in offspring, which become superior to their parents. In the present study, we examined phenotypic differentiation, the intestinal microbiome composition, and metabolism shift in the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) by comparing an inbred (monophyletic) original population and an outbred (mixed) invasive population.
RESULTS
The results showed that the outbred population of B. dorsalis had significantly higher biomass, adult longevity, and fecundity than the inbred population. Additionally, intestinal microflora analysis revealed that both Diutina rugosa and Komagataeibacter saccharivorans were significantly enriched in the outbred population with higher genetic heterozygosity. D. rugosa enrichment altered amino acid metabolism in the intestinal tract, and supplementing essential amino acids (e.g. histidine and glutamine) in the diet led to an increase in pupal weight of the outbred population. Additionally, transcriptome analysis revealed that the HSPA1S gene was significantly downregulated in the outbred population. HSPA1S was involved in activation of the JNK-MAPK pathway through negative regulation, caused the upregulation of juvenile hormone (JH), and led to an increase in biomass in the outbred flies.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the outbred population had an altered intestinal microbe composition, mediating metabolism and transcriptional regulation, leading to phenotypic differentiation; this may be a potential mechanism driving the global invasion of B. dorsalis. Thus, multiple introductions could lead to invasiveness enhancement in B. dorsalis through population mixing, providing preliminary evidence that changes in the intestinal microbiome can promote biological invasion. Video Abstract.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Drosophila; Tephritidae; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation
PubMed: 37759251
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01664-1 -
Retinal Cases & Brief Reports Nov 2023The purpose of this study was to report a case of atypical endogenous fungal endophthalmitis caused by Candida rugosa , a rare species of nonalbicans Candida .
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to report a case of atypical endogenous fungal endophthalmitis caused by Candida rugosa , a rare species of nonalbicans Candida .
METHODS
This report describes a case of a 45-year-old woman who presented with a reduced visual acuity in the right eye in addition to vitreous opacity during breast cancer treatment, which was suspected as fungal endophthalmitis from medical examination and history. Various tests were performed for diagnosis.
RESULTS
Blood test results were normal, including the blood beta-D-glucan level, and blood cultures were negative. Diagnosis could not be made using systemic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging results. Therefore, a lesion sample was collected by using vitrectomy. C. rugosa was identified through DNA (extracted from the lesion sample) analysis using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. The visual acuity of the right eye improved after vitrectomy.
CONCLUSION
We encountered a rare case of atypical endogenous fungal endophthalmitis caused by C. rugosa . Clinicians sometimes encounter invasive candidiasis caused by rare nonalbicans Candida species. DNA analysis using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool is effective for diagnosing such cases.
Topics: Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Candidiasis; Endophthalmitis; Vitrectomy; Eye Infections, Fungal; DNA; Antifungal Agents
PubMed: 35333842
DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000001275 -
Bioresource Technology May 2024This study established a Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) system to catalyze triolein and ethyl ferulate interesterification. The products were identified, and the binding...
This study established a Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) system to catalyze triolein and ethyl ferulate interesterification. The products were identified, and the binding mode between the substrates and CRL was predicted through molecular docking. Three methods for preparing CRL-AuNPs were proposed and characterized. It was found that the addition of 40 mL of 15 nm gold nanoparticles increased the CRL activity from 3.05 U/mg to 4.75 U/mg, but the hybridization efficiency was only 32.7 %. By using 4 mL of 0.1 mg/mL chloroauric acid, the hybridization efficiency was improved to 50.7 %, but the enzyme activity was sharply decreased. However, when the molar ratio of Mb to HAuCl was 0.2, the hybridization efficiency increased to 71.8 %, and the CRL activity was also enhanced to 5.98 U/mg. Under optimal conditions, the enzyme activity of CRL-AuNPs③ was maintained at 95 % after 6 repetitions and 85.6 % after 30 days at room temperature.
Topics: Lipase; Gold; Enzymes, Immobilized; Triolein; Molecular Docking Simulation; Candida; Metal Nanoparticles; Enzyme Stability; Caffeic Acids; Saccharomycetales
PubMed: 38493938
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130599 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Green leaf volatiles (GLVs), including short chain volatile aldehydes, are widely used in the flavor and food industries because of their fresh aroma. To meet the...
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs), including short chain volatile aldehydes, are widely used in the flavor and food industries because of their fresh aroma. To meet the growing demand for natural GLVs with high added value, the use of biocatalytic processes appears as a relevant application. In such processes, vegetable oils are bioconverted into GLVs. First, the triacylglycerols of the oils are hydrolyzed by a lipase. Then, the free polyunsaturated fatty acids are converted by a lipoxygenase. Finally, volatile C6 or C9 aldehydes and 9- or 12-oxoacids are produced with a hydroperoxide lyase. Optimization of each biocatalytic step must be achieved to consider a scale-up. In this study, three oils (sunflower, hempseed, and linseed oils) and three lipases (, , and lipases) have been tested to optimize the first step of the process. The experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to determine the optimal hydrolysis conditions for each oil. Five factors were considered, i.e., pH, temperature, reaction duration, enzyme load, and oil/aqueous ratio of the reaction mixture. lipase was selected as the most efficient enzyme to achieve conversion of 96 ± 1.7%, 97.2 ± 3.8%, and 91.8 ± 3.2%, respectively, for sunflower, hempseed, and linseed oils under the defined optimized reaction conditions.
Topics: Lipase; Hydrolysis; Plant Oils; Biocatalysis; Linseed Oil; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Aldehydes
PubMed: 37569649
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512274