-
Digestive and Liver Disease : Official... Feb 2024The incidence of gastric and duodenal neuroendocrine tumors (GNET and DNET, respectively) is increasing, however associated factors of these diseases are not well known....
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
The incidence of gastric and duodenal neuroendocrine tumors (GNET and DNET, respectively) is increasing, however associated factors of these diseases are not well known. Here, we investigated the factors associated with GNET and DNET.
METHODS
Patients with GNET and DNET presenting at eight tertiary referral centers between 2001 and 2020 were included and compared with healthy controls who underwent upper endoscopic screening. Clinical factors and laboratory data were analyzed to determine associated factors of GNET and DNET.
RESULTS
Overall, 396 patients with GNET and 193 patients with DNET were included and compared with 1725 healthy controls. Multivariate analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR] 0.98), diabetes (OR 1.72), hypertension (OR 1.97), low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (OR 2.54), and past/present H. pylori infection (OR 1.46) were significantly associated with GNET. In contrast, DNET was significantly associated with diabetes (OR 1.80), hypertension (OR 1.68), low serum HDL-C levels (OR 2.29), and past/present H. pylori infection (OR 5.42). In the sex-based subgroup analysis in GNET, current smoking was strongly associated in women (OR 9.85), but not in men.
CONCLUSIONS
This study identified several common metabolic factors associated with GNET and DNET. Additionally, some factors had sex-specific associations.
PubMed: 38369411
DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2024.01.210 -
Obesity Surgery Aug 2023Classical gastrointestinal anastomoses are formed with sutures and/or metal staples, resulting in significant bleeding and leak rates. This study evaluated the... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
PURPOSES
Classical gastrointestinal anastomoses are formed with sutures and/or metal staples, resulting in significant bleeding and leak rates. This study evaluated the feasibility and safety of the novel magnet anastomosis system (MS) to create a side-to-side duodeno-ileal (DI) diversion for weight loss and type 2 diabetes (T2D) resolution.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients with severe obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35 kg/m with/without T2D (HbA1 ≥ 6.5%)) underwent the study procedure, a side-to-side MS DI diversion, with a standard sleeve gastrectomy (SG). A linear magnet was delivered by flexible endoscopy to a point 250 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve; a second magnet was positioned in the first part of the duodenum; the bowel segments containing magnets were apposed, initiating gradual anastomosis formation. Laparoscopic assistance was used to obtain bowel measurements, obviate tissue interposition, and close mesenteric defects.
RESULTS
Between November 22 and 26, 2021, 5 female patients (mean weight 117.6 ± 7.1 kg, BMI (kg/m) 44.4 ± 2.2) underwent side-to-side MS DI + SG. All magnets were successfully placed, expelled without re-intervention, and formed patent durable anastomoses. Total weight loss at 12 months was 34.0 ± 1.4% (SEM); excess weight loss, 80.2 ± 6.6%; and BMI reduction, 15.1. Mean HbA1 (%) dropped from 6.8 ± 0.8 to 4.8 ± 0.2; and glucose (mg/dL), from 134.3 ± 17.9 to 87.3 ± 6.3 (mean reduction, 47.0 mg/dL). There was no anastomotic bleeding, leakage, obstruction, or infection and no mortality.
CONCLUSIONS
Creation of a side-to-side magnetic compression anastomosis to achieve duodeno-ileostomy diversion in adults with severe obesity was feasible and safe, achieved excellent weight loss, and resolved type 2 diabetes at 1-year follow-up.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT05322122.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Anastomosis, Surgical; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Duodenum; Gastrectomy; Gastric Bypass; Glycated Hemoglobin; Magnetic Phenomena; Magnets; Obesity; Obesity, Morbid; Retrospective Studies; Weight Loss
PubMed: 37393568
DOI: 10.1007/s11695-023-06708-x -
Scientific Reports May 2024Coccidiosis, an intestinal disease caused by Eimeria parasites, is responsible for major losses in the poultry industry by impacting chicken health. The gut microbiota...
Coccidiosis, an intestinal disease caused by Eimeria parasites, is responsible for major losses in the poultry industry by impacting chicken health. The gut microbiota is associated with health factors, such as nutrient exchange and immune system modulation, requiring understanding on the effects of Eimeria infection on the gut microbiota. This study aimed to determine the effects of Eimeria acervulina infection on the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the cecum (CeL and CeM) and ileum (IlL and IlM) at multiple time points (days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14) post-infection. E. acervulina infection decreased evenness in CeL microbiota at day 10, increased richness in CeM microbiota at day 3 before decreasing richness at day 14, and decreased richness in IlL microbiota from day 3 to 10. CeL, CeM, and IlL microbiota differed between infected and control birds based on beta diversity at varying time points. Infection reduced relative abundance of bacterial taxa and some predicted metabolic pathways known for short-chain fatty acid production in CeL, CeM, and IlL microbiota, but further understanding of metabolic function is required. Despite E. acervulina primarily targeting the duodenum, our findings demonstrate the infection can impact bacterial diversity and abundance in the cecal and ileal microbiota.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Cecum; Eimeria; Ileum; Coccidiosis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Poultry Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa
PubMed: 38729976
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61299-6 -
Veterinary Research Dec 2023It is well-established that the genetic diversity, regional prevalence, and broad host range of astroviruses significantly impact the poultry industry. In July 2022, a...
It is well-established that the genetic diversity, regional prevalence, and broad host range of astroviruses significantly impact the poultry industry. In July 2022, a small-scale commercial broiler farm in China reported cases of growth retardation and a 3% mortality rate. From chickens displaying proventriculitis and pancreatitis, three chicken astroviruses (CAstV) isolates were obtained and named SDAU2022-1-3. Complete genomic sequencing and analysis revealed the unique characteristics of these isolates from known CAstV strains in ORF1a, ORF1b, and ORF2 genes, characterized by an unusually high variability. Analysis of amino acid mutations in ORF1a, ORF1b, and ORF2 indicated that the accumulation of these mutations played a pivotal role in the emergence of the variant strain. Inoculation experiments demonstrated that affected chickens exhibited liver and kidney enlargement, localized proventricular hemorrhage, and a dark reddish-brown appearance in about two-thirds of the pancreas. Histopathological examination unveiled hepatic lymphocytic infiltration, renal tubular epithelial cell swelling, along with lymphocytic proventriculitis and pancreatitis. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated viremia and viral shedding at 3 days post-infection (dpi). The proventriculus displayed the highest viral loads, followed by the liver, kidney, duodenum, and pancreas. Liver parameters (AST and ALT) and kidney parameters (UA and UN) demonstrated mild damage consistent with earlier findings. While the possibility of new mutations in the ORF2 gene of CAstV causing proventriculitis and pancreatitis warrants further investigation, these findings deepen our comprehension of CAstV's pathogenicity in chickens. Additionally, they serve as valuable references for subsequent research endeavors.
Topics: Animals; Avastrovirus; Chickens; Virulence; Astroviridae Infections; Pancreatitis; Poultry Diseases; Phylogeny
PubMed: 38066626
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01250-1 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Oct 2023Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterial pathogen in the stomach, causing gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer and even gastric cancer. The triple therapy...
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterial pathogen in the stomach, causing gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer and even gastric cancer. The triple therapy containing one bismuth-containing compound or a proton-pump inhibitor with two antibiotics was the cornerstone of the treatment of H. pylori infections. However the drug resistance of Helicobacter pylori is more and more common, which leads to the continued decline in the radical cure rate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of metronidazole resistance of H. pylori through transcriptomics and biochemical characterizations. In this study, a 128-time-higher metronidazole-resistant H. pylori strain compared to the sensitive strain was domesticated, and 374 significantly differential genes were identified by transcriptomic sequencing as compared to the metronidazole-sensitive strain. Through GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, antibiotic-resistance pathways were found to be mainly involved in redox, biofilm formation and ABC transportation, and the results were verified by qRT-PCR. The subsequent biochemical analysis found that the urease activity of the drug-resistant strain decreased, and whereas the capabilities of bacterial energy production, membrane production and diffusion ability increased. The work here will drop hints for the mechanisms of antibiotic-resistance of H. pylori and provide promising biomarkers for the further development of new-kind drugs to treat metronidazole-resistant H. pylori.
Topics: Transcriptome; Helicobacter pylori; Metronidazole; Gene Expression Profiling; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37595811
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106303 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jan 2024Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a diverse group of RNA viruses that cause both endemic and pandemic acute viral gastroenteritis. Previously we reported that many strains...
UNLABELLED
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a diverse group of RNA viruses that cause both endemic and pandemic acute viral gastroenteritis. Previously we reported that many strains of HuNoV require bile or bile acid (BA) to infect human jejunal intestinal enteroid cultures. Of note, BA was not essential for replication of a pandemic-causing GII.4 HuNoV strain. Using the BA-requiring strain GII.3, we found that the hydrophobic BA GCDCA induces multiple cellular responses that promote replication in jejunal enteroids. Further, we found that chemical inhibition of the G-protein coupled receptor, sphingosine-1- phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), by JTE-013 reduced both GII.3 infection in a dose- dependent manner and cellular uptake in enteroids. Herein, we sought to determine if S1PR2 is required by other BA-dependent HuNoV strains and BA-independent GII.4, and if S1PR2 is required for BA-dependent HuNoV infection in other segments of the small intestine. We found JTE-013 inhibition of S1PR2 in jejunal HIEs reduces GI.1, GII.3, and GII.17 (BA-dependent) but not the GII.4 Sydney variant (BA-independent) infection, providing additional evidence of strain-specific differences in HuNoV infection. GII.3 infection of duodenal, jejunal and ileal lines derived from the same individual was also reduced with S1PR2 inhibition, indicating a common mechanism of BA-dependent infection among multiple segments of the small intestine. Our results support a model where BA-dependent HuNoV exploit the activation of S1PR2 by BA to infect the entire small intestine.
IMPORTANCE
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are important viral human pathogens that cause both outbreaks and sporadic gastroenteritis. These viruses are diverse, and many strains are capable of infecting humans. Our previous studies have identified strain-specific requirements for hydrophobic bile acids (BAs) to infect intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, we identified a BA receptor, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), required for infection by a BA-dependent strain. To better understand how various HuNoV strains enter and infect the small intestine and the role of S1PR2 in HuNoV infection, we evaluated infection by additional HuNoV strains using an expanded repertoire of intestinal enteroid cell lines. We found that multiple BA-dependent strains, but not a BA- independent strain, all required S1PR2 for infection. Additionally, BA-dependent infection required S1PR2 in multiple segments of the small intestine. Together these results indicate S1PR2 has value as a potential therapeutic target for BA-dependent HuNoV infection.
PubMed: 38260626
DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.02.573926 -
Cureus Dec 2023infection is prevalent among Saudi adults and has been linked to gastric cancer and other tumor-like conditions. We aimed to explore the pathological characteristics of...
BACKGROUND
infection is prevalent among Saudi adults and has been linked to gastric cancer and other tumor-like conditions. We aimed to explore the pathological characteristics of endoscopic gastric biopsies among symptomatic adult Saudi patients and their relation to infection.
RESULTS
Among 151 gastric biopsies, gastritis was detected in 97 (64.2%) cases, chronic active gastritis in 26 patients (17.2%), duodenitis in 20 (13.2%) patients, and total metaplasia in 14 (9.3%) patients. was detected in 83 cases (55%), with a recurrence or reinfection rate of 9.8%. The patients with infection were considerably young (median age: 34 (IQR: 15) vs. 35.5 (IQR: 11), p = 0.024) and had a low frequency of epigastric pain (78.3% vs. 91.2%, p = 0.031), reflux/regurgitation (7.2% vs. 20.6%, p = 0.016), and dysphagia (4.85% vs. 14.7%, p = 0.037). However, they exhibited a higher incidence of chronic active gastritis (96.2% vs. 3.8%, p < 0.001) and intestinal metaplasia (85.7% vs. 14.3%, p = 0.015). Young age (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.02-1.16, p = 0.011) and infection (OR = 30.85, 95% CI = 3.26-291.60, p = 0.003) were identified as a positive predictor of intestinal metaplasia while heartburn (OR = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.01-0.58, p = 0.012) was a negative predictor.
CONCLUSION
infection is prevalent among Saudi adults experiencing upper gastrointestinal symptoms and is associated with intestinal metaplasia. Infection rate and intestinal metaplasia were higher in patients with milder symptoms. Therefore, screening for is highly recommended for Saudi individuals with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Old age and infection were identified as positive predictors of intestinal metaplasia, emphasizing the importance of early detection and management of infection in the Saudi population.
PubMed: 38259413
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50981 -
The American Journal of Surgical... May 2024Adenovirus can cause severe disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients. Histopathologic features of this infection in gastrointestinal biopsies and...
Adenovirus can cause severe disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients. Histopathologic features of this infection in gastrointestinal biopsies and their distinction from graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) have been incompletely studied. We retrospectively identified patients with gastrointestinal adenovirus infection. H&E-stained sections were reviewed and the histologic features were recorded. The extent of immunostaining was determined using a semiquantitative scale and a maximum number of positive cells per high-power field. Information regarding the clinical course and endoscopic findings were obtained from the electronic medical records. The study group included 32 HSCT patients. Most (81%) presented with diarrhea and detectable virus in the serum. Twenty patients had multiorgan involvement in the gastrointestinal tract, mostly in the duodenum (62%) and colon (56%). Characteristic features included apoptotic epithelial cells with nuclear disarray (84%) and tufted aggregates of degenerating epithelial cells (69%), the latter of which was more commonly seen in the study population more than a control group of HSCT patients with GI involvement by GVHD. Viral inclusions were limited to the superficial epithelium in 59% of samples, and the density of viral inclusions within biopsies was variable (grade 1: 40%, grade 2: 38%, and grade 3: 22%). Following therapy, 10 patients (30%) improved and 14 (42%) had progressive disease. Patients with disease progression were often older (64 vs. 36 years, P =0.01) with higher serologic viral loads, prior history of GVHD, multifocal involvement, and increased number and density of immunoreactive nuclei. Adenovirus infection elicits a spectrum of histologic changes that can simulate or occur in combination with gastrointestinal GVHD. Patients with progressive disease are more likely to have high viral loads and more extensive infection of the gastrointestinal tract.
Topics: Humans; Adenoviridae; Retrospective Studies; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Stem Cell Transplantation; Graft vs Host Disease; Adenoviridae Infections
PubMed: 38329327
DOI: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000002197 -
MBio Aug 2023As the largest mucosal surface, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a key role in protecting the host against pathogen infections. It is a first line of defense... (Review)
Review
As the largest mucosal surface, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a key role in protecting the host against pathogen infections. It is a first line of defense against enteric viruses and must act to control infection while remaining tolerant to the high commensal bacteria load found within the GI tract. The GI tract can be divided into six main sections (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum), and enteric pathogens have evolved to infect distinct parts of the GI tract. The intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) lining the GI tract are immune competent and can counteract these infections through their intrinsic immune response. Type I and type III interferons (IFNs) are antiviral cytokines that play a key role in protecting IECs against viruses with the type III IFN being the most important. Recent work has shown that IECs derived from the different sections of the GI tract display a unique expression of pattern recognition receptors used to fight pathogen infections. Additionally, it was also shown that these cells show a section-specific response to enteric viruses. This mini-review will discuss the molecular strategies used by IECs to detect and combat enteric viruses highlighting the differences existing along the entero-caudal axis of the GI tract. We will provide a perspective on how these spatially controlled mechanisms may influence virus tropism and discuss how the intestinal micro-environment may further shape the response of IECs to virus infections.
Topics: Gastrointestinal Tract; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Cytokines; Epithelial Cells; Antiviral Agents; Interferon Lambda
PubMed: 37260237
DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02791-22 -
Revista Espanola de Enfermedades... Oct 2023A 49-year-old man with a history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, in a state of advanced immunosuppression and current antiretroviral therapy initiation....
A 49-year-old man with a history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, in a state of advanced immunosuppression and current antiretroviral therapy initiation. He was admitted to the hematology department after diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), disseminated cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). During admission, he presented an episode of melena with anemization, so an urgent gastroscopy was performed. In the stomach there were multiple erythematous lesions, large and elevated, suggestive of subepithelial origin. Some of them presented an umbilicated center and other were ulcerated, covered with fibrin. The bulb and second duodenal portion showed similar involvement, large violaceous ulcerated lesions. Biopsies were taken and the anatomopathological diagnosis of the duodenal lesions was KS and of the gastric lesions KS and DLBCL associated with EBV. KS is an endothelial tumor associated with HIV. The stomach is the gastrointestinal organ most frequently affected and the typical endoscopic findings are nodular lesions. The stomach is the most common site of extranodal involvement in DLBCL. In both pathologies, the manifestation as upper gastrointestinal bleeding is exceptional and endoscopic biopsies can confirm the diagnosis.
PubMed: 37882208
DOI: 10.17235/reed.2023.9955/2023